我國紡織機(jī)械工業(yè)發(fā)展

1、紡織機(jī)械的發(fā)展紡織機(jī)械是為紡織工業(yè)生產(chǎn)建設(shè)服務(wù)的行業(yè)，我國紡織工業(yè)發(fā)展的設(shè)備基礎(chǔ)， 從建國開始就明確立足于國內(nèi)的原則，目前我國棉紡設(shè)備總量超過4千萬錠，織機(jī)總量超過100萬臺，擁有量均居世界第1位，其中90%以上由國內(nèi)自行制造提供。 我國紡織機(jī)械工業(yè)經(jīng)過40多年的努力，已能自己生產(chǎn)棉紡、毛紡、麻紡、絲絹、 織造、染整、化纖、針織、非織造布、服裝等紡織機(jī)械和紡織專用儀器、器材等15個行業(yè)1700多個品種的成套設(shè)備，形成了一定的能力規(guī)模和制造體系。但從總體 上講，我國紡織機(jī)械和國際先進(jìn)水平相比，仍有著較大的差距，品種、質(zhì)量和設(shè)備 的成套水平，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)跟不上我國紡織工業(yè)發(fā)展的新形勢，具體表現(xiàn)在低水平設(shè)備

2、的生 產(chǎn)能力有余，高水平設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)能力不足或還不能生產(chǎn)，需要改進(jìn)提高。紡織機(jī)械是紡織纖維加工的專用機(jī)械，各類纖維從原料處理、生產(chǎn)到制成在市 場銷售的紡織成品有著各自的加工特征和加工系統(tǒng)，具有工藝流程長、工藝技術(shù)復(fù) 雜、機(jī)械設(shè)備成套性強(qiáng)，在長時間連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)條件下，為保證紡織產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，設(shè)備必 須具有高可靠性、穩(wěn)定性和一致性。(1) 工藝流程長、工藝技術(shù)復(fù)雜、設(shè)備成套性強(qiáng)。紡織產(chǎn)品的加工工藝基本原理 是將纖維原料均勻喂入，進(jìn)行開松、除雜、混和、梳理成條、混和并條、粗紡、精 紡成為紗線；再將紗線經(jīng)過絡(luò)筒、整理、漿紗、穿筘、織造或針織成布，然后將布 經(jīng)煉漂、染色或印花、后整理加工制成服裝用面料、襯里以及其

3、他不同的用途。除 了前后道生產(chǎn)主機(jī)的成套性要求外，還需要有一系列輔機(jī)和檢測儀器的配套，如整 個流程的通風(fēng)、吸塵、濾塵、落紗設(shè)備等等。為使一個紡織工廠能投入正常、穩(wěn)定 生產(chǎn)，所用設(shè)備必須前后、左右相互配套，銜接工藝要求。由于成套紡織機(jī)械品種 多，關(guān)鍵零部件和專件多，批量大，不可能在一、二個企業(yè)中組織成套生產(chǎn)。所以 紡織機(jī)械工業(yè)在開始創(chuàng)建時不僅重視成套設(shè)備的開發(fā)，又按成臺機(jī)械、專配件進(jìn)行 專業(yè)化分工，在全國范圍內(nèi)采取協(xié)作成套的原則組織生產(chǎn)。與此同時，重視了紡織 機(jī)械的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、通用化和系列化并形成系統(tǒng)，對實現(xiàn)專業(yè)分工、全國配套工作起著 推動和促進(jìn)作用。(2) 可靠性、穩(wěn)定性、一致性要求高。紡織工業(yè)生

