2015職稱英語閱讀理解文章及譯文小抄版

1、第一篇 納米保健技術走向貧困國家 納米技術的應用對象都是分子級和原子級的物質。如今，長度為一納米，即十億分之一米的粒子已被開發(fā)出多種用途，如制造美容產(chǎn)品和抗污型服裝等。但其中一個領域科學家認為潛力尤為巨大，那就是醫(yī)藥領域。 在上周于華盛頓woodrow wilson國際中心召開的一個項目會議上，科學家們探討了如何將納米技術應用于貧困國家人口保健的事宜。 來自多倫多大學的peter singer聲稱一項名為量子點的納米技術可被應用于瘧疾的診斷。相對于傳統(tǒng)的僅用顯微鏡觀察血液樣本的方法，此技術要先進得多。 由于貧困國家往往沒有條件應用此項新技術，許多健康人被誤診為瘧疾患者，而藥物的濫用又導致了抗藥

2、性的產(chǎn)生。所謂量子點是指一些被激活后會發(fā)光的粒子，如今科學家正在研究為它們編程的方法，以便當靶分子存在的時候就能夠通過發(fā)光來診斷疾病。 納米技術的優(yōu)越性不光體現(xiàn)在疾病的診斷，還包括疾病的治療。國立衛(wèi)生研究所的piotr grodzinski與大家共同探討了如何運用納米技術來增強藥效。以一些已經(jīng)使用了納米技術的抗癌藥物為例，他指出，如果藥物可以針對癌癥病灶而不是整個人體，治療所需藥量就會大大減少，副作用也會降低。andrew maynard是woodrow wilson中心新興的納米技術工程部骨干科學家，他注意到巴西、印度、中國及南非正在開發(fā)可被貧困國家所應用的納米技術。與此同時他指出，與較大分

3、子不同，納米材料的顆粒在人體內(nèi)和體外環(huán)境中的作用可能有所不同，因此納米技術的應用存在一定風險，若要深入研究這些風險則需要更大的資金投入。bringing nanotechnology to health care for the poornanotechnology uses matter at the level of molecules and atoms. researchers are finding different uses for particles with a length of one nanometer, or one-billionth of a meter. the

4、se include things like beauty products1 and dirt-resistant clothing. but one area where many experts believe nanotechnology holds great promise is medicine.last week, speakers at a program in washington discussed using .nanotechnology to improve health care in developing countries. the program took

5、place at the woodrow wilson international center for scholars. peter singer at the university of toronto says a nanotechnology called quantum dots2 could be used to confirm eases of malaria. he says it could offer a better way than the traditional process of looking at a persons blood under a micros

6、cope.in poor countries, this process is often not followed. as a result, sick people may get treated for malaria even if they do not have it. such misuse of medicines can lead to drug resistance. quantum dots are particles that give off3 light when activated. researchers are studying ways to program

7、 them to identify diseases by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 4experts say nanotechnology shows promise not just for diagnosing diseases, but also for treating them. piotr grodzinski of the national institutes of health5 talked about how nanotechnology could make drugs more effec

8、tive. he talked about cancer drugs already developed with nanotechnology. he says if a drug can target a cancer locally in the body, then much less of it might be needed, and that means lower side effects. 6andrew maynard is chief scientist for the project on emerging nanotechnologies at the woodrow

9、 wilson center. he noted that brazil, india, china and south africa are currently doing nanotechnology research that could help poor countries. but he also noted that there is some risk in using nano-materials. he says nanometer-sized particles behave differently in the body and the environment comp

10、ared to larger particles7. experts say more investment in research is needed to better understand these risks.練習：1.which of the following uses of nanotechnology is not mentioned in the passage?以下選項未提及納米技術的用途的是？ ba to make beauty products and dirt-resistant clothing.,b to produce better and lighter b

11、uilding materials. 好的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品和發(fā)光的建筑材料c to help more accurately diagnose diseases. d to help more effectively treat diseases.2.how can quantum dots be used to confirm diseases? 怎樣能使量子點被應用于確認疾病？ ca by traditionally looking at a persons blood under a microscope. b by letting a person take some kind of medic

