初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法——句子成分精講

1、一、句子成分精講句子成分：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。主要成分：主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)1、主語(yǔ) 一個(gè)句子中需要加以說(shuō)明或描述的對(duì)象。主語(yǔ)的位置： 一般位于句首，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞、短語(yǔ)等充當(dāng)。The school is far from here. 名詞做主語(yǔ)She goes to school by bike. 代詞做主語(yǔ)Eight is a lucky number. 數(shù)詞做主語(yǔ)The blind need more help. 名詞化的形容詞做主語(yǔ)There is a pen on the desk. 名詞做主語(yǔ)Predicting the future is int

2、eresting. 動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)To be a doctor is my dream. 不定式短語(yǔ)做主語(yǔ)2、謂語(yǔ)表示人或事物(主語(yǔ))的動(dòng)作和存在的狀態(tài).英語(yǔ)中由動(dòng)詞be、動(dòng)詞have和行為動(dòng)詞來(lái)充當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞句子的時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)是通過(guò)謂語(yǔ)表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞往往由一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞加上主要?jiǎng)釉~構(gòu)成。分析句子的主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)Mr. Li teaches English.He can play the piano.My parents and I are having dinner.3、表語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份、特征、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)。表語(yǔ)的位置用在動(dòng)詞be和系動(dòng)詞的后面。名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、

3、副詞等都可以和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)。Your pen is on the desk.He got very angry.My dream is to have a robot.常見(jiàn)的系動(dòng)詞1. be動(dòng)詞2. 與感覺(jué)有關(guān)的動(dòng)詞 look, sound, smell, taste, feel 等3. 表示狀態(tài)變化的動(dòng)詞，意為“變得” “變成” 如 get, grow, turn等上述兩類詞作連系動(dòng)詞時(shí)要用形容詞作表語(yǔ),千萬(wàn)不能用副詞。4、賓語(yǔ) 是動(dòng)作的對(duì)象或承受者。及物動(dòng)詞必須跟賓語(yǔ).及物動(dòng)詞:直接接賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞.不及物動(dòng)詞:不能直接帶賓語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞. 賓語(yǔ)可由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名

4、詞、從句構(gòu)成.I saw a plane in the sky just now. 名詞做賓語(yǔ)I want three. 數(shù)詞做賓語(yǔ)I like going shopping. 動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)We think predicting the future is hard. 賓語(yǔ)從句5、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)（賓補(bǔ)）有些及物動(dòng)詞除了要有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)之外, 還須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如果沒(méi)有補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(賓補(bǔ)), 有時(shí)候句子的意思就不完整。充當(dāng)賓補(bǔ)的有:1. 形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)The sun keeps us warm.2. 介詞短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ): I found her in the room.3. 副詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。 Ple

5、ase let him in.4. 名詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We made him monitor of the class.5. 動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞也能用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。I asked him to come.6、定語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞(即在漢語(yǔ)里的的)1. 形容詞作定語(yǔ)(一般放在被修飾語(yǔ)之前,修飾不定代詞時(shí)放在后面) They have a clever son. I have something important to tell you.2. 名詞作定語(yǔ): Is it a color film?名詞作定語(yǔ)一般用單數(shù)形式, 如:school bus,ticket office, paper flo

6、wers但也有例外,如: sports meeting, clothes shopman 和 woman修飾的名詞如果是復(fù)數(shù),它們總以復(fù)數(shù)的形式作定語(yǔ),如: men drivers , women doctors3. 代詞作定語(yǔ): This song is better than that one.4. 數(shù)詞作定語(yǔ): There are only thirty students in our class.帶有數(shù)字的復(fù)合形容詞.當(dāng)復(fù)合形容詞用連字號(hào)連接時(shí),其中的名詞要用單數(shù)形式.a two-day holiday a three-year-old boy5. 副詞作定語(yǔ)(放在被修飾詞之后):Do

7、 you know the young man over there?6. 介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)(放在被修飾詞之后):The students in our class like swimming.7、狀語(yǔ) 修飾動(dòng)詞,形容詞或副詞,有的修飾全句, 用以說(shuō)明地點(diǎn), 時(shí)間, 方式, 程度, 原因, 目的, 結(jié)果, 條件, 讓步等.1. 副詞作狀語(yǔ): The old man is walking slowly. 表方式 The boy is very clever. 表程度2. 介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ): I have lived in Shanghai for five years. 表時(shí)間3. 不定式作狀語(yǔ)I

