國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃

1、國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃 Promoting Energy Efficiency and Demand-Side Management for global sustainable development and for business opportunities. 促進能源效率和需求側(cè)管理為全球可持續(xù)發(fā)展和商業(yè)機會。 TheDemand-Side Management (DSM) Programme is one of more than 40 co-operative energy technology programmeswithin the framework ofthe In

2、ternational Energy Agency (IEA).需求側(cè)管理（DSM）的計劃是40多個合作項目之一的能源技術(shù)在國際能源機構(gòu)（IEA）框架。 Since 1993, the IEA DSM Programme has worked to develop andpromote tools and information on demand-side management and energy efficiency.自1993年以來，國際能源機構(gòu)用電需求管理計劃一直致力于開發(fā)和推廣工具和需求方的信息管理和能源效率。 As a result of this collaborative w

3、ork between countries in Asia, Europe and North America, the programme has created a tool box of resources and information for governments, utilities and energy companies to help them incorporate DSM measures in their energy policies and activities.由于這種國家間在亞洲，歐洲和北美的協(xié)同工作的結(jié)果，該方案已經(jīng)創(chuàng)建了一個工具，資源和政府信息框，公用事業(yè)

4、和能源公司，以幫助他們納入其能源政策和活動的用電需求管理措施。 Thus, for whoever wants to develop or use demand side management activities or related policies and for whatever purposes, the IEA DSM Programme should be the natural first resource to consult to make use of experiences learned and to further develop DSM and Energy Ef

5、ficiency tools.因此，無論誰想要開發(fā)或使用需求方管理活動或相關(guān)的政策和為任何目的，國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃應(yīng)是自然的第一資源，以進行磋商，以使利用的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn)和進一步發(fā)展帝斯曼和能源效率的工具。 Strategic Plan for the IEA Demand-Side Management Programme 2008-2012.戰(zhàn)略計劃，國際能源機構(gòu)的需求側(cè)管理方案2008-2012年。 I NTRODUCTION 我導(dǎo)論 Demand Side Management (DSM) was widely discussed in the 1980s as the alte

6、rnative to supply side “overspending” in energy systems.需求側(cè)管理（DSM）的廣泛討論，作為替代1980年的供應(yīng)方“揮霍能源系統(tǒng)”。 In the US DSM was carefully regulated with detailed procedures for investigating cost-effectiveness, rate-impact, programme deliveries, availability for different groups of customers.在美國帝斯曼進行了仔細的調(diào)查與成本效益，利率

7、的影響，方案的交付，為客戶提供不同類別的詳細程序規(guī)管。 Public Utility Commissions had hearings with advocates from both sides.公共設(shè)施委員會曾與雙方主張聽證會。 Outside the US the application was in most countries less formal but the basic idea was the same; that the least-cost option for the energy system performance should be chosen when mo

8、re supply or less demand were compared on equal terms.在美國以外的應(yīng)用程序在大多數(shù)國家是不太正式，但基本思想是相同的，這在為能源系統(tǒng)的性能成本最低的選擇時，應(yīng)選擇更多的供應(yīng)或需求少了平等的條件比較。 The “Negawatthour” (NWh) was made the conceptual alternative to the Megawatthour (MWh).The solutions were focusing on two issues, one was to reduce the demand for energy (co

9、nservation) and the other was to shift demand from peak periods to off-peak periods (load-management).該“Negawatthour”（NWh）作了概念替代Megawatthour（兆瓦時）。該解決方案是在兩個問題為重點，一個是減少對能源的需求（維護），另一個是轉(zhuǎn)移高峰期的需求為關(guān)閉繁忙時間（負載管理）。 Both measures motivated by a concern for resource optimisation.通過資源優(yōu)化為動機的這兩項措施的關(guān)注。 Energy econom

10、ics is no longer the only market or policy driver that it was when the IEA DSM Programme began.能源經(jīng)濟學(xué)已不再是唯一的市場或政策的驅(qū)動程序，這是國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃時開始。 Environmental concerns, global climate change and grid/system reliability and security have become even more important market and policy issues Awareness and co