12、ine. c by lighting up in the presence of a targeted molecule. 當靶分子存在的時候就能通過發(fā)光來診斷疾病d by subjecting a person to an x-ray examination.3.how can nanotechnology be used to make a drug more effective? 納米技術如何被用于提高療效？a by making a drug target the focus of a disease. 使藥物對準疾病的病灶b by changing the structure of

13、the body cells. c by lowering the side effects caused by a drug. d by letting a patient take a dose as large as possible.4.the following developing countries are doing very well scientific research on nanotechnology exceptc下述發(fā)展中國家在納米技術方面沒有做很好的科學研究的是a chinab brazilc iran伊朗d india5.which of the follow

14、ing is the possible risk in using nano-materials mentioned in the passage? d在利用納米原料可能存在的危險下面提到的一句是a they may cause some damage to the body cells. b they are harmful materials themselves. c they may store in the body.d they may behave differently in the body and the environment. 納米材料的顆粒在體內(nèi)和在體外環(huán)境中作用可能

15、不太一樣第二篇 醫(yī)學雜志醫(yī)學雜志是向醫(yī)生和其他衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人員提供醫(yī)學信息的出版物。在過去，這些雜志只有印刷版。隨著電子出版的發(fā)展，許多醫(yī)學雜志現(xiàn)在都有網(wǎng)站了，有些雜志只有網(wǎng)絡版。少數(shù)的醫(yī)學雜志，如美國醫(yī)學協(xié)會雜志，被看作是普通醫(yī)學雜志，因為他們涵蓋了醫(yī)學的許多領域。大部分醫(yī)學雜志都是針對特定醫(yī)療領域的專業(yè)雜志。醫(yī)學雜志登載很多類型的文章?？蒲姓撐膱蟾鎻幕A疾病機理到比較不同療法產(chǎn)生的結果的臨床試驗的研究結果。綜述文章基于仔細的醫(yī)學文獻閱讀，總結和分析某個特定話題所能得到的信息。由于個體研究之結果可能受很多因素的影響，因此將有關同一題目的不同研究之結果匯總起來，可能有助于得出有關預防、診斷或是治療

16、某一疾病所需的科學證據(jù)的結論。病例會診和病理報告可能會登載在醫(yī)學雜志上，告知醫(yī)生特定的疾病和如何治療。醫(yī)學雜志上的社論是表達作者觀點的短文章，它們經(jīng)常是針對同一期雜志上登載的一個科研論文或綜述文章的。社論提供了一個整體看法，闡述這篇文章是怎樣和同一話題的其他信息聯(lián)系在一起的。讀者來信為醫(yī)學雜志的讀者提供了發(fā)表評論、提問或批評雜志上登載的文章的途徑。medical journalsmedical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professional

17、s.in the past, these journals were available only in print. with the development of electronic publishing. many medical journals now have web sites on the internet, and some journals publish only online. a few medical journals, like the journal of the american medical association, are considered gen

18、eral medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. most medical journals are specialty journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.medical journals publish many types of articles. research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the b

19、asic mechanisms of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. review articles summarize and analyze the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature. because the results of individual research studies can be affected by

20、 many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians abo

21、ut particular illnesses and how to treat them. editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue. editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the

22、 same topic. letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.練習：1.the main readers of medical journals are醫(yī)學雜志的主要讀者是_b_。a the general public.b health professionals. 衛(wèi)生專業(yè)人士 c medical critics.

23、d news reporters.2.which of the following statements is not true? _c_是錯誤的。a many medical journals also publish online.b a few medical journals are general medical journals. c most medical journals publish only online. 大多數(shù)醫(yī)學雜志只在網(wǎng)上出版d most medical journals are specialty journals.3.how many major types

24、 of articles are mentioned in the passage? 文章類型有_a_種。a five.b seven.c four.d six.4.an article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called講述同一話題的不同研究結果的文章屬于_b_。a a research article.b a review article. 綜述性文章c a case report.d an editorial.5.letters to the editor enable reade

