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1、2 mark and 16 marks question and answer mechatronics ME1402UNIT-31.What are the characteristics of negative feed back?(n/d-2007,2009)1. Reduce the noise and distortion,etc.2. 180degree phase shif t to be provided.2.write the analogous electrical elements in force voltage analogy for the elements of

2、mechanical translational system? (n/d-2007,2009) It represents the types of forces experienced when object is moved against frictional forces or when the object is pushed through a fluid. 3.Derive the equation for a translational mechanical system model with spring and mass.(N/D-2008) It represents

3、the stiffness of a system.The stiffness is given by the releationship between the force (F)used to extend or compress a spring and the resulting extension or compression(X). Fx, F=Kx4.Give an example for two step mode control unit. (N/D-2008) Room Heating system is an example for two step mode contr

4、ol unit.5.What are the various control modes used in mechatronics control system?(A/M-2010) Propotional control mode Integral control mode Derivative control mode ON-OFF Mode Propotional Integral derivative control mode(PID)6.What are the building blocks in electrical system?(N/D-2010) Resistor Indu

5、ctor Capacitor7.Give some examples for electro mechanical systems?( N/D-2010) Potentiometers,motors,generators.8. What are the building blocks in mechanical or translational system?(N/D-2011) Springs Dashpots and Masses.9.Define adaptive control.(N/D-2011) The control system which can adapt changes

6、and it can change its parameters depending on the situation is known as adaptive contol system and the method is called adaptive control.10.What is stack point register?(M/J-2012) It is a reserved area of the memory in the RAM whose temporary information may be stored.A 16 BIT Stack pointer is used

7、to hold the addressof the most recent stack entry. Unit 41.what are the criteria that need to be considered for selecting a PLC?Ans: The criteria that need to be considered for selecting a PLC isi.system definition,ii.choosing the input and output hardware,iii.analog input/output module,iv. input an

8、d output timing consideration.2.draw the ladder rungs to represent : two switches are normally open and both have to be closed for a motor to operate.- - -( ) Key Switch 1 Key Switch 2 Door MotorThe above realizes the function: Door Motor = Key Switch 1 AND Key Switch 2This circuit shows two key swi

9、tches that security guards might use to activate an electric motor on a bank vault door. When the normally open contacts of both switches close, electricity is able to flow to the motor which opens the door.3.design a PLC timing circuit that will switch a output on for 10 seconds and then switch it

10、off.INDUSTRIAL STOP/STARTEDITIn common industrial latching start/stop logic we have a start button to turn on a motor contactor, and a stop button to turn off the contactor.When the start button is pushed the input goes true, via the stop button NC contact. When the run input becomes true the seal-i

11、n run NO contact in parallel with the start NO contact will close maintaining the input logic true (latched or sealed-in). After the circuit is latched the stop button may be pushed causing its NC contact to open and consequently the input to go false. The run NO contact then opens and the circuit l

12、ogic returns to its quiescent state. -+- -+-( ) | start | stop run | | +- -+ run - -( ) run motor The above realizes the function: run = ( start OR run ) AND ( NOT stop )Note the use of parenthesis to group the logical OR function before evaluating the logical AND function (which has a higher order

13、of operation priority). Also note the use of NOT to represent the stop NC contact logic.This latch configuration is a common idiom in ladder logic. In ladder logic it is referred to as seal-in logic. The key to understanding the latch is in recognizing that start switch is a momentary switch (once t

14、he user releases the button, the switch is open again). As soon as the run solenoid engages, it closes the run NO contact, which latches the solenoid on. The start switch opening up then has no effect.4.what are the logic functions that can be obtained by using switches in series?Ans: The logic func

15、tions that can be obtained by using switches in series AND ,NOT, NAND5.what do you mean by electronic counter?Ans : Ever since electronics have been used in battle in an attempt to gain superiority over the enemy, effort has been spent on techniques to reduce the effectiveness of those electronics.

16、More recently, sensors and weapons are being modified to deal with this threat. One of the most common types of ECM is radar jamming or spoofing.6.why are PLCs considered suitable for shop floor?A Programmable Logic Controller, PLC or Programmable Controller is a digital computer used for automation

17、 of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. The abbreviation PLC and the term Programmable Logic Controller are registered trademarks of the Allen-Bradley Company (Rockwell Automation). PLCs are used in many industries

18、and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-v

19、olatile memory. A PLC is an example of a hard real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result.11. what is shift register? How many data is required for a shift register?Shift register can be used

20、 where sequence of operations is required or movement or track the flow of parts and informationIt requires 3 inputs: (i) file address of the bit array (ii) Control Address of control structure (iii) Bid address - Address of source bit (iv) Length Number of bits in bit arrayShift register c12.Draw t