11、ncern among business-actors, decision-makers and in the public has grown tremendously.環(huán)境問題，全球氣候變化和網(wǎng)格/系統(tǒng)的可靠性和安全已經(jīng)成為更加重要的市場和政策問題的意識和業(yè)務(wù)參與者的關(guān)注，決策者和公眾就突飛猛進。 In addition technology opportunities are developing and allow more sophisticated means to apply intelligence and communication in the power systems

12、and also to make use of small scale renewable resources in solutions integrated with DSM.除了技術(shù)發(fā)展的機會，讓更先進的手段，適用于電力系統(tǒng)的情報和溝通，也使在與帝斯曼集成解決方案小規(guī)模的可再生資源的使用。 Market liberalisation has also changed the conditions and DSM has developed accordingly.市場自由化也改變了發(fā)展的條件和相應(yīng)的用電。 Subject to the circumstances of market and

13、 regulatory regime this change has been different in the different countries of the world.受市場情況和監(jiān)管制度這一變化已在世界不同國家的不同。 The basic idea and its implementation, however, is evolving due to new technological possibilities and to requirements regarding energy security and environmental sustainability of sy

14、stems.它的基本思路和實施，但是，由于新技術(shù)不斷發(fā)展的可能性，并要求在能源安全和系統(tǒng)的環(huán)境可持續(xù)性。 Energy Efficiency remains and grows in importance, having the most economic and greatest potential to reduce costs and environmental impact, but also “cursed” with being invisible and delivered in small packages.能源效率仍然和重要性的增加，最經(jīng)濟和最有潛力，以降低成本和對環(huán)境的影響

15、，但也“詛咒”是無形的，在與小包裝后交付。 To overcome these problems, DSM is a deployment concept for energy efficiency whereby the small resources are aggregated into larger programmes to make the needed impact and to make the “product” visible and attractive both to governments, industry and customers.為了克服這些問題，帝斯曼是一個

16、能源效率的部署概念，小的資源聚合成更大的方案，以進行必要的影響，使“產(chǎn)品”看得見的和有吸引力的包括政府，行業(yè)和客戶。 In the 21st century, with the imperative demand to create sustainable energy systems in order to prevent climate change and at the same time to provide for more welfare to more people, DSM has to be re-invented as a tool.在21世紀，迫切要求建立可持續(xù)能源系統(tǒng)，

17、以防止氣候變化和在同一時間提供更多的福利，更多的人，帝斯曼已被重新作為一種工具的發(fā)明。 In doing so, we will certainly also find that wide application of DSM fosters more efficient and more innovative energy technologies for global markets.這樣做，我們也一定會發(fā)現(xiàn)，帝斯曼的廣泛應(yīng)用促進更有效和更創(chuàng)新的全球市場的能源技術(shù)。 The IEA DSM Programme, Raison Dtre.國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃，存在的理由。 Dema

18、nd Side Management (DSM) 1 refers to all changes that originates from the demand side of the market in order to achieve large scale energy efficiency improvements by deployment of improved technologies. 需求側(cè)管理（DSM） 1是指所有的變化，源于市場的需求方面，以實現(xiàn)大規(guī)模的能源效率改進技術(shù)以改善部署。 Depending on market organisation in each coun

19、try such changes involves different actors.根據(jù)市場組織的這種變化涉及到每個國家不同的角色。 In many cases the utilities play an active role.在許多情況下，事業(yè)發(fā)揮了積極作用。 The IEA Demand-side Management (DSM) Programme is responsive to the energy policies, programs and market needs of the participating countries, and as they continue to

20、 change, so must the Programme change.國際能源機構(gòu)的需求方管理（DSM）的計劃是順應(yīng)能源政策，方案和參與國家的市場需求，并為他們繼續(xù)發(fā)生變化，因此必須改變計劃。 Since the DSM Programme began in the early 1990s, the energy sector has changed dramatically in many participating countries, but the vast potential for improvement on the demand side remains largely

