SAT3-不定式、分詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、不定式、分詞、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 動(dòng)詞不定式 1 不定式作賓語(yǔ) 1) 動(dòng)詞 + 不定式 afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, s

2、eem, tend, wait, wish, undertake eg：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司機(jī)沒(méi)能及時(shí)看見(jiàn)另一輛車。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道問(wèn)題的答案。 2) 動(dòng)詞 +不定式；動(dòng)詞 +賓語(yǔ)+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everyt

3、hing tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你使每件東西都保持整潔。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。 3) 動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do tha

4、t.請(qǐng)演示給我們?nèi)绾稳プ觥?There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機(jī)，我都拿不定主意買哪一種。 注意 疑問(wèn)詞帶不定式在句中作成分時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。女口： The question is how to put it into practice. 問(wèn)題是怎樣把它付諸實(shí)施。 2. 不定式作補(bǔ)語(yǔ) 1) 動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式(to do) advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, comm

5、and, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn

6、a.Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父親不讓我們?cè)诮稚贤嫠！?b.We believe him to be guilty. 我們相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法 Find 后可用分詞做賓補(bǔ)，或先加形式賓語(yǔ)，再加形容詞，最后加帶 to 的動(dòng) 詞不定式。 find 后也可帶一個(gè)從句。此類動(dòng)詞還有 get， have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important.

7、 典型例題 The next morning she found the man _ in be，d dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 答案： A.find 的賓語(yǔ)后面，用分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)，起賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)作用?，F(xiàn)在分 詞表達(dá)主動(dòng)，也表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行，過(guò)去分詞表達(dá)被動(dòng)。 2）to + be 的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 ack no wledge, believe, con sider, thi nk, declare 聲稱）,discover, fancy（設(shè)想）,feel, find, guess, judge, imag ine, know, prove

8、, see理 解）,show, suppose, take以 為）, understand We con sider Tom to be one of the best stude nts in our clas我 們認(rèn)為湯姆是班上 最好的學(xué)生之一。 典型例題 Charles Babbage is generally considered_ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventingC. to have inventedD. having invented 答案： A. 由 consider to do sth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只說(shuō)明發(fā)明

9、這一個(gè)事實(shí)， 不定式后用原形即可。而 C 為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，發(fā)明為點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞一般不用完成時(shí)， 且此處也不強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，因此不選C。 3）to be +形容詞 seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人們認(rèn)為這本書沒(méi)什么意思。 4）there be+不 定式 believe, expect, inten

10、d, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我們沒(méi)料到會(huì)有那么多人在 哪里。 有些動(dòng)詞需用 as 短語(yǔ)做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher.我們認(rèn)為湯姆是我們最好的老師。 Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當(dāng)作自己的父親。 3. 不定式作主語(yǔ) 1）Its easy （for me） to

11、 do that. 我做這事太容易了。 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough Its so nice to hear your voice. 聽到你的聲音真高興。 Its n ecessary for you to lock the car whe n you do not use it 當(dāng)你不用車的時(shí)候， 鎖車

12、是有必要的。 2）Its very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們，他真好。 kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, con siderate考 慮周到的），silly, selfish（自私的） It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯 得太自私了。 1) 其他系動(dòng)詞如，l

13、ook，appear等也可用于此句型 2) 不定式作為句子成分時(shí)，動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。 3）當(dāng)不定式作主語(yǔ)的句子中又有一個(gè)不定式作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用 It isto的 句型 （對(duì)）To see is to believe.百聞不如一見(jiàn)。（錯(cuò)）It is to believe to see. Its for sb和 Its of sb. 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)， 表示客觀形式的形容詞， 如 easy, hard, difficult,in teresti ng, impossible 等： Its very hard for him to study two languages.