21、he ladder rungs to represent the following: a motor is switched on by pressing spring return push button switch,and the mortor remains on until another spring return push button switch is pressed. I NMMMM - - MI_ _I I_ M_II_I/I-I N-I13.obtain a NOR logic function using ladder program?Ans :If we have

22、 an OR gate by a NOT gate will invert the outputs of the OR gate as illustrated in the truth table .therefore the combination of OR and not gates is termed a NOR gate14. what is meant by ladder diagram?Ans :ladder diagrams is the most commonly used programming method evolved from electrical relay ci

23、rcuits and is in the form of graphical languageOrLadder diagram is a network of contacts and coils are arranged on rungs between two vertical lines called rails used.15.what are the advantage of programmable logic controller over their relay system?(i) Rewiring should be easily done in PLC.(ii) No v

24、ertical connections are allowed.(iii) In PLC ,there must always be one output on each line.17.give typical specification of programmable logic controller.(i) Central processing unit(ii) Input / output modules(iii) Programmer / Monitor.18.draw the ladder diagram for delay off timer.When the contact I

25、N1 is closed, the contact will energise the timer T1 and holds the output lamp ON for specified set value of 10 sec .The action of an OFF delay timer is to delay setting the lamp OFF. 19.brief on EEPROM.20.write short notes on basic arrangement of PLC system.(i) Central processing unit(ii) Input / o

26、utput modules(iii) Programmer / Monitor.Unit 5: 1.differntiate between traditional and mechatronics designs with example.Sl noTraditional designMechatronics design1It is based on the traditional mechanical elements such as gears ,spring ,levers,etcIt is based on the mechanical,electronics,computer t

27、echnology control engineering.2It involves more complicated mechanisms and moving componentsIt involves less complicated mechanisms and moving components.2.how a operated switch is replaced with PLC? Show the ladder diagram.In PLC system,the time duration can be easily adjusted by changing the timer

28、 preset values in the program whereas the trational system requires various size of cams.3. list down the various mechatronics elements in an automatic camera.i) auto foucssing mechanism controlii) Aperture driveiii) Shutter driveiv) mirror drive5. mention any four statements in problem definition o

29、f mechatronics system design.i) Need for designii) Analysis of problemiii) Preparation of specificationiv) Gerneration of possiple solution6.what are the various movements of robots?i) cw and acw rotation of the robot on its baseii) linear movement of the arm horizontallyiii) up and down movement of

30、 the armiv) open and close movement of the gripper.7.identify the sensor , signal conditioner and display elements in the bourden preasure gauge.Sensor Burdon tube acting as sensorSignal conditioner ratchet & pinion mechanism is acting as signal conditionerDisplay elements Pointer is the display ele

31、ment.8.list the advantages of mecharonics design over traditional design.i) Mechatronics system serves the purpose effectively with high dimensional accuracy requirementsii) It provides increased productivity in the industryiii) it facilitation automation in the production ,assembly and quality cont

32、rol.9. what are the basic principle involved in mechatronics design?Need of design,analysis of problems,preparation of specification,generation of possible solution,selection of suitable solution,production of detailed solution,production of working drawing,implementation of design.10.what are embed

33、ded systems?The hardware which is designed for particular applications is known as embedded system.11.what is timed switch?It is a device which is used to switch on a motor for some prescribed time.12.list the seven modules of mechatronics design approach.Need of design,analysis of problems,preparat

34、ion of specification,generation of possible solution,selection of suitable solution,production of detailed solution,production of working drawing,implementation of design.16.what are the factors to be considered in the design of mechatronics system?Objects to be handled,actuators,power source,range

35、of gripping force,positioning,maintenance,environment,temp protection, any four impartant sensor used in the pick and place robot.TRIAC,LED,Solenoid,M68HC1119.mention the basic components of any industrial robot.Locomotion,sensors,perception,knowledge,planning,autonomy,collaboration

36、20.denote on intelligent mechatronics system.Mechanical linkages,drivesHydraulic and pneumatic actuatorsElectrical motors,switches16 marksUnit 31.a.i.how does a microcontroller differ from a microprosser?Difference between microprocessor and microcontrollerMicroprocessor is an IC which has only the

37、CPU inside them i.e. only the processing powers such as Intels Pentium 1,2,3,4, core 2 duo, i3, i5 etc. These microprocessors dont have RAM, ROM, and other peripheral on the chip. A system designer has to add them externally to make them functional. Application of microprocessor includes Desktop PCs

38、, Laptops, notepads etc.But this is not the case with Microcontrollers. Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all embedded on a single chip. At times it is also termed as a mini computer or a computer on a single chip. Today different manufactur