4、產(chǎn)特點之一是普遍采用日夜三班連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)的方式，部分化纖設(shè)備要求年連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)8000h不中斷。紡織機(jī)械在長期連續(xù)運轉(zhuǎn)條件下必須可靠、穩(wěn)定。即機(jī)械的無故障率要高，運轉(zhuǎn)要穩(wěn)定。以染色機(jī) 械為例，在同批坯布和染料條件下，須具有速度、壓力、溫度、液流等工藝參數(shù)的 較高穩(wěn)定性，以防止成品出現(xiàn)色差、掉色或染色不勻等缺陷。鑄鐵件在紡織機(jī)械零 件中目前仍占有較大比重(紡機(jī)、織機(jī)一般達(dá) 40%60%),鑄件一般是壁薄、形 狀復(fù)雜、要求表面光潔，少沾纖維和便于清掃。制造工藝水平是保證整臺機(jī)械的穩(wěn) 定性和一致性的前提，現(xiàn)代紡織機(jī)械要通過整機(jī)裝配和機(jī)械運轉(zhuǎn)，驗證其能否符合“三性”要求，從而保證出廠機(jī)械的質(zhì)量。(3) 工業(yè)衛(wèi)

5、生和三廢防治要求高。在紡織工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中一般會產(chǎn)生粉塵和飛花(棉毛麻等短纖維)，如不加以處理，會嚴(yán)重污染生產(chǎn)環(huán)境，損害操作人員的身體 健康，影響產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，甚至有可能發(fā)生粉塵燃爆事故，造成人身傷亡和財產(chǎn)損失。(A)以下，努力降低生產(chǎn)車間的總體噪聲。在化纖和印染生產(chǎn)過程中會產(chǎn)生工業(yè) 廢水、廢液，造成環(huán)境污染，要求紡織機(jī)械做到少排放、多回收利用。隨著紡織工業(yè)的發(fā)展，從70年代開始，國際紡織品由一般產(chǎn)品向優(yōu)質(zhì)、高檔、 高附加值產(chǎn)品的方向發(fā)展，從而推動各種優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、自動化程度高、用人少的新 型紡織機(jī)械的研究開發(fā)，進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)和加快紡織機(jī)械的技術(shù)進(jìn)步。當(dāng)前各大類紡織 機(jī)械的發(fā)展趨勢大體如下。(1) 紡紗機(jī)

6、械繼續(xù)向優(yōu)質(zhì)、高產(chǎn)、高效和連續(xù)化、自動化方向發(fā)展。如棉紡機(jī)械 普遍采用多包細(xì)抓、均勻混和、逐漸開松、多梳少打、雜質(zhì)早落、少傷纖維的抓、 清梳聯(lián)合機(jī)，全過程采用計算機(jī)監(jiān)測、監(jiān)控，梳棉配置復(fù)合式自調(diào)勻整裝置以保證 生條的均勻度。近幾年，工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國家為實現(xiàn)紡紗行業(yè)由勞動密集型向技術(shù)密集型 方向轉(zhuǎn)變，紡紗機(jī)械的連續(xù)化、自動化得到迅速提高，如自動開棉包和連續(xù)抓棉、 開清梳聯(lián)合機(jī)和細(xì)紗絡(luò)筒聯(lián)合機(jī)，梳棉、精梳、并條、粗紗和細(xì)紗之間已實現(xiàn)了工 序間無人運輸車或吊掛裝置將半成品送到下道工序的自動運輸系統(tǒng)，初步滿足了無 人或少人紡紗車間的需要。此外，轉(zhuǎn)杯紡紗機(jī)、平行紡紗機(jī)、摩擦紡紗機(jī)和噴氣紡 紗機(jī)等新型紡紗機(jī)械近

7、年發(fā)展迅速，日趨成熟。(2) 織造機(jī)械由于無梭織機(jī)具有入緯率高、優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、品種適應(yīng)性廣、噪聲低 等優(yōu)點，已成為世界各國采用的主要機(jī)型。此外，計算機(jī)輔助紋織設(shè)計，電子多臂 和電子提花裝置的推廣應(yīng)用也是織造技術(shù)現(xiàn)代化的發(fā)展趨勢。針織機(jī)械隨著針織品 的發(fā)展，近年來在性能、速度和機(jī)電一體化水平方面有很大提高，微機(jī)控制織物花 型已普遍米用。(3) 染整機(jī)械的發(fā)展趨勢是在廣泛應(yīng)用電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)上強(qiáng)化染整工藝條件的實現(xiàn), 在整個生產(chǎn)過程中加強(qiáng)在線檢測，進(jìn)一步自動控制生產(chǎn)工藝條件，向優(yōu)質(zhì)、高效、 多功能、小浴比、節(jié)能和減少公害方向發(fā)展。整理機(jī)械主要是發(fā)揮化學(xué)整理和機(jī)械 整理的特點，有時是相互交替，增添整理功能