14、對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)學(xué)兩門外語(yǔ)是很難的。 2）of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格， 品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞， 如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你來(lái)幫助我，你真是太好了。 for 與 of 的辨別方法 用介詞后面的代詞作主語(yǔ)，用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語(yǔ)，造個(gè)句子。如果道 理上通順用of，不通則用for。如：You are nice.（通順，所以應(yīng)用of）。He is hard. （人是困難的，不通，因此應(yīng)用 for。 ） 4. 不定式作表語(yǔ) 不定式可放在be動(dòng)詞后面，形成表語(yǔ)

15、。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 5. 不定式作定語(yǔ) 不定式做定語(yǔ)通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 6. 不定式作狀語(yǔ) 1）目的狀語(yǔ) To only to （僅僅為了 ）, in order to, so as to, so（such）如jastc 以（ 便） He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地

16、跑以便趕上第一班車。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來(lái)僅僅是向你告別。 2）作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表事先沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3）表原因 Im glad to see you. 典型例題 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D.

17、 be sat on 答案： B. 如果不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞，其后應(yīng)有必要的介詞。當(dāng)動(dòng)詞與介詞 連用時(shí)，常位于 形容詞+動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的末尾。 用作介詞的 to to 有兩種用法：一為不定式 +動(dòng)詞原形； 一為介詞 +名詞/動(dòng)名詞, to 在下面 的用法中是第二種，即to+名詞/動(dòng)名詞：admit to承認(rèn)，confess to承認(rèn)，be accustomed to 習(xí)慣于，be used to 習(xí)慣于，stick to 堅(jiān)持，turn to 開始，著手 于， devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼望， pay at

18、tention to 、，I 、+ : 注意： 省 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式 1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 ( 除 ought 外， ought to)： 2) 使役動(dòng)詞 let, have, make： 3) 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補(bǔ)，省略 to。 、I 、+ : 注意 在被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中則 to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.=The

19、y were made to work the whole night. 4) would rather， had better： 5) Why / why not 6) help 可帶 to,也可不帶 to, help sb (to) do sth： 7) but 和 except：but 前是動(dòng)詞 do 時(shí)，后面出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞用不帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定 式。 8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個(gè)不定式，第二個(gè)to可以省去： 9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understan等詞后，可以省去 to be： He is supposed (t

20、o be) nice. 他應(yīng)該是個(gè)好人。舉例： He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比較： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例題 1) I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go

21、 C. to try and go D. try going 答案： D. why not 后面接不帶 to 的不定式，因此選 D。 2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make后接不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式，當(dāng)其用于被動(dòng)時(shí)，to不可省略。 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式 Tell him not to shut the window She prete nded not to see me whe n I passed b我走過(guò)的時(shí)候，

22、她假裝沒(méi)看見(jiàn)。 典型例題 1) Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案： B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案： A。pretend 后應(yīng)接不定式。其否定形式為 pretend not to do st

23、h。. 3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案： A。 warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為 warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是 否定詞 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the stree，t but his mother told him . A. not to B. not to do

24、C. not do it D. do not to 答案：A。not to為not to doit的省略形式?？梢灾挥胻o這個(gè)詞，而不必重 復(fù)整個(gè)不定式詞組。及物動(dòng)詞 do后應(yīng)有名詞、代詞等，否則不對(duì)，因此 B， D 不對(duì)。 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn 一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動(dòng)，否定形式為be warned not to do。 不定式的特殊句型tooto 1)

25、tooto太以至于 He is too excited to speak. 他太激動(dòng)了，說(shuō)不出話來(lái)。 Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?? Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕你搬不動(dòng)。謝謝您。 2) 如在too前有否定詞，則整個(gè)句子用否定詞表達(dá)肯定，too后那個(gè)詞表達(dá) 一種委婉含義，意 為不太。 Its never too late to mend. (諺語(yǔ)) 改過(guò)不嫌晚。 3) 當(dāng)too前面有only, all, bu

26、t時(shí)，意思是：非常 等于very。 rm only too pleased to be able to help you.我非常高興能幫助你。 He was but too eager to get home 他非常想回家。 不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1) 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do。 Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 湯姆對(duì)事故保持沉 默是為了不丟掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 輕點(diǎn)進(jìn)去，別驚醒了嬰兒。