25、rs of a medical journal to express comments on讀者來信就_c_發(fā)表評論。a any medical event. b articles published in the same issue.c articles published in that journal 雜志上發(fā)表的文章 d medical development.廚房油煙可致癌醫(yī)學專家們經(jīng)過5年的研究調(diào)研后指出，城市人群中，男性患肺癌的首要原因是吸煙，而女性患此絕癥的罪魁禍首是廚房油煙。醫(yī)生們昨天宣布這一結果，并對肺癌患病的一些新趨勢做出分析。他們認為病人越來越年輕化，尤其是女性。據(jù)上

26、海腫瘤研究所統(tǒng)計顯示，本市死于肺癌的居民多于死于其他疾病的人。肺癌成為繼乳腺癌之后的第二大高發(fā)病率腫瘤。上海民生中醫(yī)腫瘤診療中心何裕民醫(yī)生指出：“不健康的生活習慣是致癌的一個重要原因?！?他對2,276名肺癌患者進行了長達5年的追蹤調(diào)研。這些患者中有1,483名師男性。報告顯示，案例中男性患者中70%是由吸煙誘發(fā)癌癥的，而直郵18%的女性患者是由于吸煙或被迫吸入二手煙才誘發(fā)癌癥的。然而， 60%以上患肺癌的女性都長期接觸廚房油煙并主訴眼睛和喉嚨疼痛難受。大約32%的女性在滾開的油里煎炸食物而廚房卻密不透風。而大約25%的女性居住的臥室緊鄰廚房。但是，婦女們知道廚房油煙可以致癌時都很驚訝。其中一

27、些人表示要改變準備飲食的方式?！拔颐刻於嫉孟聫N做飯，除非我和家人都不在家用餐”，李旭，一名45歲的婦女說，“我知道油煙對皮膚不好，但是還是第一次聽說油煙竟能致癌、我以后要少煎炸食物。”醫(yī)生們認為，女性患肺癌和個人健康及身體狀況聯(lián)系極少，但和腫瘤家族病史、不健康的飲食習慣和脆弱的免疫系統(tǒng)聯(lián)系緊密。其它專家同意何醫(yī)生的意見?！拔鼰熞呀?jīng)成為誘發(fā)男性肺癌最最大的因素，”上海復旦大學醫(yī)學院呼吸道疾病研究所名譽主席譚彬用指出，“二手煙和廚房油煙的確是誘發(fā)女性肺癌的主要原因?！彼难芯客瑫r也警告人們不要站在賣油炸食品的攤點旁，因為他們使用的油都是劣質的。專家稱，如果長時間接受油煙，患肺癌的幾率有常人的3倍那

28、么高。cooking oil fumes cause tumorthe leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a five-year research study.doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tenden

29、cies in lung cancer. they said patients are younger, especially women.according to the shanghai tumor research institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.an unhealthy lifestyle is a very importa

30、nt reason for lung cancer, said dr he yumin from shanghai minshen traditional chinese medicine tumor diagnosis and treatment center.he followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. among them, 1,433 were male.smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients

31、 developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.however, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about1 irritated eyes and throat.about 32 percent of women fried foods in boili

32、ng oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of womens bedrooms were adjacent to2 the kitchen.however, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. some claimed they may change food preparation methods.unless my family and i dont eat at home every day, i must s

33、tay in the kitchen to cook, said xu li, a 45-year-old local woman. i know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time i heard that it can result in lung cancer. i have already started frying less.doctors said womens lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, bu

34、twas closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.other experts agreed with he.3smoking is by far the biggest cause4 of lung cancer for men, said dr tan binyong, honorary president of the respiratory disease institute at fudan universitys medical college

35、. its true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. hes research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling5 fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.the chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time,6

36、 experts said.練習：1what a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers? 科學家指出癌癥的趨勢是_ a men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women b women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men c patients with lung cancer become older, especially males d patients with lung cancer be

37、come younger, especially females _病人越來越年輕，尤其是女性。2which of the following diseases is the most common among the local residents in shanghai? 在上海的居民中，最普遍的疾病是 a heart disease b breast cancer肺癌 c infectious diseasesd lung cancer3what symptoms may be complained of by most women with lung cancer after long