8、，為提高織物檔次、改善織物服用性 能和滿足特殊功能的要求，進(jìn)一步提高織物的附加值。（4）化學(xué)纖維的發(fā)展是開發(fā)新品種、高質(zhì)量、多功能、仿真和高附加值產(chǎn)品?；?學(xué)纖維機(jī)械中合成纖維機(jī)械的發(fā)展趨勢是繼續(xù)向高速、高效、大容量、短流程、自 動化方向發(fā)展，使纖維生產(chǎn)達(dá)到穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、高產(chǎn)、少人操作、便于變換產(chǎn)品品種。粘膠 纖維機(jī)械向連續(xù)、自動化、高速、大容量、節(jié)能和少污染方向發(fā)展。我國化纖機(jī)械 為提高技術(shù)水平，需結(jié)合我國國情重點發(fā)展：1）開發(fā)大生產(chǎn)能力腈綸成套設(shè)備。 在完成干法腈綸成套設(shè)備的同時，進(jìn)一步開發(fā)二步法濕法腈綸紡絲成套設(shè)備；2）開發(fā)生產(chǎn)滌綸差別化纖維和微細(xì)纖維、超細(xì)纖維的成套設(shè)備以及年產(chǎn)3萬t能力的滌綸

9、成套設(shè)備；3）開發(fā)年生產(chǎn)能力5000t的錦綸6聚合、紡絲成套設(shè)備；4）開發(fā) 新型錦、滌綸工業(yè)用絲成套設(shè)備；5）開發(fā)年生產(chǎn)能力2萬t的粘膠短纖維前處理 和紡絲生產(chǎn)線以及新型粘膠長絲設(shè)備。加快企業(yè)自身技術(shù)改造，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代制造技術(shù) 和加工設(shè)備，掌握現(xiàn)代企業(yè)管理方法，能根據(jù)市場需要，努力開發(fā)新的紡織機(jī)械產(chǎn) 品，及時提供水平高又符合我國國情的紡織機(jī)械，更好地為我國紡織工業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化 服務(wù)。附件2 :外文原文Development of spinning and weaving machinerySpinning and weav ing machi nery is to be that textile in

10、 dustry produces the in dustry that con structi on serves, equipme nt basis that our country textile in dustry develops, from buildi ng up a country beg inning to keep a foothold in domestic prin ciple defi nitely, our country cotton spinning equipment all quantity exceeds 40 million ingots at prese

11、nt, loom all quantity exceeds 1 million , own amounts occupy the 1st world without exception , provide among them above 90% from in the homeland proper motion fabricati on. Our country spinning and weav ing mecha ni cal in dustry by efforts made for more tha n 40 years, already can self have produce

12、d cott on spinning , wool spinning , bast fibre spinning , silk 15 in dustry more tha n 1,700 breed complete sets of equipme nt such as thin tough silk , instrument , equipment and material weaving , dyeing the round number , chemical fiber , spinning and weaving machinery and spinning and weaving s

13、pecial use kn itti ng , must weave cloth , uni forms , etc., have formed certa in ability scale and have created system. Our country spinning and weav ing mach inery and adva need international level are compared with each other , still are have bigger gap but from talk ing as a whole,breed , mass a

14、nd equipme nt level in complete set, cannot keep abreast with the new circumsta nces that our country textile in dustry develops over, the efficie ncy showing concretely in low level equipment is odd , high tone equipment efficiency is in sufficie nt or can not give birth to a child , n eed to impro

15、ve rise.spinning and weav ing mach inery is the special use mach inery that spinning and weav ing fibreprocesses, the finished product fibre of all kinds is produced from the material handling, to manufacturing spinning and weaving selling in marketplace has the respective treati ng characteristic a