27、 2) so kind as to -勞駕 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點(diǎn)了。 不定式的特殊句型 Why not Why not +動(dòng)詞原形表達(dá)向某人提出建議，翻譯為： 為什么不? 干嗎 不? 例如：Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假? 不定式的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng) 被動(dòng) 一般式 to do to be done 進(jìn)行式 to be doing 完成式 to have done to have been done 完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing 1) 現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示的

28、動(dòng)詞，有時(shí)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 有時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. = I hope that rII see you again.我希望再見(jiàn)至M爾。 2）完成時(shí)：表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. He seems to have caught a cold. 3）進(jìn)行時(shí)： 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 He seems to be eating something. 4）完成進(jìn)

29、行時(shí)： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years. 動(dòng)名詞與不定式 1） 動(dòng)名詞與不定式的區(qū)別： 動(dòng)名詞表達(dá)的是： 狀態(tài)，性質(zhì)，心境，抽象，經(jīng)常性，已發(fā)生的 不定式表達(dá)的是： 目的，結(jié)果，原因，具體，一次性，將發(fā)生的 2） 接不定式或動(dòng)名詞，意義相同。 3）動(dòng)名詞與不定式語(yǔ)義不同的有 11 組： stop to do stop doing forget to do forget doing remember to do remember doing cease to do cease doing try t

30、o do try doing go on to do go on doing afraid to do afraid doing interested to do interested doing mean to do mean doing regret to do regret doing begin/start to do begin/start doing 特殊詞精講 stop doing/to do stop to do 停止，中斷做某事后去做另一件事。 stop doing 停止做某事。 They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他們停下來(lái)，抽了根煙。 I mu

31、st stop smoking. 我必須戒煙了。 典型例題 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path. A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest 答案：C。由題意可知，她到了山頂，停下來(lái)在一個(gè)路邊的大石頭上休息。 因此，應(yīng)選擇 stop to do sth. 停下來(lái)去做另一件事 。而不僅僅是爬山動(dòng)作的 終止，所以stop doing sth不正確。 stop doing/to do forget doing/to d

32、o forget to do 忘記要去做某事。（未做 ） forget doing 忘記做過(guò)某事。（已做 ） The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 辦公室的燈還在亮著， 它 忘記關(guān)了。 （沒(méi)有做關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作 ） He forgot turning the light off. 他忘記他已經(jīng)關(guān)了燈了。 （ 已做過(guò)關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作 ） Dont forget to come tomorrow.另 S忘了明天來(lái)。 （to come 動(dòng)作未做） 典型例題 The light in the office is still on

33、. Oh, I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off 答案：C。由the light is still on可知燈亮著，即關(guān)燈的動(dòng)作沒(méi)有發(fā)生，因此 用 forget to do sth. 而 forget doing sth 表示燈已經(jīng)關(guān)上了，而自己忘記了這一事實(shí)。此處不符合 題意。 remember doing/to do remember to do 記得去做某事（未做） remember doing 記得做過(guò)某事（已做） Remember to go to t

34、he post office after school.記著放學(xué)后去趟郵局。 Dont you remember seeing the man before?爾不記得以前見(jiàn)過(guò)那個(gè)人嗎 ? regret doing/to do regret to do 對(duì)要做的事遺憾。（未做） regret doing 對(duì)做過(guò)的事遺憾、后悔。（已做） I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice .我很遺憾必須這樣去做，我實(shí)在 沒(méi)有辦法。 I dont regret telling her what I thought. 我不為告訴她我的想法而后悔。 典型例

35、題 -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that. A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 答案： D。 regret having done sth. 對(duì)已發(fā)生的事感到遺憾。 regret to do sth. 對(duì) 將要做的事感到遺憾。本題為對(duì)已說(shuō)的話感到后悔，因此選 D。 cease doing/to do cease to do 長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，甚至永遠(yuǎn)停做某事。 cease doing 短時(shí)停止做某事