21、untapped.由于用電需求管理計劃在20世紀90年代初開始，能源部門發(fā)生了巨大變化，許多國家參與，但對改善需求方面的巨大潛力在很大程度上尚未開發(fā)。 The IEA DSM Programme is neutral to the structure of the energy sector and remains prepared to deliver the research requested to suit the needs and interests of participants.國際能源機構(gòu)是中立的用電需求管理計劃的能源部門的結(jié)構(gòu)，并且仍然愿意提供研究的要求，以適應(yīng)需要和參與者

22、的利益。 To do this the Programme must closely follow the developments of the market from both a government and business perspective as well as track the changing stakeholder situation.要做到這一點的方案必須緊跟無論從政府和企業(yè)的角度對市場的發(fā)展，以及不斷變化的利益相關(guān)者的追蹤情況。 Working on the demand side is more important than ever.在需求方面的工作比以往更加重

23、要。 Deployment of the technologies and diffusion of efficient products are key issues for success.的技術(shù)和高效率的產(chǎn)品擴散的部署是成功的關(guān)鍵問題。 There is a definite need to consider with whom and how, in order to address more appropriately the stakeholders that can make a difference, be they governments, agencies, industr

24、y, end-users, utilities or NGOs.有明確的需要與誰和如何考慮，以解決更多的利益相關(guān)者，可以適當?shù)匕l(fā)揮作用，無論是政府，機構(gòu)，行業(yè)，最終用戶，公用事業(yè)或非政府組織。 A global exchange of experiences is of great importance in order for countries to develop both models for implementation that facilitates trade across borders and create a base for facilitating/enabling

25、technologies to be developed, produced, shipped and used in a way that improves their performance and makes the cost for the applications acceptable.全球性的經(jīng)驗交流，以便為國家制定實施有利于跨越國界的貿(mào)易，創(chuàng)造一個促進基地/使待開發(fā)，生產(chǎn)，發(fā)運和方式，提高其性能和使用的技術(shù)非常重要的兩個模型為使應(yīng)用成本可以接受的。 The IEA DSM-Programme can provide such a global platform for devel

26、opment.國際能源機構(gòu)的用電，計劃才能為發(fā)展提供這樣一個全球平臺。 1 Countries have different terminology for DSM-measures and the IEA DSM-Programme tries to cover them and address them correctly. 1各國有，方案的不同術(shù)語用電，用電需求管理措施和國際能源機構(gòu)，并試圖掩蓋他們正確地解決這些問題。 We work with both Energy Efficiency measures that affect the load level and with Load

27、 Management measures that motivates and requires Demand Response to affect the load shape and especially the peak load.我們與這兩個能源效益措施，影響負荷水平和負荷管理措施，激勵和影響，需要需求響應(yīng)負載的形狀，特別是高峰負荷。 See also Appendix 1.另見附錄1。 Vision視力 The main issues for countries participating in the DSM Programme are:在用電需求管理計劃參加國的主要問題是： 1.

28、 1。 Security of supply.安全供應(yīng)。 It is important to have measures, such as “demand response”, to reduce peaks and/or level loads over a time period.它是重要的，如“需求響應(yīng)”的措施，以減少高峰和/或在一段時間內(nèi)的水平荷載。 Reducing energy demand is also a means to diversify supply since it is easier to find alternative supply for a lower l

29、evel of demand and thereby being less dependent on large generation and distribution systems.減少能源需求的一種手段，也是供應(yīng)多樣化，因為它更容易找到一個較低層次的需求，從而替代供應(yīng)正在減少對大型發(fā)電和配電系統(tǒng)的依賴程度。 Distributed generation could be a solution to a “demand side problem” and should be considered in achieving the goals of a Least-Cost system.分

30、布式發(fā)電可能是一種“需求方的問題解決方案”，并應(yīng)在實現(xiàn)最低成本制度的目標考慮。 2. 2。 Reduction of green-house gas emissions.減少溫室氣體的排放。 Reducing the demand and/or shifting demand from a system supplied with a carbon-intensive fuel to a “carbon-lean” system is a way of achieving environmental targets notably the climate targets that are co