16、nd processes system, have the process flow is long , the tech no logy is complicated , the machi nery equipme nt complete set is stro ng, un der Iongtime continuous duty condition, be ensure that spinning and weaving product quality , equipme nt must have high reliability , stability and compatibili

17、ty.(1) process flow is long , the tech no logy is complicated , the equipme nt complete set is strong. Spinning and weav ing product treati ng han dicraft basal prin ciple is that fibre raw material is en tered homoge neously hey , carry out an ope ning , comb able strip , ble nd draw ing out , the

18、roving except miscella neous , ble ndin g,sp inning become yarn;Aga in, yarn is tempered with fire by that spooli ng, arranging , the siz ing , denting , the cloth weaving or knitting Cheng, will spread classics then bleaching , is arranges manufacture a clothing from plus material , lining and othe

19、r different use of treating behind dyeing or the revenue stamp. Except that the front and back says that the complete set produc ing a lead pla nes dema nds, n eed to formi ng a complete set hav ing a series of auxiliary engine and detect ing in strume nt, if en tire tech no logical process ventilat

20、ion , dust absorption, filter dust , doff equipment etc. Be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child, regular , stable by be made a spinning and weaving factory can throw into giving birth to a child regular , stable, tech no logical requireme nts. Key comp onent an

21、d part and the end docume nt are many , batches are big since the spinning and weaving machinery breed in complete set is many, orga ni zati on gives birth to a child in complete set impossibly in one, two en terprise. Therefore spinning and weav ing mecha ni cal in dustry establishes the exploitati

22、 on tak ing complete sets of equipme nt seriously now and the n not only in beg inning, the accessory carries out division of labour on the basis of specialization according to becoming platform machinery , end , adopts the principle organization in complete set who cooperates within the whole n ati

23、 on range givi ng birth to a child. Mea nwhile, have take n spinning and weaving machinery normalizing seriously , be applied or used universally-rization preparing the system being seriated and taking form, the whole n ati on support ing job are playi ng drive and promote role to realizi ng divisio

24、 n of labour based on specializati on.(2) reliability , stabilities , compatibility dema nd height. That textile in dustry produces one of characteristic is com mon adopt Class Three con ti nu ous duty way , part chemical fiber equipme nt dema nd annual con ti nu ous duty 8000 hs blocks of wood be i

25、nterrupted day and night. Spinning and weaving machinery must reliable , stabilize under long range continuous duty condition. The fault-free rates being machinery ask height , the travel to n eed to stabilize. Take dye ing mach inery as example , must have higher tech no logical parameter stabiliti

26、es such as speed , pressure , the temperature , liquid stream, to preve nt from chromatic aberratio n , defects such as fadi ng or dye ing not dividing evenly appearing on finished product under same batch of grey cloth and dyestuff con diti on. At prese nt still, ir on casti ng occupies bigger spec

27、ific gravity (sp inning machine , amounts to 40% like the loom in spinning and weaving machinery parts 60%), be wall like cast ing slightly, the form is complicated , require that outside is bright and clea n, stop being stai ned with fibre and easy to clea n. Creati ng tech no logical level is to s

28、wear to rectify platform the mach inery stability and compatibility premise , moder n spinning and weav ing machi nery is going to work by complete machi ne assembli ng and machi nery, mass verify ing whose being able to conform to three n ature requests , to swear to leave the factory thereby or n

29、ot machi nery.(3) Preve ntio n and cure dema nds in dustrial hygie nes and the three wastes highly. May produce dust and flying (the linter hemp waits for a staple), if not handling in gen eral i n textile in dustry procedure of producti on, meeti ng con tam in ate a product ion en vir onment gravel

30、y, damage operati on pers onnel good health , affect product quality, be in the cards dust happe ned bur ning explod ing eve n the accide nt, brings about pers on casualties and property loss. (A) the following , effort reduce the noise producing workshops populati on. The meeti ng produces the in d