36、，以后還會(huì)接著做。 That departme nt has ceased to exist forever那個(gè)部門已不復(fù)存在。 The girls ceased chatting for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘們?cè)?老師走過(guò)時(shí)，停了會(huì)聊天。 try doing/to do try to do努力，企圖做某事。 try doing試驗(yàn)，試著做某事。 You must try to be more careful. 爾可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我試著種果木花卉，但未成功。

37、go on doing/to do go on to do 做了一件事后，接著做另一件事。 go on doing 繼續(xù)做原來(lái)做的事。 After he had finished his maths he went on to do his physics.做完數(shù)學(xué)后，他接 著去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完這個(gè)練習(xí) 后，接著做其他的練習(xí) be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do 不敢，膽怯去做某事，是主觀上的原因不去做，意為怕 ； be afra

38、id of doing 擔(dān)心出現(xiàn) doing 的狀況、結(jié)果。 doing 是客觀上造成的， 意為 生怕，恐怕 。 She was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬著，而不敢在草叢中再走一步。 She was afraid to wake her husba nd 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of wak ing her husba nd.她生怕吵醒她丈夫。 be interested doing/to do intereste

39、d to do 對(duì)做某事感興趣，想了解某事。 interested in doing 對(duì)某種想法感興趣， doing 通常為想法。 I shall be in terested to know what hap pe ns 我很想知道發(fā)生了什么事。（想了解） Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我對(duì) 在瑞士工作感興趣。你想過(guò)這事嗎 ? （一種想法 ） mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想 mean doing 意味著 I mean to go, bu

40、t my father would not allow me to. 我想去，但是我父親不肯讓 我去。 To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 贈(zèng)加工資意味著增加購(gòu)買 力。 begin（start） doing/to do begin / start to do sth begin / start doing sth. 1）談及一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)期活動(dòng)或開始一種習(xí)慣時(shí)，使用 doing. How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你幾歲時(shí)開始彈鋼 琴？ 2）begi n,

41、start用進(jìn)行時(shí)時(shí)，后面動(dòng)詞用不定式to do I was beginning to get angry. 我開始生起氣來(lái)。 3）在 attempt, intend, beg in, start 后接 know, un dersta nd, realize 這類動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 常用不定式 to do。 I begin to understand the truth. 我開始明白真相。 4）物作主語(yǔ)時(shí) It began to melt. 感官動(dòng)詞 + doing/to do 感官動(dòng)詞 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, sme

42、ll, taste, feel + do 表示動(dòng)作的完整性，真實(shí)性； +doing 表示動(dòng)作的連續(xù)性，進(jìn)行性 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看見(jiàn)他在花園里干活了。（強(qiáng)調(diào) 我看見(jiàn)了 這個(gè)事實(shí) ） I saw him working in the garden yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)我見(jiàn)他正干活 這個(gè)動(dòng)作 ）昨天 我見(jiàn)他正在花園里干活。 典型例題 1） They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growin

43、g D. to grow 答案： A. 因題意為，他們看著她長(zhǎng)大，因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是成長(zhǎng)的過(guò)程，而非正在 長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)作，因此用see sb do sth的句型。 2） The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. to play 答案：A.本題強(qiáng)調(diào)其動(dòng)作，正在河邊玩，應(yīng)此用see sb. doing sth句型。 分詞及獨(dú)立主格的用法 1分詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài) 1） 分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞，其否定形式為not + 分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞有一般 式和完成式。一般式用來(lái)指和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)

44、作同時(shí)發(fā)生的行為；完成式 （having + 過(guò)去分詞）用來(lái)指在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. Having studied in university for 3 years, he knows the way very well. 2）現(xiàn)在分詞有一般式和完成式，且有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。當(dāng)句子的主語(yǔ)是分 詞動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)， 分詞用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)； 如果強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的動(dòng)作先于謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作， 就 用分詞完成式的被動(dòng)形式。如： The question being discussed is important.