8、come here to see you. 表目的4. 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)The teacher came in, holding a book in his hand. 表方式5. 狀語(yǔ)從句Well go shopping if it doesnt rain tomorrow.狀語(yǔ)的位置1. 在一般情況下,用于句末。We like our school very much.2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ),可以把它放在句首.I usually get up at six, but this morning I got up at eight.3. 表頻度的副詞通常用于句中, 如always, usually,

9、often, hardly, never,用于行為動(dòng)詞前,be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后I usually get up early.He is often late.一些副詞, 如already, once, just, soon, yet, still, nearly, almost, really, suddenly, certainly等用法相似sometimes, now可以位于句首,句中或句末only 在句中的位置比較靈活, 但位置不同, 意義也不同.The actor only sang a song.Only the actor sang a song.The actor san

10、g only one song.兩個(gè)或多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)同時(shí)修飾時(shí)的順序1. 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)在前, 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)在后. We will have a meeting in Room 202 tomorrow.2. 較小單位的狀語(yǔ)在前,由小到大 Mr. Li lives at 88 Chongwen Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu.3. 一個(gè)句子有幾個(gè)不同種類的副詞作狀語(yǔ), 其順序大都是: 程度副詞,方式副詞, 地點(diǎn)副詞, 時(shí)間副詞She sang very well at the meeting last night.時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)也可以位于句首, 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫Usually I read

11、 the newspapers in the morning, but yesterday I read them in the evening.動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)一、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作定語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)往往與被修飾的詞靠得很緊,漸漸地成為一個(gè)復(fù)合詞。這種分詞叫分詞形容詞(the Participle Adjective),實(shí)際上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)單純的形容詞,除表示“完成”的動(dòng)作之外,還表示“被動(dòng)”的意義。如： spoken English (英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ))；iced beer (冰凍啤酒)；cooked food (熟食); fried chips (炸土豆條);但要注意不及物

12、動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞常表示“完成”的動(dòng)作,而不表示“被動(dòng)”意義。如: boiled water(開(kāi)水); fallen leaves(落葉) ; the risen sun(升起的太陽(yáng))等。(1)前置定語(yǔ) 單個(gè)的動(dòng)詞-ed形式,一般放在被修飾的名詞的前面,作前置定語(yǔ)。 The excited people rushed into building. 激動(dòng)的人們沖進(jìn)大樓。(=the people who were excited) Lost time can never be found again虛度的時(shí)光,無(wú)法挽回。(=time which is lost)(2)后置定語(yǔ) 少數(shù)單個(gè)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式

13、,如left等,只能作后置定語(yǔ)。 1. Everything used should be marked所有用過(guò)的東西應(yīng)該做好標(biāo)記。 2. Among the invited were some ladies被邀請(qǐng)的人中,有些是女士。 3. The books left are for my students剩下的書(shū)是給我的學(xué)生的。動(dòng)詞-ed形式短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),通常要放在被修飾的名詞的后面,在意思上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)用來(lái)表示被動(dòng),可改為帶被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句;不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(僅限于單個(gè)過(guò)去分詞,且不能后置)則表示完成,可改為帶有完成時(shí)態(tài)的定語(yǔ)從句。 1. Is th

14、ere anything planned for tonight? 今晚有什么活動(dòng)嗎? (=that has been planned for tonight)2. The meeting, attended by a lot of people, was a success這次會(huì)議有很多人出席,開(kāi)得很成功。 (=which was attended by a lot of people)3.We drank some boiled water (=which had boiled )and went on with our work.我們喝了一些開(kāi)水后就繼續(xù)工作。注意:這里的過(guò)去分詞的邏輯主

15、語(yǔ)應(yīng)是被修飾的詞,改為定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)與之一致。 二、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作表語(yǔ) 過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)并無(wú)“完成”或“被動(dòng)”之意，而是表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或思想感情等。如：He looked worried after reading the letter看完信后,他顯得很憂慮。When we heard of it, we were deeply moved當(dāng)我們聽(tīng)到這件事時(shí),被深深地感動(dòng)了。He seemed quite delighted at the idea聽(tīng)到這個(gè)想法,他似乎很高興。常見(jiàn)的作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有:amused(愉快的)； broken(碎了的)；closed(關(guān)閉的)；astonis

16、hed(吃驚的)；crowded(擁擠的)；experienced(有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的); delighted(高興的)；lost(丟失的)；gone(遺失的)；disappointed(失望的)；worried(擔(dān)憂的)；interested(感興趣的) tired(疲勞的) pleased(高興的)；satisfied(滿意的)； surprised(吃驚的); married(已婚的)； known(著名的) 等等三、動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 能用作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都是及物動(dòng)詞,表示被動(dòng)意義或已完成意義,有時(shí)候兩者兼而有之。作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)有邏輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,即賓語(yǔ)是過(guò)去分詞

