2024年考研英語真題及答案(完整版)

1SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)There'snothingmorewelcomingthanadooropeningforyou.1theneedtobetouchedtoopenorclose,automaticdoorsareessentialin2disabledaccesstobuildingsandhelpingprovidegeneral3tocommercialbuildings.Self-slidingdoorsbegantoemergeasacommercialproductin1960afterbeinginventedsixyears4byAmericansDeeHortonandLewHewitl.They5asanoveltyfeature,butastheirusehasgrown,their6haveextendedwithinourtechnologicallyadvancedworld.Particulary7inbusylocationsorduringtimesofemergency,thedoors8crowdmanagementbyreducingtheobstaclesputinpeople'sway. 9makingaccessbothinandoutofbuildingseasierforpeople,thedifferenceinthewaymanyofthesedoorsopenhelpsreducethetotalarea10bythem.Automaticdoorsoftenopentotheside,withthepanelsslidingacrossoneanother.Replacingswingdoors,these11smallerbuildingstomaximisetheusablespaceinsidewithouthavingto12thewayforalarge,sticking-outdoor.Therearemanydifferenttypesofautomaticdoor,witheach13specificsignalstotellthemwhentoopen.14thesemethodsdiffer,themain15remainthesame.Eachautomaticdoorsystem16thelight,soundweightormovementintheirvicinityasasignaltoopen.Sensortypesarechosento17thedifferentenvironmentstheyareneededin.18,abusystreetmiglenot19amotion-sensoreddoor,asitwouldconstantlybeopeningforpassers-by.Apressuresensitivematwouldbemore20tolimitthesurveyedarea.1.A.ThroughB.DespiteC.BesidesD.Without2.A.revealingB.demandingC.improvingD.tracing3.A.experienceB.convenienceC.guidanceD.reference4.A.previouslyB.temporarilyC.successivelyD.eventually5.A.heldonB.startedoutC.settleddownD.wentby6.A.relationsB.volumesC.benefitsD.sources7.A.usefulB.simpleC.flexibleD.stable8.A.callforB.yieldtoC.insistonD.actas9.A.AswellasB.IntermsofC.ThankstoD.Ratherthan10.A.connectedB.sharedC.representedD.occupied11.A.allowB.expectC.requireD.direct12.A.adoptB.leadC.clearD.change13.A.adaptingtoB.derivingfromC.relyingonD.pointingat14.A.OnceB.SinceC.UnlessD.Although15.A.recordsB.positionsC.principlesD.reasons16.A.controlsB.analysesC.producesD.mixes17.A.decorateB.compareC.protectD.complement18.A.InconclusionB.BycontrastC.ForexampleD.Aboveall219.A.identifyB.suitC.secureD.include20.A.appropriateB.obviousC.impressiveD.delicateSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Nearly2000yearsago,astheRomansbegantopulloutofScotland,theyleftbehindacurioustreasure:10tonsofnails,nearlyamillionofthethings.Thenailhoardwasdiscoveredin1960inafour-metre-deeppitcoveredbytwometresofgravel.WhyhadtheRomansburiedamillionnails?Thelikelyexplanationisthatthewithdrawalwasrushed,andtheydidn'twantthelocalCaledoniansgettingtheirhandson10tonsofweapon-gradeiron.TheRomansburiedthenailssodeepthattheywouldnotbediscoveredforalmosttwomillennia.Latercivilisationswouldvaluetheskilledblacksmith'slabourinanailevenmorethantherawmaterial.AsRomaAgrawalexplainsinhernewdelightfulbookNutsandBolts,early17th-centuryVirginianswouldsometimesburndowntheirhomesiftheywereplanningtorelocate.Thiswasanattempttorecoverthevaluablenails,whichcouldbereusedaftersiftingtheashes.Theideathatonemightburndownanentirehousejusttoreclaimthenailsunderlineshowscarce,costlyandvaluablethesimple-seemingtechnologywas.Thepriceofnailsfellby90%betweenthelate1700sandmid-1900s,aseconomistDanielSichelpointsoutinaresearchpaper.AccordingtoSichel,althoughthefallingpriceofnailswasdrivenpartlybycheaperironandcheaperenergy,mostofthecreditgoestonailmanufactureswhosimplyfoundmoreefficientwaystoturnsteelintonails.Nailsthemselveshavechangedovertheyears,butSichelstudiedthembecausetheyhaven'tchangedmuch.RomanlampsandRomanchariotsareverydifferentfromLEDstripsandsportscars,butRomannailsarestillclearlynails.Itwouldbeabsurdtotrytotrackthechangingpriceofsportscarssince1695,buttoaskthesamequestionofnailsmakesperfectsense.Imakenoapologyforbeingobsessedbyaparticularfeatureoftheseobjects:theirprice.Iamaneconomist,afterall.Afterwritingtwobooksaboutthehistoryofinventions,onethingI'velearntisthatwhileitistheenchantinglysophisticatedtechnologiesthatgetallthehype,it’sthecheaptechnologiesthatchangetheworld.TheGutenbergprintingpresstransformedcivilisationnotbychangingthenatureofwritingbutbychangingitscost-anditwouldhaveachievedlittlewithoutaparallelcollapseinthepriceofsurfacestowriteon,thankstoanoften-overlookedtechnologycalledpaper.Solarpanelshadfewnicheusesuntiltheybecamecheap;nowtheyaretransformingtheglobalenergysystem.21.TheRomansburiedthenailsprobablyforthesakeof.A.savingthemforfutureuseB.keepingthemfromrustingC.lettingthemgrowinvalueD.hidingthemfromthelocals322.Theexampleofearly17th-centuryVirginiansisusedto.A.highlightthethriftinessofearlyAmericancolonistsB.illustratethehighstatusofblacksmithsinthatperiodC.contrasttheattitudesofdifferentcivilisationstowardnailsD.showthepreciousnessofnail-makingtecnologyatthattime23.Whatplayedthemajorroleinloweringthepriceofnailsafterthelate1700s?A.Increasedproductivity.B.Wideruseofnewenergies.C.Fiercermarketcompetition.D.Reducedcostofrawmaterials.24.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thatnails.A.haveundergonemanytechnologicalimprovementsB.haveremainedbasicallythesamesinceRomantimesC.arelessstudiedthanothereverydayproductsD.areoneoftheworld'smostsignificantinventions25.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarisesthelasttwoparagraphs?A.Cheaptechnologiesbringaboutrevolutionarychange.B.Technologicalinnovationisintegraltoeconomicsuccess.C.Techconolydefinespeople'sunderstandingoftheworld.D.Sophisticatedtechnologiesdevelopfromsmallinventions.Text2Parentingtipsobtainedfromhunter-gatherersinAfricamaybethekeytobringingupmorecontentedchildren,researchershavesuggested.TheideaisbasedonstudiesofcommunitiessuchastheKungofBotswana,whereeachchildiscaredforbymanyadults.Kungchildrenasyoungasfourwillhelptolookafteryoungeronesand“baby-wearing”,inwhichinfantsarecarriedinslings,isconsideredthenorm.AccordingtoDrNikhilChaudhary,anevolutionaryanthropologistatCambridgeUniversity,thesepractices,Knownasalloparenting,couldleadtolessanxietyforchildrenandparents.DrAnnieSwanepoel,achildpsychiatrist,believesthattherearewaystoincorporatethemintowesternlife.InGermany,oneschemehaspairedanoldpeople'shomewithanursery.Theresidentshelptolookafterthechildren,anarrangementakintoalloparenting.Anothermeasurecouldbeencouragingfriendshipsbetweenchildrenindifferentschoolyearstomirrortheunsupervisedmixed-ageplaygroupsinhunter-gatherercommunities.InapaperpublishedintheJournalofChildPsychologyandPsychiatry,researcherssaidthatthewesternnuclearfamilywasarecentinventionwhichfamilybrokewithevolutionaryhistory.Thisabruptshifttoan“intensivemotheringnarrative”,whichsuggeststhatmothersshouldmanagechildcarealone,waslikelytohavebeenharmful.