31、dified in the Kyoto Agreement.需求減少和/或?qū)⒆⒁饬奶济芗腿剂?，以一個“碳精益”系統(tǒng)提供一個系統(tǒng)的需求是實現(xiàn)顯著的氣氛，同時在京都協(xié)議中的環(huán)境指標的方式編纂的目標。 The DSM toolbox holds the necessary tools for both these issues and can: DSM的工具箱為持有這些問題和必要的工具可以： - Reduce the demand peaks, especially when utilisation of power comes close to its limits of - 降低需求高峰，尤

32、其是當用電，幾乎將其限制 availability可用性 - Shift the loads between times of day or even seasons - 轉(zhuǎn)移之間的一天，甚至是次負荷季節(jié) - Fill the demand valleys to better utilise existing power resources - 填寫的需求，更好地利用現(xiàn)有的山谷電力資源 - Reduce overall demand (strategic saving) in the context of delivering the required energy services - 降低

33、整體需求（戰(zhàn)略保存）在提供服務(wù)方面所需要的能源 by use of less energy (and not a reduction in services).以較少的能源（而不是減少服務(wù)的使用）。 - Provide strategic growth especially to shift between one type of supply to another with more - 提供策略性增長，特別是轉(zhuǎn)移1至更多的供應(yīng)型向另一 favourable characteristics, for example, in terms of the environment有利的特征，例如，在

34、環(huán)境條件 Accordingly, the vision of the IEA DSM Programme during the period 2008-2012 is that:因此，國際能源機構(gòu)的用電需求管理計劃在2008-2012年期間設(shè)想是： Demand side activities should be active elements and the first choice in all energy policy decisions designed to create more reliable and more sustainable energy systems 2 .

35、需求方的活動應(yīng)積極分子和可持續(xù)能源系統(tǒng)的第一選擇更多所有能源政策決定，旨在創(chuàng)造更可靠和 2 。 2 Explanatory note: Demand side options have to be expressed in terms of, and made available as, equal to supply side options in order to facilitate a comparison. 2解釋性說明：需求方的選擇，必須在以下方面表示，并提供作為，等于供應(yīng)方的選擇，以方便比較。 An energy system with a low demand requires

36、 less energy and facilitates the expanded use of renewable energy.一個低需求的能源系統(tǒng)需要較少的能源，促進可再生能源的擴大使用。 The lower demand and the greater use of renewable resources should be promoted as a way to arrive at sustainable supply.較低的需求和更廣泛使用可再生資源，應(yīng)提倡，以此來達到可持續(xù)供應(yīng)。 Mission使命 The DSM-Programme should deliver approp

37、riate and enabling tools for its participants to fulfil the vision.在DSM -方案應(yīng)該提供適當?shù)暮陀欣墓ぞ?，以履行其參與者的遠見。 Countries have chosen different ways to organize their energy markets.國家選擇不同的方式來安排自己的能源市場。 Market and actors are nowadays more fragmented, and in many cases with a less defined responsibility for the

38、 complex whole.市場與演員如今越來越分散，在很多情況下與一個復(fù)雜的整體較少規(guī)定的責任。 The execution of DSM-activities must involve new actors and make use of new technologies.在帝斯曼，活動的執(zhí)行，必須有新的行動者和利用新技術(shù)的使用。 In many countries there is a wish to make use of DSM in more commercial terms and to ensure that delivery of services can be comme

39、rcially adapted.在許多國家，是想使更多的商業(yè)條款進行使用和用電需求管理，以確保提供的服務(wù)可以是商業(yè)調(diào)整。 Regardless of the organisational structure there is a need for countries to develop a regulatory regime that appoints responsibility for resource adequacy. 3 Such control of the ability to handle systems may deliver the following benefits:

40、 3 The Load Shape perspective無論組織結(jié)構(gòu)有需要國家制定一個規(guī)管制度，指定責任資源充足。 3以下好處這種控制的能力，處理系統(tǒng)可提供： 3的荷載形狀角度 - Less Price Volatility by improving short term price elasticity - 減少價格波動，改善短期的價格彈性 - Improved System Reliability by reducing peaks and adding to safety margins - 提高系統(tǒng)可靠性，減少高峰和增加安全系數(shù) - Enhanced System security