17、動(dòng)作的對(duì)象。 She found the door broken in when she came back她回來(lái)時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)有人破門(mén)而人。 My grandfather had his old house rebuilt我爺爺找人重修了一下他的舊房子。少數(shù)不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞用作賓補(bǔ)時(shí),強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作完成后的狀態(tài). They found all the guests gone when they woke up.當(dāng)他們醒來(lái)時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)所有的客人都走了。動(dòng)詞-ed形式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的基本用法 動(dòng)詞的-ed形式可以在“主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”句型中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。在這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞-ed形式和它前面的賓語(yǔ)構(gòu)

18、成邏輯上的被動(dòng)關(guān)系。如果這種句子改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),原來(lái)的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)變成了主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. I must get my bike repaired我必須請(qǐng)人修理自行車。(賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))2. The girl was found beaten black and blue人們發(fā)現(xiàn)那女孩被打得青一塊紫一塊。(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))(1)動(dòng)詞-ed形式可作表示感覺(jué)和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),這類動(dòng)詞包括see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think, suppose, consider等。We thought the game lost我們認(rèn)為球賽輸了。I have neve

19、r heard him spoken ill of others.我從未聽(tīng)過(guò)有人說(shuō)他的壞話。They considered the matter settled他們認(rèn)為這問(wèn)題解決了。 (2)動(dòng)詞-ed形式可作使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),這類動(dòng)詞包括make, get, have, keep, leave, hold等。 I have my hair cut once a month我每個(gè)月理一次發(fā)。 He was trying to make himself understood他正努力使別人聽(tīng)懂自己。 “have+賓語(yǔ)+done”結(jié)構(gòu)有三個(gè)含義：(請(qǐng)人)把某事做完。She had her hous

20、e repaired她請(qǐng)人把屋子修好了。 Where did you have your hair cut?你在哪兒理的發(fā)?遭遇某種意外情況。He had his hat blown away on his way home在回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。 She had her wallet stolen yesterday.昨天她的錢包被偷了。完成某事(自己也可能參與)。I have had all my spelling mistakes corrected我把所有的拼寫(xiě)錯(cuò)誤都改正了。 He has had one thousand yuan saved this year他今年已存了10

21、00元。(3)動(dòng)詞-ed形式可作表示希望、要求、命令等動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，這類動(dòng)詞包括like，want, wish, expect, order等”這一類動(dòng)詞的后面作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He wont like such questions discussed at the meeting他不喜歡在會(huì)議上討論這樣的問(wèn)題。The students wish the TV serial plays continued學(xué)生們希望電視連續(xù)劇繼續(xù)播下去。(4)過(guò)去分詞用在“with+賓語(yǔ)+賓補(bǔ)”這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,過(guò)去分詞與賓語(yǔ)之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。 The thief was brought in with his han

22、ds tied behind his back.小偷被帶進(jìn)來(lái)了,雙手被反綁在后面。 四，過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)1.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示被動(dòng)或完成，但有些過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）因來(lái)源于系表結(jié)構(gòu)，作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)不表動(dòng)作而表狀態(tài)。這樣的過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）常見(jiàn)的有: lost (迷路); seated (坐); absorbed in (全神貫注于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩)等。如：Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因?yàn)槌两谒伎贾?所以他沒(méi)聽(tīng)到那個(gè)聲音。2.過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)來(lái)源于狀語(yǔ)從句，在句中一般能作五種狀語(yǔ)，即時(shí)間、

23、原因、條件、讓步和方式狀語(yǔ)。如：Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.因?yàn)榱芰艘粓?chǎng)大雨，所以他全身濕透了。(Caught in a heavy rain相當(dāng)于原因狀語(yǔ)從句Because he was caught in a heavy rain)Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.如果種在肥沃的土壤里，這些種子能長(zhǎng)得很快。(Grown in rich soil相當(dāng)于條件狀語(yǔ)從句If these seeds are grown in rich soil)注意：當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí)，才可以把從句的主語(yǔ)省略，且省略掉的主語(yǔ)與其邏輯謂語(yǔ)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系或如第一段中所講的表示狀態(tài)。把狀語(yǔ)從句改為過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)有時(shí)還可保留連詞，構(gòu)成“連詞+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，即“while (when, once, until, if, though等連詞)+過(guò)去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)。如：When given a medical examination, you should keep calm.當(dāng)你做體格檢查時(shí)要保持鎮(zhèn)定。Though beaten by the opposite team, the players didnt lose heart.盡管這些球員被對(duì)方球隊(duì)