38、 term, close contact with cooking oil fumes? 長期和油煙接觸的女性主訴_癥狀？ a irritated eyes and throat眼睛和喉嚨 b severe pain in both lungs c continuous cough and headached difficulty in breathin94what was the local womens reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?當他們知道了廚房油煙能夠導致癌癥的時候，當?shù)嘏?/p>

39、性的反應是_a happy b surprised驚訝c angry d careless5which of the following has relatively little connection with womens lung cancer? _和女性的癌癥沒有關系 a family cancer history b unhealthy dietary habits c weak immune systems d personal health and physical condition個人健康和身體狀況第三篇 孕期婦女宜多補充多維制劑 近日，來自坦桑尼亞的研究顯示，孕期婦女若每日

40、補充適量多種維生素制劑，則新生兒體重過輕(即少于25kg)的幾率將明顯減少。專家指出，體重過輕的新生兒死亡的風險要大大高于正常體重的新生兒，且即使幸存下來，其成年后患很多疾病如心臟病和糖尿病的幾率也會高于常人。世界衛(wèi)生組織估算，每年全世界有2000萬體重過輕的嬰兒誕生，其中有90出生在發(fā)展中國家。 此次研究試驗在坦桑尼亞首都達累斯薩拉姆舉行，共有4200名懷孕婦女參加了實驗。她們服用的多維制劑包括所有b族維生素、維生素c和維生素e，同時還包括劑量超出發(fā)達國家給婦女的建議服用量數(shù)倍的鐵和葉酸鹽。因為孕期婦女較常人更容易發(fā)生維生素和礦物質攝人不足的現(xiàn)象，尤其是在發(fā)展中國家。 作為對照組，研究者給另

41、外4000名孕婦服用了不含有維生素的安慰劑。來自美國和坦桑尼亞的科學家們共同撰寫了實驗報告，并刊登在新英格蘭醫(yī)學雜志上，其中來自哈佛大學公共衛(wèi)生學院的wafaie fawzi為此次研究的組織者。參加實驗的所有懷孕婦女均非艾滋病病毒攜帶者。而在更早的來自坦桑尼亞的研究報告中科學家曾指出，每日補充多維制劑對于已感染艾滋病的孕婦來說是一種減少胎兒死亡幾率的成本較低的方式。研究同時檢測到，孕婦在服用多維制劑后其血液中的淋巴細胞水平將會上升，而淋巴細胞可以增強人體免疫系統(tǒng)抵御傳染病的功能。此次新的研究試驗表明，補充多維制劑可以顯著降低新生兒體重過輕的概率。服用維生素的孕婦組中，過輕嬰兒的比重為總數(shù)的8，

42、而服用安慰劑的對照組中，過輕嬰兒的比重接近95。雖然對于降低孕婦早產(chǎn)率和死胎率方面，維生素的作用并不明顯。最后，科學家呼吁，發(fā)展中國家應努力為所有孕期婦女及時補充多種維生素。multivitamins urged for all pregnant womena recent study in tanzania found that when pregnant women took vitamins every day, fewer babies were born too small. babies that weigh less than two and one-half kilograms

43、 at birth have a greater risk of dying. those that survive are more likely to experience problems with their development. and experts say that as adults they have a higher risk of diseases including heart disease and diabetes. the world health organization1 estimates that every year twenty million b

44、abies are born with low birth weight. nine out of ten of them are born in developing countries.the new study took place in dar es salaam. 4, 200 pregnant women received multivitamins. the pills contained all of the vitamins in the b group along with2 vitamins c and e. they also contained several tim

45、es more iron and folate than the levels advised for women in developed nations. pregnant women especially in poor countries may find it difficult to get enough vitamins and minerals from the foods in their diet.the scientists compared the findings with results from a group of 4,000 women who did not

46、 receive the vitamins. a report by the scientists, from the united states and tanzania, appeared in the new england journal of medicine.3 wafaie fawzi of the harvard university school of public health4 led the study. none of the women in the study had hiv, the virus that causes aids. the scientists

47、reported earlier that daily multivitamins were a low-cost way to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with5 hiv. the earlier work in tanzania also found improvement in the mothers in their number of blood cells known as lymphocytes. lymphocytes increase the bodys immunity against infection