31、ustrial sewage , waste liquid , brings about en vir onmen tal polluti on in chemical fiber and prin ti ng and dye ing procedure of production, require that spinning and weaving machinery achieves stopping dischargi ng , many reclaim make use of.With the developme nt of textile in dustry, begi n from

32、 the seve nties, the textile goods faces an intern ati onal from gen eral product high grade , top grade , the high value-added products direct ion develop , drive various high grade thereby, high-effect, automati on degree is high , little serva nt new model spinning and weav ing machi nery researc

33、h and development , further, promotes and accelerates spinning and weaving machinery tech no logical progress. Curre ntly respectively big kind spinning and weav ing mach inery develop ing trend cardi nal prin ciple as follows.(1) spinning machi nery continues to high grade , high yield , the high-e

34、ffect sum melts in a row , automati on directi on develops. Adopt to wrap up the thin grasp ing grasp ing , ble nding homoge neously , comb ing gradually ope n pine , many stop since foreig n substa nee is caducous, few wound fibre , blow in g-card ing mach ine much if cott on spinning mach inery is

35、 com mon, the en tire proceed ing adopt a computer mon itor, supervisory control, combs cottton from homogenizing the entire device deploying compo und style to swear to grow degree of homoge neity. The in dustrialized country is that the reas on is labor- inten sive over the past few years, realize

36、 the in dustry spinning cha nge to tech no logy-i nten sive directi on, the spinning machi nery continu ati on melt, have automated to get prompt rise , have tur ned on the blow in g-card ing mach ine and the spun yarn spooli ng comb ined mach ine if the automati on ope ns a bale of cott on and gras

37、ps cott on in a row, have combed cottt on , have already have realized n obodys work ing procedure room tran sport cart betwee n comb ing , draw ing out , low count yarn and spun yarn or have said that the worki ng procedure automati on has tran sported system , the first step has satisfied n eed of

38、 unmanned or few pers on spinning workshop un der hanging a device deliveri ng the semi-fi ni shed product to. New model spinning mach inery such as besides, rotati ng the cup spinning machi ne , the spinning mach ine of equal rank , rubbi ng the spinning mach ine and the jet spinning mach ine is be

39、 expa nding by leaps and bounds in the late years , day by day mature.(2) weav ing machi nery is had because of the shuttleless loom en teri ng rates latitude height , high grade, high-effect, breed adaptability is broad , no ise waits for merit low, already become the main model that all the countr

40、ies in the world adopts. Besides, computer-aid lines weaves desig n , many arms of electro n and electro n jacquard weave device applicati on and dissem in ati on are also to weave the develop ing trend that the tech no logy moder ni zes. Knit mach inery with the developme nt of kn itted fabric , ha

41、ve very big rise in rece nt years in the field of fun cti on , speed and in tegrati on of mach inery with electr onics level, the type con trolli ng the fabric flower adopt PC already com monly.(3) That dyes en tire mach inery develop ing trend is to stre ngthe n the realizati on acquiri ng en tire

42、tech no logical con diti ons on exte nsive use electr on tech no logy basis , rei nforce on li ne detect ing in en tire procedure of product ion, autoc on trol produces tech no logical con diti ons further , develop to high grade , high-effect , multifu nctional , small bath ratio , en ergy con serv

43、ati on and decrease social effect of polluti on direct ion. Arranging machinery is that bringing a chemistry into play arranging prepares the characteristic that mach inery arran ges , is to be superseded mutually , to add to arrange a fun ctio n sometimes mai nly , is to improve the fabric grade ,

44、to improve fabric wearability and to satisfy the functional peculiar request , improves the fabric additional value further.(4) Developme nt of chemical fibre is the high value-added products develop ing the new breed , height mass , multifunctional , simulated sum. That diamars machinery develop in

45、g trend is to continue develop ing to high speed , high-effect , high-capacity , short tech no logical process , automati on directi on in chemical fibre machi nery, makes fibre produce the reach the depe ndable crop , high yield , little pers on operatio n , easy to shift a product breed. Mach inery prepares a viscose to continu ati on , automati on , high speed , high-capacity