動詞不定式的用法

1、動詞不定式的用法概念：動詞不定式由 to+ 動詞原形構成。這里的 to 是不定式標志，沒有詞義。不定式具有 名詞、 形容詞或副詞 的某些語法功能，又 有動詞的 時態(tài)和語態(tài)的特點及作用?？梢?做主語、賓 語、賓語補足語、表語、定語、 狀語。一、作主語 動詞不定式作主語時，句子的謂語 動詞 常用單數(shù)，其位置有以下兩種：(1) 把不定式置于句首。如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour.(2) 用 it 作形式主語，把真正的主語不定 式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。如： It + be+ 名詞 + to doIts our duty to tak

2、e good care of the old. It takes sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work? It + be+ 形谷詞 + b + to doIt is difficult for us to finish for swriting the composition in a quarter of an hour. 在句型中，常用表示客觀情況的形容詞 , 如：important,comfortable,the last, the besteasy, difficult, hard, possibl

3、e, impossible, necessary, better;the first, the next,too much, too little, not enough It + be +形容詞 + of sb+ to doIt is stupid of you to write down everything the teachersays.在句型中，常用 careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,la zy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thought

4、less （欠考慮的； 不考慮的 ） , brave, considerate （ 考慮周到 的 ）, selfish（自私的 ）等 表示贊揚或批評的 詞。在不定式前的 sb, 可看作其邏輯主語。這 一 句式有時相當于 Sb is +形容詞 + to do 句 式 ，如： Itskind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to helpme with my English. It seems （ appears ）+形容詞 + to do It seemed impossible to save money.It seemed se

5、lfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西， 這顯得太自 私了。注意 ： 1） 其他系動詞如， look ， appear等也 可用于此句型2）不定式作為句子主語時， 動詞用單數(shù) 形式。3）當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個 不 定式作表語時，不能用 It isto 的句對應性： To see is to believe. 百聞不如一 見。二、作賓語1）以下動詞后，只能跟不定式作賓語 afford （付得起）， agree （同意）， aim（力 求做到 ）,appear （顯得） , arrange （安排） , ask （要求） ，att

6、empt （試 圖）， care （想 要）， choose （決定） ， claim （聲稱） ， condescen （ d 屈尊）， consen （ t 準許）， decide（決定）， demand （要求）， determine（秦娶）MSjM ”（壷B）屮”（鼻需）M0A ” （WWi）09jun|OA ”（卑宙） 刊即即un ”（訓W） uoieai屮”（茅君田）pue； ”（鼻 需）Jee/vs4 （渤也割翼）mees4 （請搦） 0A|OS0J“（腸目打 esnjej ”（血理）eAOJd4 （羽 號）esiuiojd ”（期皐韶）peeoojd4 （蓊剎） pU0；9Jd

7、”（男朝）ejedejd ” （n 莓44） ue|d ”（審 莆直王）Qjjo1 （盜題）;oa|6au 1 （蚩強）a6e ueuu （爭秦） u jea|1 （秦 娶）edoq 集）旬印!seif （伯B）dQU ”（馬絲半）I冋 1 （#|）;oadx01（H卽）OAeapua （ 鍛）舉例：The driver failed to see the other car in time.司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案2) 動詞 +疑問詞 + 不定式 decide, know,

8、consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder,hear, find out, explain, tell、亠、J、$ A.Please show us how to do that.請演示 給我們如何去做。There are so many kinds of taperecorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy. 有這么多的錄 音機，我 都拿不定主意買哪一種。注意 :疑問詞帶不定式在句中作主語時， 謂語動詞用單數(shù)。The question i

9、s how to put it into practice. 問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。3）當復合賓語中的賓語是不定式時，先 用 形式賓語 it 代替不定式， 把不定式置于 補語之后，即：主語動 詞 it 補語 to do 句式。如：We think it quite important for us to learna foreignlanguage well.He feels it his duty to help the poor.I find it difficult to learn English well. 、作 補語1）動詞 +賓語 +不定式 （to do ）advise all

10、ow believe cause challenge compel （強迫 ,使不得不） declare encourage forbid force find hire in duce （弓 丨誘,勸導） in struct（ 命令 , 指示） invite like order permit persuade remind request require select send suppose tell train urge （ 催促，鼓 勵）例句：a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。b. We bel

11、ieve him to be guilty. 我們相信他 是有罪的。find 的特殊用法：find 后可用分詞做賓補，或先加形式賓語， 再加形容詞， 最后加帶 to 的動詞不定式。find 后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有 get ， have。I found him lying on the ground.I found it important to learn.I found that to learn English isimportant.典型例題:The next morning she found the man_ in bed ， dead.A. lying B. lie C.