41、by reducing dependency on vulnerable supply resources - 增強系統(tǒng)安全性，減少對資源的依賴脆弱的供應(yīng) - Improved Restoration capacity by dispatching in/after emergency situations - 提高恢復(fù)能力的調(diào)度/后緊急情況 - Less costly network reinforcements since energy efficiency measures will be active alternatives - 減少代價高昂的網(wǎng)絡(luò)增援，因為能源效率的措施將是積極的選

42、擇 - Distributed generation as alternative to transmission lines. - 分布式發(fā)電作為替代傳輸線路。 - Improved operation and use of flowing renewable sources - 改進操作和使用可再生能源流動 - Elastic response as complement to competition - 彈性回應(yīng)互補競爭 Countries should also be able to make assessment of the least-cost delivery of energ

43、y services that includes both the demand and supply side 4 , which may deliver the following benefits: 4 The Load Level perspective國家也應(yīng)該能夠使方評估的需求和供給的最低成本提供能源服務(wù)，包括了4 ，這可能會帶來以下好處： 4的負荷水平角度 - Clear market conditions for energy service companies and performance contracting - 能源服務(wù)公司和業(yè)績合同明確的市場條件 - Allocat

44、ion of commitments and obligations that mobilises the appropriate set of tools, eg “White - 承諾和義務(wù)，調(diào)動了一套適當?shù)墓ぞ叻峙?，如“?Certificates”證書“ - Organisation and targeting of support programmes for energy efficient products - 組織和支持的方案有針對性地安排節(jié)能產(chǎn)品 - Improved allocation of obligations for reduction of GHG emissio

45、ns between sectors and countries - 改進分配溫室氣體的義務(wù)為各部門之間和國家減排 - Improved use of market communication mechanisms, eg standards and labels - 更好地利用市場的溝通機制，如標準和標簽 - Input to how further research and support mechanisms should be distributed among actors. - 如何進一步研究的投入和支持機制應(yīng)該行動者之間分配。 Closely linked to the issu

46、e of how DSM should be used, and by whom, is the overriding question: “How can DSM-measures be designed to deliver the substantial amounts of improvements necessary for fulfilment of the policy goals?”密切相關(guān)的用電，應(yīng)如何使用的問題，由何人，是壓倒一切的問題：“怎樣才能用電，措施旨在改善提供了大量的政策目標實現(xiàn)的必要呢？” Large scale energy efficiency requir

47、es well co-ordinated deployment measures and programmes.大規(guī)模的能源效率要求以及統(tǒng)籌部署措施和方案。 Therefore, some of the issues to be considered are then:因此，一些問題要考慮那么： Impact. 影響。 The capacity for DSM measures to deliver what they promise. 用電需求管理能力的措施，以提供他們的承諾。 Actors and actor relations . 演員和演員的關(guān)系 。 Who are the new a

48、ctors and what are their roles, including utilities, municipalities, agencies, regulators, ESCOs and of traditional companies working with installations and buildings.誰是新的演員和他們有什么作用，包括公用事業(yè)，城市，機構(gòu)，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)，能源服務(wù)公司和與傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)施和建筑公司工作。 Marketability of DSM . 市場化的用電需求管理 。 Can DSM measures be a commodity?可以用電需求管理措施

49、是一種商品？ Customer response. 顧客的反應(yīng)。 How to design attractive incentives. 如何設(shè)計有吸引力的獎勵。 Portfolios of measures . 投資組合的措施 。 What measures, such as standards, labels, tariffs, fiscal measures, information, and audits should be used, when and in what combinations?什么措施，如標準，標簽，關(guān)稅，財政措施，信息，應(yīng)使用和審計，以及何時和以何種組合？ Te

