新世界大學(xué)英語第三冊(cè)-Unit-7-BrainsPPT課件

1、Hemispheres: Reading and Writing Course Unit 7 Brains Text A Brain: a Powerful Organ Text B Brain Power: the Search for Origins Unit 7 Brains Unit 7 Brains Do this quiz to test your knowledge about the brain. ItemsABC (1) What is the most complex organ in the body?_ BrainHeartEyes (2) What percentag

2、e of the oxygen you take in is used by your brain?_ 20% 5% 50% (3) How long are blood vessels in the brain? _ 10 miles 1,000 miles 100,000 miles (4) How many neurons does an average brain have? _ 100 million one million 100 million A A C C Unit 7 Brains ItemsABC (5) How much of a persons blood suppl

3、y does an average brain use? _ 5% 20% 50% (6) What animal has the largest brain in relation to body size? _ An elephant A human A cat (7) The number of neurons in the brain is set by early childhood, and declines throughout life. _ TrueFalse_ (8) Albert Einsteins brain was _ the average human brain.

4、 larger than about the same as smaller than B B B B Unit 7 Brains A. Check() the best description of the writers point of view. Skill Focus _a. an objective point of view _b. a positive point of view _c. a negative point of view Identifying a Writers Point of View A point of view or attitude is the

5、position from which someone looks at something. When reading, a good reader can infer from the passage whether the author is humorous, critical, objective, subjective, negative, positive, ironic, defensive, pessimistic, sentimental, etc. in his writing. X KeysArticle Unit 7 Brains New wordsTranslati

6、on Wiring the Brain Researchers at the University of Southern California are developing a computer chip for the brain. The small plastic chip will help people whose brains are damaged, for example, victims of brain disease or serious accidents. The chip will take over the work of the damaged part of

7、 the brain. For now, researchers are focusing on using the chip for the functions of just one part of the brain: the hippocampus. This is the part of the brain that helps us create long-term memories. It “codes” new experiences and then sends them to other parts of the brain to be stored. For people

8、 who are incapable of remembering things for very long, this computerized hippocampus could be very important. Unit 7 Brains At first, this chip sounds wonderful. But it raises serious questions. The brilliant medical journalist Bernard Frankel asks, “What if brain chips make people remember terribl

9、e things that they really want to forget? Its unclear what would happen.” Its quite possible the chip could have more negative effects than positive ones. Another issue is making sure the chips are used responsibly. Our brains control our personalities, so putting computer chips in them could be ext

10、remely dangerous. For example, what if a government or a medical company programmed the chip to make people think a certain way? Theres too much potential for unethical use of the chip. Translation Unit 7 Brains “Its a scary concept,” says Padma Larkin, whose valuable new book talks about the danger

11、s of technology and medicine. “We know that some people program computers to do awful things,” says Larkin. “Look at all the viruses that destroy computers. Its impossible to know where this technology will lead.” Some scientists who support the brain chip dismiss these concerns. They say the critic

12、ism is unfair, and that the chip will only help people. But intelligent people like Padma Larkin think it is unacceptable to give doctors the power of controlling our brains. There are too many questions that need to be answered. Perhaps these questions will be answered soon. But if they are, it wil

13、l be by a personnot by a computer chip. Translation Unit 7 Brains Article 數(shù)字化大腦數(shù)字化大腦 南加利福尼亞大學(xué)的研究人員正在開發(fā)一種應(yīng)用于南加利福尼亞大學(xué)的研究人員正在開發(fā)一種應(yīng)用于 大腦的計(jì)算機(jī)芯片。這個(gè)小小的塑料芯片將用于幫助因大腦的計(jì)算機(jī)芯片。這個(gè)小小的塑料芯片將用于幫助因 患腦疾或遭遇過嚴(yán)重事故而患腦疾或遭遇過嚴(yán)重事故而大腦受損的人。芯片將取代大腦受損的人。芯片將取代 大腦受損部位工作。大腦受損部位工作。 目前，研究人員正集中精力用芯片來執(zhí)行大腦中一個(gè)目前，研究人員正集中精力用芯片來執(zhí)行大腦中一個(gè) 特定的部位特

14、定的部位海馬體的功能。海馬體的功能。幫助我們建立長(zhǎng)期記憶幫助我們建立長(zhǎng)期記憶 的的正是這個(gè)部位。它對(duì)新的經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行正是這個(gè)部位。它對(duì)新的經(jīng)歷進(jìn)行“編碼編碼”，然后發(fā)，然后發(fā) 送到大腦中其他部位儲(chǔ)存起來。對(duì)那些送到大腦中其他部位儲(chǔ)存起來。對(duì)那些記憶記憶不能長(zhǎng)久的不能長(zhǎng)久的 人來說，這個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)化的海馬體也許很重要。人來說，這個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)化的海馬體也許很重要。 Unit 7 Brains Article 乍聽起來，這個(gè)芯片很美好，但它也提出了嚴(yán)肅的問乍聽起來，這個(gè)芯片很美好，但它也提出了嚴(yán)肅的問 題。著名的醫(yī)學(xué)記者伯納德題。著名的醫(yī)學(xué)記者伯納德弗蘭克爾問道，弗蘭克爾問道，“要是芯要是芯 片讓人們記住了一些