12、lay D. laying 答案：A. find 的賓語后面，用分詞或分 詞短語，起 賓語補足語作用?，F(xiàn)在分詞表 達主動，也表 達正在進行，過去分詞表達 被動。lie:躺過去式 lay, 過去分詞 lain , 現(xiàn)在分 詞 lying; lie: 說謊 過去式 lied, 過去分詞 lied , 現(xiàn)在 分詞 lying;lay: 安放過去式 laid, 過去分詞 laid, 現(xiàn)在 分詞 laying;2) to + be 的不定式結構，作補語的動 詞。Acknowledge 承認 , 供認 , believe, consider, think, declare （聲稱 ）, discover,

13、 fancy設想 ), feel ， find, guess, judge,imagine, know, prove, see 理解 ),show, suppose, take (以為 ), understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。3) to be + 形容詞Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire,

14、 want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting.It is believed that ? 人們認為這本書沒什么有些動詞需用 as 短語做補語，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們 認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把 他當 作自己的父親。四、作表語不定式作表語表示具體動作或將來動 作； 動名詞作表語表示抽象的一般行為。 To be k

15、ind to the enemy is to be cruelto the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.當主語和表語都是不定式時，其含義一是條件，一是結果（例）。當主語是 aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion 等為中心詞的 名詞詞組（例）時，或以 what 引導的 名詞性分句（例），不定 式說明主語的 內容。 Our w

16、ork is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by MrWang is interesting.句動名詞作表語，與主語部分可以 轉 換，如 Serving thepeople is our work, 而 句中是現(xiàn)在分詞作 表語，說明主語 的性質、 狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在分詞具有形容詞的各 種特征，另 外，動名詞作表語還應與進行 時態(tài)區(qū)別開 來。五、作狀語1）目的狀語To only to （僅僅為了 ）, in order to, so as to, so （such ） as

17、to 如日此 （ 以便）He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他 飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。2) 作結果狀語，表事先沒有預料到的，要放在句子后面。He searched the room only to find nothing.3) 表原因Im glad to see you.典型例題The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _.A. sit B. sit

18、 on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案： B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞，其后 應有 必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時， 常位于 形容詞 + 動詞不定式 結構的末 尾。The water is too cold to drink. ( 不用被動 )六、作定語1.不定式作定語不定式在句中作定語，置于被修飾的名 詞或代詞之后。如： The next train to arrive is fromWashington. Do you have anything to be taken ( to take)to your sister? Do you have anything to

19、 say on the question? Would you please give me some paper to write on? My wish to visit France has come trueat last.不定式短語作定語和被修飾詞之間表(1) 表示將來的動作 ( 例 ) 。（2） 與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系， 如是不及物動詞，則需加介詞 （例）。（3）與被修飾詞之間有動賓關系， 同時與 句中其它詞之間又有邏輯上的主謂關系 時， 盡管有被動含義，卻仍 用主動語態(tài)（例）；如只有動賓關系，而無邏輯上的主謂關系，則需用被動語態(tài)（例）。（4）不定式作定語時， 一般可轉換為定從句

20、，例 to arrive=that will arrive 。 七省 to 的動詞不定式 介紹1）情態(tài)動詞（除 ought 外， ought to 意思是 應該 ，是情態(tài)動詞，只有一種形 式，后邊接動詞不定式， to 不能省略。ought to 沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化， 后接動詞原 形可 以表示現(xiàn)在、將來或過去將來，由時間 狀 語或上下文決定。例如：They ought to come tomorrow. 他們明 天 應當來 )：2) 使役動詞 let, have, make ：3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen

21、to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補，省略 to。 注意：在被動語態(tài) 中則 to 不能省掉 。在使役動詞中 get 除外 (get sb. to do sth.)I saw him dance.=He was seen to dance.The boss made them work the whole night.=They were made to work the whole night.4) 表示個人意愿或傾向的 would rather ， had better ，might(just) as well ： rather than 置于句首時。Rather than

22、 ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike.5) Why / why not ：6) help 可帶 to ，也可不帶 to, help sb (to) do sth ：7) but 和 except ： but 前是動詞 do 時， 后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶 to 的動詞不定式。8) 由 and, or 和 than 連接的兩個不定 式，第二個 to 可以省去：9) 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等詞后，可以省去 to be ：He is supposed (

23、to be) nice. 他應該是 個 好人。10) but 作介詞，后接不定式結構時， 前面 謂語動詞部分若含有 do 的形式時， but 后的 不定式要省去 to，否則要帶 to 。He wants to do nothing but go out.He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.11) 當兩個或多個不定式短語由連詞and ， but 或 or 連接時，后一個或幾個不 定 式符號 to 常省略。但若表示對比、 對照 關 系時，則不能省略。He wants to move to France and marry th

24、e girl.The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, .not to make it more difficult.12) 不定式做表語時，一般要帶 to, 但 若主 語部分中含有 do 的各種形式時，符 號 to 可 省去。Weve missed the last bus.All we coulddo now is walk home.典型例題1) - I usually go there by train.- Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B. tryin

25、g to go C.to try and go D. try going答案： D. why not 后面接不帶 to 的不定 式，因此選 D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _.He always works hard.A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案： B. make 后接不帶 to 的動詞不定式， 當其用于被動時， to 不可省略。13，在口語中 ,為避免重復 ,常用 to 代替不定式結構 ,有時甚至可以把 to 省略 .如: -Did you go to visit the Great Wall

26、-No, I wanted to, but there wasnt enough time.動詞不定式的否定式 .not to do.Tell him not to shut the window ? She pretended not to see me when I passed by.典型例題1) Tell him _ the window.A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shutD. not shut答案： B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式 為 tell sb not to do sth.2) She pretende

27、d _ me when I passed by.A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not seeD. having not seen答案： A。 pretend 后應接不定式。其 否 定形式為 pretend not to do sth. 。3) Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking.A. never to drive B. to never driverC. never driving D. never drive 答案： A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形 式為warn sb not

28、 to do sth. 此處用的是否 定詞 never.4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street ， but his mother told him _ .A. not to B. not to do C. not do itD. do not to答案：A。not to 為 not to do it 的省略 形式。 可以只用 to 這個詞，而不必重復整 個不定式 詞組。 及物動詞 do 后應有名詞、 代詞等， 否則不對，因此 B，D 不對。5) The patient was warned _ oily food after th

29、e operation.A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eatD. not eating答案： C。 warn 一詞要求后用不定式，此處為不定式的被動，否定形式為 bewarned not to do 。 八、不定式的特殊句型 不定式的特殊句型so as to1) 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to do 。Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他 的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the

30、baby.輕點進去，別驚醒了嬰兒。2) so kind as to - 勞駕Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?勞駕，現(xiàn)在幾點了。2、 Why not + 動詞原形 表達向某人提出建議為什么不 ? 干嗎不 ?例如：Why not take a holiday?干嗎不去度假 ?3 、 Its for sb. 和 Its of sb.1) for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點， 表 示客觀形式的形容詞，如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等：Its very hard for hi

31、m to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難 的。2) of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格， 品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right 。Its very nice of you to help me. 你來幫 助 我，你真是太好了。for 與 of 的辨別方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語，用介詞前邊 的 形容詞作表語，造個句子。如果道理上 通順 用 of，不通則用 for 。如：You are nice. （通順，所以應用 of ）。He is hard. （人是困難的，不通，因此應

32、用 for 。)4、不定式的特殊句型 too ?-to 1) tooto 太以至于He is too excited to speak. 他太激動了， 說不出話來。 Can I help you ? 需要我?guī)兔?? Well, Im afraid the box is tooheavy for you to carry it, but thank you allthe same. 不用了。這箱子太重，恐怕 你搬 不動。謝謝您。2) 如在 too 前有否定詞，則整個句子用 否定詞表達肯定， too 后那個詞表達一種 委婉含義，意為 不太 。Its never too late to mend.