50、chnologies. How suitable are DSM technologies and how do they apply in different situations. 技術(shù)。如何適當?shù)挠秒娂夹g(shù)，以及它們?nèi)绾芜m用于不同的情況。 Other forms of energy.其他能源形式。 Is DSM applicable for energy supplies other than electricity?帝斯曼是適用于電力能源供應(yīng)比其他？ Should distributed generation be covered as a DSM measure?如果分布式發(fā)電作為帝斯

51、曼措施保障？ Endurance of DSM measures . 耐力的用電需求管理措施 。 Will DSM measures last and will the market change towards use of more efficient technology.最后將用電需求管理措施，并會朝著更有效的使用技術(shù)市場的變化。 Capacity Building to make use of experiences and “best practice” achievements 能力建設(shè)，使利用經(jīng)驗和“最佳做法”的成果 Therefore, it is the Mission o

52、f the DSM Programme to:因此，DSM的方案宗旨： Deliver to its stakeholders, materials that are readily applicable for them in crafting and implementing policies and measures.交付給它的利益相關(guān)者，適用材料，隨時為他們在制定和執(zhí)行政策和措施。 The Programme should also deliver technology and applications that either facilitate operations of ener

53、gy systems or facilitate necessary market transformations.該方案還應(yīng)該提供技術(shù)和應(yīng)用，要么促進能源系統(tǒng)所需的行動或促進市場變革。 Objectives目標 The Programme has two major objectives directed at its two major stakeholder groups.該方案已在其兩個主要利益相關(guān)者群體的兩個主要目標。 The Programme will provide to:該方案將提供： (a) governments of the participating countrie

54、s, increased capabilities to develop policies and programs for more effective use of DSM and energy efficient products 5 and to （參加國1）各國政府，增加實力，以發(fā)展和能源需求側(cè)管理的政策和方案進行更有效的利用效益的產(chǎn)品5和 (b) energy businesses, the information and tools necessary to create new cost-effective products and services in response t

55、o domestic and global opportunities. 6 （二）能源業(yè)務(wù)，信息和必要的工具，以建立適應(yīng)新的國內(nèi)和全球的機會成本效益的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。 6 But the Programme should also enable access to information to但該方案還應(yīng)該能夠訪問信息 (c) stakeholders that advocate energy efficiency and sustainable energy systems arguments and knowledge about the opportunities. （三）股東主張能源效率

56、和可持續(xù)能源系統(tǒng)參數(shù)和知識的機會。 5 Government includes administrations, authorities, regulators etc and their associations. 5 ，包括政府機關(guān)，部門，監(jiān)管機構(gòu)和協(xié)會等。 6 Energy businesses include system operators, transmission and distribution companies, brokers, wholesalers, utilities and their associations. 6能源業(yè)務(wù)包括系統(tǒng)運營商，輸電和配電公司，經(jīng)紀人，

57、批發(fā)商，公用事業(yè)和他們的協(xié)會。 Suppliers of “enabling hardware and software technologies” are included in this category.供應(yīng)商“，使硬件和軟件技術(shù)”被列入這一類。 Organisation of the Programme組織方案 To promote synergy and increase impact, the Programme will structure its activities into two clusters, depending on the potential or desire

58、d impact on the load curve of the energy system (see also appendix 1 for further details and views on the cluster organisation).為了促進協(xié)作和增加的影響，該計劃將分為兩個集群的結(jié)構(gòu)及其活動，這取決于對能源系統(tǒng)的負荷曲線潛在的或預(yù)期的影響（見附錄進一步詳情及其對簇組織的意見1）。 Load Shape Cluster 負載型集群 This cluster will include Tasks that seek to impact the shape of the lo

59、ad curve over very short (minutes-hours-day) to longer (days-week-season) time periods.這個集群將包括任務(wù)，設(shè)法影響在很短的（分鐘，小時，天）較長（天，星期，季節(jié)）時段負荷曲線的形狀。 Work within this cluster primarily increases the reliability of systems.在本組的工作主要是增加了系統(tǒng)的可靠性。 See Appendix I.見附錄一 Load Level Cluster 負荷水平的聚類 This cluster will include Tasks that seek to shift the load curve to