45、 Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking. 2分詞的用法 1）作定語(yǔ) 分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 放在被修飾的名詞之后； 單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 放在被修飾的 名詞之前。如： The man standing by the windows is our teacher. The excited people rushed into the building. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作幾乎同時(shí) 發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先有后，一般不能用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，而要用定語(yǔ)從句。 如： The tea

46、cher criticized the student who had broken the window. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ) A 現(xiàn)在分詞作定前置時(shí)靜感強(qiáng)，而后置的現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)感強(qiáng)。如： The working people are the wisest. The farmers working here are very busy. 能前置的現(xiàn)在分詞為數(shù)不太多， 常見(jiàn)的大都是已被形容詞化了的現(xiàn)在分詞， 前常 有程度副詞，有些現(xiàn)在分詞甚至還有比較等級(jí)。如： I have brought very exciting news to you. This is the most exciting st

47、ory that I have ever read. B 有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，這些現(xiàn)在分詞若改為定語(yǔ)從句 宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如： Did you tell the children playing there not to make any noise ? Did you tell the children who were playing there not to make any noise ? The American president visiting China now will return on Saturday. The American president

48、who is visiting China now will return on Saturday. 有些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在 （或當(dāng)時(shí)） 的狀態(tài)。此類現(xiàn)在人詞 若改為定語(yǔ)從句宜用一般時(shí)態(tài)，而不宜用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)。如： They stayed at a hotel standing （which stood） by the lake. The temple standing （that stood） on top of the hill was built in the Ming Dynasty. C 從形式來(lái)看，前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為單個(gè)分詞，而后置現(xiàn)在分詞多為短語(yǔ)。但也 不能絕對(duì)如此，

49、要視情況而定。要是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)感，即使是單個(gè)分詞也應(yīng)后置。如： Look! The girl singing is Alice and one dancing is Mary. 從內(nèi)容來(lái)講， 前置現(xiàn)在分詞多為不及物動(dòng)詞， 一般沒(méi)有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。 后置 現(xiàn)在分詞可帶賓語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ)。如： Barking dogs seldom bite. The person translating the songs can speak seven languages. 注意：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式與被動(dòng)式一般都不能用作前置定語(yǔ)，而用作后置定語(yǔ)。 We must keep a secret of the things bei

50、ng discussed here. 過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞表示的動(dòng)作或是在謂語(yǔ)所表示增添的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生， 或是沒(méi)有一定的時(shí) 間性。如： This is a book written by a famous Chinese writer. He is a man loved by all. 如果指的動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或是與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 可用現(xiàn)在分 詞的被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)。如： We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 如果指的是一個(gè)未來(lái)動(dòng)作，可用不定式的被動(dòng)形式作定語(yǔ)。如： You are invited

51、to a party to be given at our institute at 6: 00 next Sunday evening. 2）作狀語(yǔ) 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、行為方式、伴隨狀況等。如： Being a student, I must study hard. （原因） While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. （時(shí)間） The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students.（方式） 分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， 其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致。 如果分詞與

52、句子的主語(yǔ) 是主動(dòng)關(guān)系，用 doing 表示與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，用 having done 表示在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。 如果分詞與句子的主語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系， 則用 done 強(qiáng)調(diào)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可用 having been done. 表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可由連接詞 while 或 when 引出。 有時(shí)“with（without） +名詞（或代詞賓語(yǔ)）+分詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)，表示伴隨狀況。 如： He lay half dead, with all his ribs broken. 當(dāng)分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不同時(shí)， 分詞前必須加上自己的主語(yǔ)， 此結(jié)構(gòu)被 稱為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。如： Time permitting, I will finish another lesson. 3）作表語(yǔ)。如： The news is inspiring. The glass is broken. 4）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如： We saw the teacher making the experiment. 注意：在 see，h