33、 (諺語 ) 改過 不嫌晚。3) 當 too 前面有 only, all, but 時，意 思 是：非常等于 very 。Im only too pleased to be able to helpyou. 我非常高興能幫助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非 常想回家。動詞不定式的 to 與介詞的 to 區(qū)別 to 有 兩種用法：一為不定式 +動詞原形；一為介詞 +名詞 /動名詞 , to 在下面的用 法中是介詞，即 to+ 名詞 /動名詞：admit to 承認， con fess to 承認， be accustomed to 習慣于， be us

34、ed to 習慣 于， stick to 堅持， turn to 開始，著手 于， devote oneself to 獻身于， be devoted to 致力于， look forward to 盼 望， pay attention to 注意 ， contribute to,object to 介詞 but,except,besides+to do(do) 在這種句型中，如介詞前有動詞 do, 后 面 應接不帶 to 的不定式；如無 do, 則接 to 不定 式, 即帶 do 不帶 to, 帶 to 不帶 do 。如：The enemy soldiers had no choice bu

35、t to give in.On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV .九、動詞不定式與動名詞區(qū)別與聯(lián)系1 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別：動名詞表達的是： 狀態(tài)，性質，心境，抽 象， 經常性，已發(fā)生的不定式表達的是： 目的，結果，原因，具 體， 一次性，將發(fā)生的2 接不定式或動名詞，意義相同3) 在下列情況下，一般要用不定式： hate,like,love 前有 would(should) 時， 如： Id like to have a cup of coffee. 當 謂語動詞 begin,continue,start 等是 進行式時，如

36、： Thestudents are starting to work on thedifficult maths problem. begin,continue,start 與 know,understand 等狀態(tài)動詞連用時， 如： I soon began to understand what was happening.4. advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit 等動詞后接動名詞作賓語，或帶不定式作 賓 語補足語。如：Our teachers dont permit our/us swimming in the lake.Our teachers do

37、nt permit us to swim in the lake.4) 部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時， 意 義差別較大，應根據句子語境選擇使 用。 forget,remember,regret 后接不定式， 表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作，接動名詞表示動 作 已經發(fā)生。如：Dont forget to post the letter for me.Have you forgotten meeting her in BeijingAirport?Remember to close the windows before you leave.I remember writing him a letter a

38、year ago.We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.They regretted ordering these books from abroad.動名詞與不定式語義不同的有 11 組1 stop to do/ stop doing2 forget to do /forget doing3 remember to do /remember doing4 regret to do /regret doing5 cease to do 長時間，甚至永遠停止 ） /cease doin

39、g （短時間）6 try to do （盡力）、 try doing （嘗試）7 go on to do go on doing8 afraid to do 不敢去做某事afraid of doing 一向害怕做某事，表 示習慣9 interested to do 對某事感興趣，想了解、interested doing 對某種想法感興趣10 mean to do 打算、 mean doing 意味11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing 十， 動詞不定式的時態(tài) ,語態(tài)（1）時態(tài)一般式 : 動詞不定式一般式表示的動 作 發(fā)生在謂語動詞之后 ,有時表示同時發(fā)

40、 生.如: I hope to become a university student this year. （to become 發(fā)生在 hope 之后 ） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room. （ play 和 hear 同時發(fā)生 ） 完成式 : 表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞 所表示的動作之前 .如 :Im sorry to have kept you waiting.We are too young to have seen the old society. 進 行式 : 表示的動作與謂語動詞同時 發(fā) 生 .如 :The te

41、acher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in.They seemed to be discussing something important.（2） 語態(tài) 如果動詞不定式的邏輯主語是 這個不 定式所表示的動作的承受者 ,不定式 一般 要用被動語態(tài)形式 .如 :Its a great honour to be invited toMarys birthday party. （ 不定式作主語 ）It was impossible for lost time to be made up. （ 不定式作主語 ）I wish to

42、be sent to work in the country.( 不定式作賓語 ) Can you tell me which is the car to berepaired ( 不定式作定語 ) He went to the hospital to beexamined.( 不定式作狀語 )在 There be 結構中 , 修飾主語的不定式 可用被動 ,也可用主動 .如 :There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of). 但有時兩種形式表達的意思不同 女口 :These is nothing to do n