“Suchnarrativescanleadtomaternalexhaustionandhavedangerousconsequences,“theywrote.Bycontrast,inhunter-gatherersocietiesadultsotherthantheparentscanprovidealmosthalf4ofachild'scare.OnepreviousstudylookedattheEfepeopleoftheDemocraticRepublicofCongo.Itfoundthatinfantshadanaverageof14alloparentsadaybythetimetheywere18weeksoldandwerepassedbetweencaregiverseighttimesanhour.Chaudharysaidthatparentsnowhadlesschildcaresupportfromfamilyandsocialnetworksthanduringmostofhumans'evolutionaryhistory,butintroducingadditionalcaregiverscouldreducestressandmaternaldepression,whichcouldhavea“knock-on”benefittoachild'swellbeing.Aninfantborntoahunter-gatherersocietycouldhavemorethantencaregivers-thiscontrastsstarklytonurserysettingsintheUKwhereregulationscallforaratioofonecarertofourchildrenagedtwotothree.Whilehunter-gathererchildrenlearntfromobservationandimitationinmixed-ageplaygroups,researcherssaidthatwestern“instructiveteaching”,wherepupilsareaskedtositstill,maycontributetoconditionssuchasattentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder.ChaudharysaidthatBritainshouldexplorethepossibilitythatoldersiblingshelpingtheirparents“mightalsoenhancetheirownsocialdevelopment.”26.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraph,alloparentingreferstothepracticeof.A.sharingchildcareamongcommunitymembersB.assigningbabiestospecificadultcaregiversC.teachingparentingdetailstoolderchildrenD.carryinginfantsaroundbytheirparent27.TheschemeinGermanyismentionedtoillustrate.A.anattempttofacilitateintergenerationalcommunicationB.anapproachtointegratingalloparentingintowesterncultureC.theconventionalparentingstyleinwesterncultureD.thedifferencesbetweenwesternAfricanwaysofliving28.AccordingtoParagraph4,the“intensivemotheringnarrative”.A.alleviateparentingpressureB.consideratefamilyrelationshipsC.resultsinthechild-centeredfamilyD.departsfromthecourseofevolution29.Accordingtoparagraph6,whatcanwelearnaboutnurseryintheUK？A.Theytendtofallshortofofficialrequirements.B.Theyhavedifficultyfindingenoughcaregivers.C.Theyoughttoimprovetheircarer-to-childratio.D.Theyshouldtrytopreventparentaldepression.30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle？A.Instructiveteaching:adilemmaforanxiousparentsB.Forahappierfamily,learnfromthehunter-gatherersC.Mix-agedplaygroup,abetterchoiceforlonelychildrenD.Tracingthehistoryofparenting:fromAfricatoEurope5Text3RutkowskiisaPolishdigitalartistwhousesclassicalpaintingstylestocreatedreamyfantasylandscapes.HehasmadeillustrationsforgamessuchasSony’sHorizonForbiddenWest,Ubisoft’sAnno,Dungeons&Dragons,andMagic:TheGathering.Andhe’sbecomeasuddenhitinthenewworldoftext-to-imageAIgeneration.Hisdistinctivestyleisnowoneofthemostcommonlyusedpromptsinthenewopen-sourceAIartgeneratorStableDiffusion,whichwaslaunchedlatelastmonth.Thetool,alongwithotherpopularimage-generationAImodels,allowsanyonetocreateimpressiveimagesbasedontextprompts.Forexample,typein“WizardwithswordandaglowingorbofmagicfirefightsafiercedragonGregRutkowski,”andthesystemwillproducesomethingthatlooksnotamillionmilesawayfromworksinRutkowski’sstyle.Buttheseopen-sourceprogramsarebuiltbyscrapingimagesfromtheInternet,oftenwithoutpermissionandproperattributiontoartists.Asaresult,theyareraisingtrickyquestionsaboutethicsandcopyright.AndartistslikeRutkowskihavehadenough.AccordingtothewebsiteLexica,whichtracksover10millionimagesandpromptsgeneratedbyStableDiffusion,Rutkowski’snamehasbeenusedasapromptaround93,000times.Someoftheworld’smostfamousartists,suchasMichelangelo,PabloPicasso,andLeonardodaVinci,broughtuparound2,000promptseachorless.Rutkowski’snamealsofeaturesasapromptthousandsoftimesintheDiscordofanothertext-to-imagegenerator,Midjourney.Rutkowskiwasinitiallysurprisedbutthoughtitmightbeagoodwaytoreachnewaudiences.Thenhetriedsearchingforhisnametoseeifapiecehehadworkedonhadbeenpublished.Theonlinesearchbroughtbackworkthathadhisnameattachedtoitbutwasn’this."It’sbeenjustamonth.Whataboutinayear?Iprobablywon’tbeabletofindmyworkouttherebecause[theinternet]willbefloodedwithAIart,”Rutkowskisays.“That’sconcerning.”“Thereisacoalitiongrowingwithinartistindustriestofigureouthowtotackleormitigatethis,”saysOrtiz.Thegroupisinitsearlydaysofmobilization,whichcouldinvolvepushingfornewpoliciesorregulation.OnesuggestionisthatAImodelscouldbetrainedonimagesinthepublicdomain,andAIcompaniescouldforgepartnershipswithmuseumsandartists,Ortizsays.31.WhatcanbelearnedaboutRutkowskifromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A.HeisenthusiasticaboutAIgenerationpainting.B.HeispopularwiththeusersofanAIartgenerator.C.Heattractsadmirationfromotherillustrators.D.Hespecializesinclassicalpaintingdigitalization.32.Theproblemwithopen-sourceAIartgeneratorsisthattheyA.lackflexibilityinrespondingtopromptsB.produceartworksinunpredictablestylesC.makeunauthorizeduseofonlinetheagesD.cdlectuserinformationwiththatconsent.33.Aftersearchingonline,Rutkowskifound.A.auniquewaytoreachaudiences6B.anewmethodtoidentifyAlimagesC.AI-generatedworkbearinghisnareD.heateddisputesregardinghiscapecopyright34.AccordingtoOrtiz,Alcompaniesareadvisedto.A.campaignfornewpoliciesorregulationsB.offertheirservicestopublicinstitutionsC.strengthentheirrelationshipswithAlusersD.adoptadifferentstrategyforAlmodeltraining35.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Artists'responsestoAlartgeneration.B.Al'sexpandedroleinartisticcreation.C.PrivacyissuesintheapplicationofAl.D.OpposingviewsonAIdevelopment.Text4ThemiracleoftheChesapeakeBayliesnotinitsdepths,butinthecomplexityofitsnaturalconstruction,theinteractionoffreshandsalinewaters,andthemixoflandandwater.Theshallowsprovidehomesforhundredsofspecieswhilestoringfloodwaters,filteringpollutantsfromwater,andprotectingnearbycommunitiesfrompotentiallydestructivestormsurges.Allthiswasputatgreatrisklatelastmonth,whentheU.S.SupremeCourtissuedarulinginanidahocasethatprovidestheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)farlessauthoritytoregulatewetlandsandwaterways.Specifically,a5-4majoritydecidedthatwetlandsprotectedbytheEPAunderitsCleanWaterActauthoritymusthavea“continuoussurfaceconnection”tobodiesofwater.Thisnarrowingoftheregulatoryscopewasavictoryforbuilders,miningoperatorsandothercommercialinterestsoftenatoddswithenvironmentalrules.Anditcarries"significantrepercussionsforwaterqualityandfloodcontrolthroughouttheUnitedStates,"asJusticeBrettKavanaughoberserved.InMaryland,thegoodnewsisthattherearemanystatelawsinplacethatprovidewetlandsprotections.Butthat'saveryshortsightedview,particularlywhenitcomestotheChesapeakeBay.Therealityisthatwater,andthepollutantsthatsooftencomewithit,don’trespectstateboundaries.TheChesapeakedrawsfroma64,000-square-milewatershedthatextendsintoVirginia,Pennsylvania,NewYork,WestVirginia,theDistrictofColumbiaandDelaware.WillthosejurisdictionsextendthesameprotectionsnowdeniesunderKavanaugh.EPA?Perhapssome,butall?Thatseemsunlikely.Itistooeasy,andmisleading,toseesuchcourtrulingsasmerelystandingupfortherightsoflandownerswhentheconsequencescanbesodirefortheirneighbors.Andit'sareminderthattheEPA’sinvolvementintheChesapeakeBayProgramhaslongbeencrucialasthemeanstotranscendtheinfluenceofdeep-pocketedspecialinterestsinneighboringstates.Pennsylvaniaframers,touseonetellingexample,aren’tthinkingaboutnextyear’sbluecrabharvestinMarylandwhentheydecidewhethertospendanimalwasteontheirfields,yettherunoffintonearbycreekscanhaveenormousimpactdownstream.AndsowewouldcallonstatelawmakersfromRichmondtoAlbanytoconsiderreviewingtheirownwetlandsprotectionsandseeforthemselvestheenormousstakesinvolved.Wecanoffer7themavisittoBlackwaterNationalWildlifeRefugeinChesterCountywherebaldeaglesflyovertidalmarshessoshallowyoucouldnotpaddleaboatacrossthembutteamingwithaquaticlife.It’sworththescenicdrive.36.TheChesapeakeBayisdescribedinparagraphlas.A.avaluablenaturalenvironmentB.acontoversialconservationareaC.aplacewithcommercialpotentialD.aheadachefornearbycommunities37.TheU.S.SupremeCourt’sruingintheIdahocaseA.reinforceswaterpollutioncontrolB.weakenstheEPA’sregulatorypowerC.willendconflictsamonglocalresidentsD.mayfaceoppositionfromminingoperators38.Howdoesn'ttheauthorfellaboutfutureofthechesapenkeBay?.A.worriedB.PuzzledC.RelievedD.Encouraged39.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheEPA’sinvolvementinthechesapeakeBayProgram?A.Ithasrestoredthebalanceamongneighboringjurisdictions.B.Ithastriggeredaradicalreformincommercialfisheries.C.Ithassetafineexampleofrespectingstateauthorities.D.Ithasensuredthecoordinationofprotectionefforts.40.Theauthorholdsthatthestatelawmakersshould.A.becautiousabouttheinfluenceoflandownersB.attachdueimportancetowetlandsprotectionsC.recognizetheneedtoexpandwildliferefugesD.improvethewellbeingofendangeredspeciesPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)41.HannahSimply,therearepeopleinNigeriawhocannottraveltotheSmithsonianInstitutiontoseethatpartoftheirhistoryandculturerepresentedbytheBeninBronzes.Theseshouldbeavailabletothemaspartoftheirculturalheritageandhistoryandasasourceofnationalpride.Thereisnogoodreasonthattheseartifactsshouldbebeyondtheordinaryreachoftheeducationalobjectivesorinspira8tionofthegenerationstowhichtheywereleft.TheyservenopurposeinamuseumintheUnitedStatesorelsewhereexceptascuriousobjects.Theycannotbecomparedtoworksofartproducedforsalewhichcanbepassedfromhandtohandandplacetoplacebypurchase.42.BuckWeknowveryexactreproductionsofartworkcanbeandareregularlyproduced.Perhapsmuseumsandgovernmentsmightexploresomerolefortheuseofnearlyexactreproductionsasameansofresolvingissuesrelatingtoreturningworksofartandantiquities.Thecontextofanyexhibitismoreimportanttomethanwhethertheobjectbeingdisplayedis2,000yearsoldor2monthsold.Inmanycasestheexpertshaveahardtimeagreeingonwhatistherealobjectandwhatisaforgery.Again,thestoryanexhibitistryingtotelliswhatmatters.Themonetaryvalueoftheobjectsondisplayisadistantsecondplaceinimportance.43.SaraWhenvisitingtheBaltimoreMuseumofArt,Icameacrossamagnificent15th-centuryChinesesculpture.Itinspiredmetolearnmoreabouttheculturethatitrepresented.Artifactsinmuseumshavethepowertoinspire,andperhapssparkthatneedtolearnandunderstandthenatureoftheircreators.Havingsaidthat,Idofeelthatwhateverartifactsfindtheirwaytopublicmuseumsshould,infact,besanctionedashavingbeenobtainedonloan,legallypurchased,orobtainedbytreaty.Stealingartifactsfromotherpeoples'culturesisobscene;itrobsnotonlythephysicalobjects,butthedignityandspiritoftheircreators.44.VictorAncientartthatisdisplacedinforeigncountriesshouldbereturned…45.JuliaTothoseofyouinthecommentssection,byallmeans,whoarehavingstrongfeelingaboutartifactsbeingremovedfromcitiesintheUSandBritain,Iwouldaskyoutoconsider......A.It'sclearthatthecountriesoforiginhaveneverbeencompensatedforthestolenarchitects.B.It'saflawedlineofreasoningtoargueagainstreturningartifactstotheircountriesofarranging.C.Museumvisitorscanstilllearnasmuchfromartifactscopiesaftertheoriginalsarereturned.D.Reproductions,evenifperfectlymade,cannottaketheplaceoftheauthenticobjects.E.Therealvalueofartifactscanonlyberecognizedintheircountriesofarrangingratherthananywhereelse.F.Waystogetartifactsfromothercountriesmustbedecentandlawful.G.Concernoversecurityisnoexcuseforrefusingtoreturntheartifactsofothercountries.41-45答案：EDFGBPartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.WriteyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)"Elephantsneverforget"—orsotheysay—andthatpieceoffolkloreseemstohavesomefoundation.TheAfricansavannaelephantalsoknownastheAfricanbushelephant,isdistributedacross37Africancountries.（46）Theysometimestravelmorethansixtymilestofindfoodorwater,andareverygoodatworkingoutwhereotherelephantsare—evenwhentheyareoutofsight.Using9trackingdevices,researchershaveshownthattheyhave"remarkablespatialacuity",whenfindingtheirwaytowaterholes,theyheadedoffinexactlytherightdirection,ononeoccasionfromadistanceofroughlythirtymiles.Whatismore,theyalmostalwaysseemtochoosethenearestwaterhole.（47）Theresearchersareconvincedthattheelephantsalwaysknowpreciselywheretheyareinrelationtoalltheresourcestheyneed,andcanthereforetakeshortcuts,aswellasfollowingfamiliarroutes.AlthoughthecuesusedbyAfricanelephantsforlong-distancenavigationarenotyetunderstood,smellmaywellplayapart.Elephantsareverychoosyeaters,butuntilrecentlylittlewasknownabouthowtheyselectedtheirfood.（48）Onepossibilitywasthattheymerelyusedtheireyesandtriedouttheplantstheyfound,butthatwouldprobablyresultinalotofwastedtimeandenergy,notleastbecausetheireyesightisactuallynotverygood.（49）Thevolatilechemicalsproducedbyplantscanbecarriedalongway,andtheyareverycharacteristic:Eachplantortreehasitsownparticularodorsignature.Whatismore,theycanbedetectedevenwhentheyarenotactuallyvisible.Newresearchsuggeststhatsmellisacrucialfactoringuidingelephants—andprobablyotherherbivores—tothebestfoodresources.Theresearchersfirstestablishedwhatkindsofplanttheelephantspreferredeithertoeatoravoidwhenforagingfreely.Theythensetupa“foodstation”experiment,inwhichtheygaveelephantsaseriesofchoicesbasedonlyonsmell.（50）Theexperimentshowedthatelephantsmaywellusesmelltoidentifypatchesoftreesthataregoodtoeat,andsecondlytoassessthequalityofthetreeswithineachpatch.Free-rangingelephantspresumablyalsousethisinformationtolocatetheirpreferredfood.答案（46）它們有時跋涉六十多英里尋找食物或水，并且非常善于尋找其他大象的位置——即使它們不在視線范圍內(nèi)。（2分