39、ers produce microcontrollers with a wide range of features available in different versions. Some manufacturers are ATMEL, Microchip, TI, Freescale, Philips, Motorola etc. Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific tasks. Specific means applications where the relationship of input and output i

40、s defined. Depending on the input, some processing needs to be done and output is delivered. For example, keyboards, mouse, washing machine, digicam, pendrive, remote, microwave, cars, bikes, telephone, mobiles, watches, etc. Since the applications are very specific, they need small resources like R

41、AM, ROM, I/O ports etc and hence can be embedded on a single chip. This in turn reduces the size and the cost. Microprocessor find applications where tasks are unspecific like developing software, games, websites, photo editing, creating documents etc. In such cases the relationship between input an

42、d output is not defined. They need high amount of resources like RAM, ROM, I/O ports etc. The clock speed of the Microprocessor is quite high as compared to the microcontroller. Whereas the microcontrollers operate from a few MHz to 30 to 50 MHz, todays microprocessor operate above 1GHz as they perf

43、orm complex tasks. Read more about what is microcontroller.Comparing microcontroller and microprocessor in terms of cost is not justified. Undoubtedly a microcontroller is far cheaper than a microprocessor. However microcontroller cannot be used in place of microprocessor and using a microprocessor

44、is not advised in place of a microcontroller as it makes the application quite costly. Microprocessor cannot be used stand alone. They need other peripherals like RAM, ROM, buffer, I/O ports etc and hence a system designed around a microprocessor is quite costly. ii.draw a block diagram of a basic m

45、icrocontroller and explain the function of each subsystem.LOCK DIAGRAM OF 8051 MICROCONTROLLER:Microcontroller 8051 block diagram is shown below. Lets have a closer look at each & every fraction or block of this design:8051 MICROCONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSOR UNIT):As yo

46、u may be familiar that Central Processor Unit or CPU is the mind of any processing machine. It scrutinizes and manages all processes that are carried out in the Microcontroller. User has no power over the functioning of CPU. It interprets program printed in storage space (ROM) and carries out all of

47、 them and do the projected duty.INTERRUPTS:As the heading put forward, Interrupt is a sub-routine call that reads the Microcontrollers key function or job and helps it to perform some other program which is extra important at that point of time. The characteristic of Interrupt is extremely construct

48、ive as it aids in emergency cases. Interrupts provides us a method to postpone or delay the current process, carry out a sub-routine task and then all over again restart standard program implementation.The Micro-controller 8051 can be assembled in such a manner that it momentarily stops or break the

49、 core program at the happening of interrupt. When sub-routine task is finished then the implementation of core program initiates automatically as usual. There are 5 interrupt supplies in 8051 Microcontroller, two out of five are peripheral interrupts, two are timer interrupts and one is serial port

50、interrupt.MEMORY:Micro-controller needs a program which is a set of commands. This program enlightens Microcontroller to perform precise tasks. These programs need a storage space on which they can be accumulated and interpret by Microcontroller to act upon any specific process. The memory which is

51、brought into play to accumulate the program of Microcontroller is recognized as Program memory or code memory. In common language its also known as Read Only Memory or ROM.Micro-controller also needs a memory to amass data or operands for the short term. The storage space which is employed to moment

52、arily data storage for functioning is acknowledged as Data Memory and we employ Random Access Memory or RAM for this principle reason. Microcontroller 8051 contains code memory or program memory 4K so that is has 4KB Rom and it also comprise of data memory (RAM) of 128 bytes.BUS:Fundamentally Bus is

53、 a group of wires which functions as a communication canal or mean for the transfer Data. These buses comprise of 8, 16 or more cables. As a result, a bus can bear 8 bits, 16 bits all together. There are two types of buses:1. Address Bus: Microcontroller 8051 consists of 16 bit address bus. It is br

54、ought into play to address memory positions. It is also utilized to transmit the address from Central Processing Unit to Memory.2. Data Bus: Microcontroller 8051 comprise of 8 bits data bus. It is employed to cart data.OSCILLATOR:As we all make out that Microcontroller is a digital circuit piece of

55、equipment, thus it needs timer for its function. For this function, Microcontroller 8051 consists of an on-chip oscillator which toils as a time source for CPU (Central Processing Unit). As the productivity thumps of oscillator are steady as a result, it facilitates harmonized employment of all piec

56、es of 8051 Microcontroller. Input/output Port: As we are acquainted with that Microcontroller is employed in embedded systems to manage the functions of devices. Thus to gather it to other machinery, gadgets or peripherals we need I/O (input/output) interfacing ports in Micro-controller. For this function Micro-controller 8051 consists of 4 input/output ports to unite it to other peripherals.Timers/Counters: Micro-controller 8051 is incorporated with two 16 bit counters & timers. The counters are separated into 8 bit registers. The timers are utilized