43、ow.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 不定式完成進行式與完成 被動式的用法 一、不定式被動式的用法不定式到底用主動形式還是被動形式， 往 往取決于句子的意思，即意思上為主動 就用 主動形式，意思上為被動就用被動形 式：Did it need to be done so soon? 這事需要這么快就做嗎 ?She can t bear to be laughed at 她受 不了被人嘲笑。There was business to be taken car

44、e of. 有生意要人管理。It remains to be seen whether you are right. 你是否正確，以后見分曉。There was a lot of rubbish to be got rid of. 有大量垃圾需要扔掉。 二、不定式完成被 動式的用法 不定式的完成被動式表示發(fā)生在謂動作之前的被動動作：I m pleased to have been given this opportunity. 給了我這次機會我很高興。It s said to have been built in the Ming dynasty. 據說它是明朝修建的。 不定式完成 式的三種用

45、法、表示發(fā)生在謂語動作之前的動作他似 乎感He seems to have caught a cold. 冒了。I hate to have quarreled with her. 我后 悔和 她吵架了。I believe it to have been a mistake. 我 相信 這是一個錯誤。You appear to have travelled quite a lot. 你 似乎作過多次旅行。I msorry to have given you so much trouble. 對不起給了你這么多麻煩。It s said to have been built in the Ming

46、 dynasty. 據說它是明朝修建的。 、表示在某個 給定的時間之前已完成的動 作I hope to have finished the work by now. 我 希望現(xiàn)在以前已完成這項工作。、表示過去未曾實現(xiàn)的想法和愿望I should like to have come earlier. 我本 想早點來的。We were to have been married last year. 我們本來打算去年結婚的。十年高考非謂語動詞考題匯編1.The patient was warned oily foodafter the operation.A. to not eatB. eating

47、 not C. not toeat D. not eating2. in thought, he almost ran into thecar in front of him.A. LosingB. Having lost C.LostD. To lose3.I would love _to the party last night butI had to work extra hours to finish a report.A. to goB having gone C.goingD. to have gone4. The OlympicGames, in 776BC, didnot in

48、clude women players until 1912.A. first playedB. tobe first playedC. first playingD. tobe first playing5. Cleaning women in big cities usually get_ by the hour.A. payB. payingC.paid D. to pay6. European football is played in 80 countries, it the most popular sports in the world.A. making B. makes C.

49、 made D. to make7. Robert is said abroad, but Idonknow what country he studied in.A. to have studied B. to studyC. to bestudying D. to have been studying8. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, ” Smoirsrsy toy0u; will call la ter ”A. read B. reads C. to readD.reading9. The purpose

50、 of new technology is to make life easier, it more difficult.A. not makeB. not to make C.not making D. do not make10.I ve worked with children before, so I know what _in my job.A. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects11. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see _ the

51、 next year.A. carry outB. carrying out C.carried out D. to carry out12. The picture _ on the wall is painted by my nephew.A. having hungB. hangingC.hangsD. being hung13. A the general state of his health,it may take him a while to recover from the operation.A. GivenB. TO give C.Giving D. Having give

52、n14. As I joined the big crowd, I got from my friend.A. separatedB. sparedC.lostD. missed15. _ such heavy pollution, it may now be too late to clean up the river.A. Having suffered B. SufferingC. Tosuffer D. Suffered16. late in the morning, Bob turnedoff the alarm.A. To sleepB. SleepingC.SleepD. Hav

53、ing slept17. One learns a language by making mistakes and them.A. correctB. correctingC.correctsD. to correct18. Having a trip abroadis good for the old couple, but it remains whether they willenjoy it.A. to see B. to be seen C. seeingD. seenIt is said in Australia19. there is more land than the gov

54、ernment knowsA. it what to do withB.what to do it withC. what to do with itD. todo what with it20. _ The research is so designed that once nothing can be done to change it.A. beginsB. being begun C.beginningD. begun21. The mother didn t know to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was

55、 out.A. who B. when C.how D. what22. Prices of daily goodsthrougha computer can be lower than store prices.A. are bought B. boughtC. been bought D. buying23. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving theirproducts more competitive.A. to makeB.

56、 making C. tohave made D. having made24. Quite a few people used to believe that disaster if a mirror wasbroken.A. was sure of strikingB. wassure of having struckC. was sure to be struck D. was sure to strike25. Dont use words, expressions, or phrases_ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being kno