15、人們特別想忘記的可怕的事情怎么片讓人們記住了一些人們特別想忘記的可怕的事情怎么 辦？最終會(huì)怎樣，尚不清楚。辦？最終會(huì)怎樣，尚不清楚?！钡芸赡苄酒瑤淼呢?fù)但很可能芯片帶來的負(fù) 面影響大于其積極作用。面影響大于其積極作用。 另一個(gè)問題是要確保正當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眯酒?。我們的大腦另一個(gè)問題是要確保正當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眯酒?。我們的大腦 控制著我們的個(gè)性，因此將計(jì)算機(jī)芯片植入大腦可能會(huì)控制著我們的個(gè)性，因此將計(jì)算機(jī)芯片植入大腦可能會(huì) 相當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)。比如，如果政府或者醫(yī)療公司對(duì)芯片編程，相當(dāng)危險(xiǎn)。比如，如果政府或者醫(yī)療公司對(duì)芯片編程， 控制人們以特定的方式思考怎么辦？將芯片用于不道德控制人們以特定的方式思考怎么辦？將芯片用于不

16、道德 目的的可能性太大了。目的的可能性太大了。 Unit 7 Brains Article “這個(gè)概念很可怕。這個(gè)概念很可怕?！迸恋埋R帕德馬拉金說。他頗具價(jià)值拉金說。他頗具價(jià)值 的新著探討的就是技術(shù)與醫(yī)學(xué)帶來的的危機(jī)。的新著探討的就是技術(shù)與醫(yī)學(xué)帶來的的危機(jī)。“眾所周眾所周 知，有人用計(jì)算機(jī)編程去做可怕的事情。知，有人用計(jì)算機(jī)編程去做可怕的事情?！崩鹫f，拉金說， “看看那些破壞計(jì)算機(jī)的病毒吧。我們無法知道這種技看看那些破壞計(jì)算機(jī)的病毒吧。我們無法知道這種技 術(shù)將把我們帶向何處。術(shù)將把我們帶向何處?！?一些支持大腦芯片的科學(xué)家對(duì)以上顧慮不予理會(huì)。一些支持大腦芯片的科學(xué)家對(duì)以上顧慮不予理會(huì)。 他們

17、說這些批評(píng)是不公正的，芯片只會(huì)給人們帶來好處。他們說這些批評(píng)是不公正的，芯片只會(huì)給人們帶來好處。 但是，像帕德馬但是，像帕德馬拉金這樣聰明的人則認(rèn)為給予醫(yī)生控拉金這樣聰明的人則認(rèn)為給予醫(yī)生控 制我們的大腦權(quán)利，這讓人無法接受。需要回答的問題制我們的大腦權(quán)利，這讓人無法接受。需要回答的問題 還有很多。也許，不久這些問題就可以得到答案。但如還有很多。也許，不久這些問題就可以得到答案。但如 果會(huì)有答案，也應(yīng)當(dāng)由人，而不是由一塊計(jì)算機(jī)芯片來果會(huì)有答案，也應(yīng)當(dāng)由人，而不是由一塊計(jì)算機(jī)芯片來 回答?；卮?。 Unit 7 Brains NEW WORDS Article Unit 7 Brains B. R

18、ead the article and check () Fact, Opinion or Not in the Reading. Keys For now, scientists are using the chip just to replace the hippocampus. 2. Bernard Frankel wants scientists to study the brains of other animals. 3. Putting these chips in peoples brains could be very dangerous. 4. Padma Larkin w

19、rote a new book about the dangers of technology and medicine. 5. Computer chips in brains will only help people. 6. Theres too much potential for unethical use of the chip. Not in the Fact Opinion Reading Unit 7 Brains C. Discuss the following topics with your classmates. The research into computeri

20、zed chips worries some experts. State their worries. Present your point of view regarding the prospect of computerized chips the text mentions. Unit 7 Brains Unit 7 Brains Brain power is amazing. Our brains have made us the most influential species on Earth, but can our brains help us avoid the fate

21、 of extinction? Brain: a Powerful Organ 大腦的力量神奇無比，它使人類成為了地球上最強(qiáng)大的物 種，但它能幫助人類逃脫滅絕的厄運(yùn)嗎？ 全文音頻 Unit 7 Brains Hearts, eyes, flippers and wings evolution has forged many remarkable body structures. But none is more amazing than the brain, that bundle of nerve cells that allows us to sense our surroundings,

