《英語語言學(xué)概論》配套習(xí)題(三)(填空題)doc

1、英語語言學(xué)概論配套習(xí)題（三）（填空題）chapter 1 introduction to linguistics 1. language, broadly speaking, is a means of _ communicaiton.2. in any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. this feature is usually termed _.3. languag

2、e has many functions. we can use language to talk about itself. this function is _. 4. linguistics is the scientific study of _.5. modern linguistcs is _ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.6. the description of a la

3、nguage as it changes through time is a _ study.7. saussure put forward two important concepts. _ refrs to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.8. linguistic potential is similar to saussures langue and chomskys _.1. verbal 2. productivity3. metalingual function

4、4. language 5. descriptive 6. diachronic linguistic7. langue 8. competencechapter 2 phonology1. _ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing the sounds of speech.2. speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. these movemnts have an effect on t

5、he _ coming from the lungs.3. consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing _.4. the qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _ and the lips.5. consonants differ from vowels in that t

6、he latter are produced without _.6. in phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/-/v/. this is an example for illustrating _.7. in english there are a number of _, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through interv

7、ening positions.8. _ is the smallest linguistic unit. 1. articualtory 2. airstream3. friction 4. tongue 5. obstruction 6. minimal pairs 7. diphthongs 8. phonemes chapter 3 morphology1. bound morphemes are classified into two types: _ and _ root.2. an _ is pronounced letter by letter, while an _ is p

8、ronounced as a word.3. lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _.4. all words may be said to contain a root _.5. _ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6. _ is extremely productive, because english had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of mid

9、dle english period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.7. words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _ level.8. a word formed by derivation is called a _, and a word formed by compounding is called a _. 1. a

10、ffix; bound 2. initialism; acronym 3. vocabulary 4. morpheme 5. backformaiton 6. conversion 7. morphemic 8. derivative; compound chapter 4 syntax1. a _ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.2. syntactic movement

11、is dictated by rules traditionally called _ rules, whose operation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. a clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time stands strucutrally alone is known as a _ clause.4. the level of syntactic representation that exists befo

12、re movement takes place is commonly termed _ structure.5. _ construciton refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses having quivalent syntactic status.6. ic analysis emphasizes the _ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting of word groups first.7. xp may contain more than just x. e.g. th

13、e “np” the girl who is watering the flowers” consists of det, n and s, with det being the _, n the head, and s the complement.8. _ relaitons refers to the strucutreal and logical funcitonal relations between every noun phrase and sentence.1. sentence 2. transformational2. finite 4. deep 5. coordinat

14、e 6. hierarchical 7. specific 8. grammaticalchapter 5 semantics1. _ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2. “charge” and “accuse” are said to be _ synonyms.3. _ opposites may be een in terms of degrees of quality involved.4. predication analysis is to break down predicaitons

15、 into their constituents:_ and _.5. _ sentences express judgment.6. we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as _.7. we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as _.8. the hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _.1. sense 2. collocational 3. gradable 4. argument; predicate5. de

16、clarative 6. emotive 7. hyponymy 8. co-hyponyms chapter 6 pragmatics1. in making conversation, the genral principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the _ principle proposed by j. grice.2. a _ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. it is the act of conveying liter

17、al meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.3. _ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.4. _ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action.5. a _ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying somethi

18、ng.6. _ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.7. _ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.8. all the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same _ point, but they differ

19、in their strength or force.1. cooperative 2. locutionary 3. constatives 4. commissives 5. perlocutionary 6. pragmatics7. performatives 8. illocutionarychapter 8 language and society1. a speech _ is a group of people who share the same language or a particular variety of language.2. 3. the _ language

20、 is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.4. a _ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community.5. a linguistic _ refer to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.6. taboo and _ are t

21、wo faces of the same communication coin.7. whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _.8. in terms of sociolinguistics, _ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of a persons language.9. in many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one

22、 language. as a characteristic of societies, _ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.1. community 2. standard3. creole 4. taboo5. euphemism 6. language7. idiolect 8. bilingualism chapter 10-11 language acquisition1. in learning a se

23、cond language, a learner will subconsciously use his l1 knowledge. this process is called lanugage _.2. such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _.3. the _ of the learners interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction.4. in second langu

24、age learning, instrucmental motivation occurs when the learner;s goal is functional, and _ motivation occurs when the learners goal is social.5. the description of a language development at some point in time is _ study.6. _ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur;

25、where they are diffferent, negative transfer, or interference, would result.7. _ denativization an d_ are both thought to be the causes for the interlanguage variation.8. _ holds l1 can be viewed as a kind of “input from the inside”, thus transfer is not “interference” but a cognitive preocess.1. tr

26、ansfer 2. overgeneralization3. fossilizaiton 4. integrative5. synchronic 6. contrastive analysis hypothesis 7. nativization 8. interlanguage theorychapter 12 language and brain1. the localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called _.2. the most imp

27、ortant part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the _ cortex.3. lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called _.4. psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres difer in the manner in which they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli _ (as wholes) and the left _ (by parts).5. the acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within the con