48、.the new study in pregnant women who were not infected with the aids virus found that multivitamins reduced the risk of low birth weight. just under eight percent of the babies born to women who took the multivitamins weighed less than 2,500 grams. the rate was almost nine and one-half percent in th

49、e group of women who received a placebo, an inactive pill, instead of the vitamins. but the vitamins did not do much to reduce the rates of babies being born too early or dying while still a fetus. still, the researchers say multivitamins should be considered for all pregnant women in developing cou

50、ntries.練習：1.how many babies are born with low birth weight in the developed countries every year according to who? 依照who估計在發(fā)達國家每年有_嬰兒出生體重過低？。a 20,000,000.b 18,000,000.c 2,000,000.d 38,000,000.2.a pill of multivitamins may contain all of the following substances except下列_不是一片多維可以包含的物質。a all vitamins

51、in the b group . b vitamins c and e.c much iron and folate. d antiviral substances. 抗病毒物質3.which of the following is not one of the effects of multivitamins mentioned in the passage? 有關多種維生素的作用下面沒提到的是_a to reduce the rate of babies born too early. 可以降低嬰兒早產(chǎn)比例b to reduce the risk of low birth weight.

52、c to reduce fetal deaths in pregnant women infected with hiv. d -to increase the number of lymphocytes in mothers blood.4.what a role do lymphocytes play in the human body? 淋巴細胞在身體中的作用是_a to reduce the rate of dying while still a fetus.b to raise the bodys immunity against infection. 提高免疫性，抗擊感染c to

53、help prevent the development of heart disease. d to help prevent the development of diabetes.5.how many percent of babies were born with low birth weight to women who were not infected with the aids virus and took the multivitamins according to a new study?在新的研究中，被沒有感染艾滋病病毒且服用多維的婦女所生低體重嬰兒占百分之a(chǎn) less

54、than 8% . b about 9.5%. c 1.5%.d 17.5%.第6篇 自行車的危險兒童騎慢車跌倒時，如果撞在車把兩端，會受重傷甚至會喪命。因此，一些工程師正在重新設計這種欠合理的車把，以使其更安全。賓夕法尼亞州費城的兒童醫(yī)院的生物工程師kristy arbogast和她的同事開始做這個項目實在一項研究有了結果以后，這項研究的結果表明在過去的30年里，超過1/3的兒童腹部受傷的情況是起因于自行車事故。她說：“要做的工作就是找出受傷的原因及其對策?！蓖ㄟ^訪問這些孩子和他們的家長，arbogast和她的同事得以推想其中的許多事故，并且確認一個共同的機械裝置造成了這些嚴重傷害。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)

55、大部分傷害發(fā)生在孩子慢速撞向某種使他們跌倒的障礙物的時候。為了保持平衡，他們把車把轉過90度但是他們的沖力使他們壓進車把一端中。然后車子摔倒，車把的另一頭撞到地面，把它壓入他們的腹部。這個團隊得出解決的辦法是裝有彈簧和減幅系統(tǒng)的手柄。在撞擊的過程中，握柄上的彈簧會吸收掉50%沿車把傳遞的沖撞力。這個團隊希望能夠把這種裝置商業(yè)化，這只需要自行車的價格提高幾美元。arbogast說：“但是我們的任務是教育，因為迄今為止，自行車制造商還沒有意識到這個問題?！边@個團隊還通過美國消費產(chǎn)品安全委員會努力說服制造商采納新設計。今年晚些時候有望有所決定。pushbike perillow speed bicy

56、cle crashes can badly injureor even killchildren if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars.so a team of engineers is redesigning the humble handlebar in a bid to make it safer. kristy arbogast, a bioengineer at the childrens hospital of philadelphia in pennsylvania,began the project with her coll

57、eagues after a study of serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed hat more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents.“the task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with some countermeasures,”she says.by interviewing th e children and their parents,arbogast and her team wre able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a common mechanismresponsible for serious injuries.they discovered that most occur when children hit an obstacle at a slow speed,causing them to tapple over.to maintain their balance they turn