22、 information, and make decisions. Brains are not to life. Many organisms, from algae to jellyfish, get along just fine without a central information-processing center. But there is no question that a brain gives many animals an edge. For in the struggle for , brawn often gives way to a brain that ca

23、n a competitor. sort out essential survival outthink TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains Not all brains are equal, however. Some brains just a few hundred or a few thousand cells, just enough to sense changes in light or temperature, or to sniff out important smells. Others, like ours, contain billions of cel

24、ls, enabling everything from language to tool-making. 4. But simple is often more than enough to an animals survival. A flatworms basic brain, for instance, helps it sniff out earthworms, making the worm a lethal hunter, making the worm a lethal hunter. And while a honeybees brain is bigger than a f

25、latworms, it is still not all that complex. Nonetheless, the bee is capable of amazing feats of memory. consist of assure TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains In their short two-month lives, worker bees must learn to remember where nectar-producing flowers are located the hive, and exactly what time of day the

26、y produce the sweet liquid. The memorization is aided by an amazing change in the bees brain: as it needs to retain more information, the brain grows, adding tens of thousands of cells on an as-needed basis! Once, scientists believed that such brain-changing abilities were limited to just a few anim

27、als. In recent years, however, evidence has shown that many animals brains are more flexible than once thought possible. Some birds, for instance, grow new brain tissue during the breeding seasonperhaps to sing more complex songsthen lose the cells once mating is over. Other bird brains grow or shri

28、nk for . in relation to life-or-death migration TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains 6. Researchers have even had to rethink their views of the human brain. Once, they believed that our brains grew only during childhood. It was believed that once we reached adulthood, we only lost and never gained brain cells.

29、 But surprising new studies show that we continue to add some kinds of brain cells throughout life. And other research shows that although our brains are usually very , with particular parts responsible for certain activities, the human brain can sometimes reorganize itself. People who have lost spe

30、ech or coordination due to stroke or brain injuries, for instance, can sometimes regain those abilities by “training” a new part of the brain to take over. Such findings have raised new hopes for treating serious brain injuries and birth defects. specialized TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains Scientists, how

31、ever, are still the question of why we evolved such big, complex brains. Clearly, they are a big help in outsmarting predators and finding food. But our brains may also be a product of social pressures. We expend enormous energy in forging complex social relationships and alliances, whether within a

32、 family, among neighbors, or among nations. Making these relationships work requires creative thinking, constant problem-solving, and the ability to understand how another person is thinking all tasks that some serious brain power. Over time, evolution favored those individuals with the best social

33、and survival skills. puzzling over call for TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains For the moment, our brains have made us the most on Earth. Our tool-making skills have allowed us to reconstruct the landscape, building cities and plowing fields where forests and grasslands once reigned. Weve figured out how to

34、make the desert bloom, pumping water from far below the earth to quench our thirst. And, unintentionally, we may even be altering the planets climate by burning massive quantities of coal, oil, and wood that produce carbon dioxide and other global warming gases. 9. It remains to be seen, however, wh

35、ether even our brain power will help us avoid the fate of so many other species in Earths history: . influential species extinction TRANSLATION Unit 7 Brains One1-5 Brains help animals survive and live better. Two6 Researchers rethink their views of human brain. Three7 People with best social and su

36、rvival skills have evolved better. Four8-9 Our brain has made us the most influential species on Earth; but whether it will help us avoid extinction remains to be see. Part Para(s) Main Idea Unit 7 Brains In recent years, evidence has shown that many animals brains are more flexible than once though

37、t possible. (Para. ) New research results have raised peoples new hopes for treating serious brain damages and birth defects. (Para. ) Identify the paragraph from which the following information is derived. 5 READING COMPREHENSION 6 Unit 7 Brains READING COMPREHENSION 3. Scientists are still wonderi

38、ng why humans have such big, complex brains. (Para. ) 4. For the time being, humans can alter some kinds of natural environments because of other tool-making skills. (Para. ) 5. A brain gives many animals an advantage, though brains are not essential to all kinds of animals. (Para. ) 7 8 2 Unit 7 Br

39、ains Which of the following corresponds to the information given in the text? _ B. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C, and D. C Keys READING COMPREHENSION Brain is not forged by evolution. Every life needs a brain. The brain often helps in struggling for survival. Brains are

40、 equal. Unit 7 Brains 2. What does a worker bee have an amazing memory?_ READING COMPREHENSION Keys Its life is short. Its brain grows on an as-needed basis. It has tens of thousands of cells. It has the ability to collect the nectar. B Unit 7 Brains 3. Which of the following views on human brain wa

41、s ever held by scientists? _ READING COMPREHENSION Keys Our brain cells grow throughout our whole lives. Our brain cells no longer grow when we become an adult. Human brain can sometimes restructure itself after adulthood. Brain injuries lead to speech or coordination loss. B Unit 7 Brains 4. The fu

42、ndamental reason why people suffering from stroke can regain their speech ability is that_. READING COMPREHENSION Keys The human brain can sometimes reorganize itself B. speech training has an effect on the speech ability C. a persons brain continues to grow even after childhood D. human brain is no

43、t specialized at all 5. The writers tone in evaluating the activities of the human brain is _. A. puzzled B. optimistic C. objective D. sorrowful A C Unit 7 Brains According to the passage, what amazing feats do bees perform? _ _ _ C. Answer the following questions according to the text. READING COM

44、PREHENSION 2. What are the new research findings related to the human brain based on the information of paragraph 6? _ _ In their two-month lives, they learn to remember where nectar-producing flowers are and when they produce the nectar. Brain cells are added throughout life. And the human brain ca

45、n sometimes reorganize itself. Unit 7 Brains 3. In what way does forging social relationships help improve our brain power? _ _ _ _ READING COMPREHENSION Forging social relationships requires creative thinking, constant problem-solving, and the ability to understand how another person is thinking. A

46、ll these need serious brain power. Unit 7 Brains Vocabulary Keys Many verbs are formed by adding the prefix out-, which means “surpassing or exceeding”. Complete the following sentences with the verbs in the box below. Change the form if necessary. outlastoutthinkoutperformoutgrowoutshine outliveout

47、weighoutnumberoutvoteoutturn 1. Research is being committed to machines that can _ humans in an area thought to demand reasoning of the highest sort. 2. When Field had long _ his clothes, the sleeves shrunk up nearly to his elbows. outthink outgrown Unit 7 Brains Keys emails blogs junk mails hackers

48、 3. Royal Jelly is the only food for the Queen Bee, and it enables her to _ worker bees thirtyfold years. 4. Among those aged 75 or more, women _ men by a ratio of nearly 2 to 1. 5. It was important for him to establish relationships with students that will _ their period of graduate study. 6. I tri

49、ed to get them to change their minds but the opponents to the proposal held all the aces and I was _ with the result of 45 to 30. outlive outnumber outlast outlastoutthinkoutperformoutgrowoutshine outliveoutweighoutnumberoutvoteoutturn outvoted Unit 7 Brains Keys emails blogs time-saving flexible ju

50、nk mails hackers 7. Irritable and stubborn, he is a real big mouth and his words often _ his thoughts. 8. A couple of days ago, more than 20 business leaders of the Fortune 500 companies told me their business in China _ their performance in other countries last year. 9. This brings us unprecedented

51、 opportunities as well as unprecedented challenges, with the former _ the latter. 10. After one year students who often play chess _ those non-playing students on reading tests. outshone outweighing will outperform outlastoutthinkoutperformoutgrowoutshine outliveoutweighoutnumberoutvoteoutturn outtu

52、rn Unit 7 Brains CRITICAL THINKING Discuss the following questions with a partner. Achievement vs Destruction Unit 7 Brains Some people say the human brain is marvelous since it has facilitated our lives from many aspects while others hold the human brain is destroying human beings with its every di

53、scovery or invention. List some examples to support their views respectively. _ _ _ _ _ _ Scientists have invented the computer, the microchip, mobile phones, cars, etc. All of these inventions have contributed to our better life. However, many discoveries and inventions ,if improperly used, could b

54、ring harm to us, such as excessive TV watching, traffic accidents, radiation, etc. Unit 7 Brains 2. Do you think the human brain could make us survive possible disasters, such as atomic bombs or earthquakes? State your reasons. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I hold that the human brain could help us survive th

55、e future possible disasters. Human brain makes us the master of the world and our nature although we may harm the world unintentionally. Fortunately, we can identify our own problems and remedy them in an active manner. Meanwhile humans are trying to understand the mystery of nature, for example, ho

56、w to predict earthquakes. As long as we keep exploring nature, we can live in peace with nature and shun disasters. Unit 7 Brains Unit 7 Brains The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collabor

57、ators. “Holocaust” is a word of Greek origin meaning “sacrifice by fire”. The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were “racially superior” and that the Jews, deemed “inferior”, were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. During the era of the

58、 Holocaust, German authorities also targeted other groups because of their perceived “racial inferiority”: Roma (Gypsies), the disabled, and some of the Slavic peoples (Poles, Russians, and others). Other groups were persecuted on political, ideological, and behavioral grounds, among them Communists

59、, Socialists, Jehovahs Witnesses, and homosexuals. The HolocaustThe Holocaust Background Information Unit 7 Brains Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual humans beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. This principle was established as axiomati

60、c in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: “. civilization is not something absolute, but . is relative, and . our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization