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1、1 一、定義一、定義 v對疾病進(jìn)行診斷的試驗(yàn)方法,即稱為診對疾病進(jìn)行診斷的試驗(yàn)方法,即稱為診 斷性試驗(yàn)。斷性試驗(yàn)。 診斷性試驗(yàn)不僅包括實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,還包括病診斷性試驗(yàn)不僅包括實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查,還包括病 史、體檢結(jié)果、影象學(xué)檢查、各種公認(rèn)的診史、體檢結(jié)果、影象學(xué)檢查、各種公認(rèn)的診 斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等。 2 診斷性試驗(yàn)的應(yīng)用診斷性試驗(yàn)的應(yīng)用 1.1.診斷疾病診斷疾病 2.2.篩檢無癥狀病人篩檢無癥狀病人 3.3.疾病的隨訪疾病的隨訪 4.4.判斷疾病的嚴(yán)重性判斷疾病的嚴(yán)重性 5.5.估計(jì)疾病的臨床過程極其預(yù)后估計(jì)疾病的臨床過程極其預(yù)后 6.6.估計(jì)對治療的反應(yīng)估計(jì)對治療的反應(yīng) 7.7.測定目前對治療的實(shí)際
2、反應(yīng)測定目前對治療的實(shí)際反應(yīng) 3 二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件 v1.1.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷: 疾病的診斷,必須有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷(即金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)疾病的診斷,必須有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷(即金標(biāo)準(zhǔn), , gold standardgold standard,或參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),或參考標(biāo)準(zhǔn),reference reference standardstandard)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷是目前公認(rèn)的診斷方)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷是目前公認(rèn)的診斷方 法,如:活檢、手術(shù)、尸檢、特殊檢查或長法,如:活檢、手術(shù)、尸檢、特殊檢查或長 期隨訪的結(jié)果期隨訪的結(jié)果 4 二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件 v2.2.診斷方法的對比:診斷方法
3、的對比: 評價(jià)新的診斷性試驗(yàn),必須與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法進(jìn)行評價(jià)新的診斷性試驗(yàn),必須與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法進(jìn)行 比較。比較。 新的診斷性試驗(yàn),應(yīng)該具備方法更為簡便、更為新的診斷性試驗(yàn),應(yīng)該具備方法更為簡便、更為 可靠或者減少危險(xiǎn)、減少創(chuàng)傷、節(jié)約費(fèi)用等優(yōu)點(diǎn),可靠或者減少危險(xiǎn)、減少創(chuàng)傷、節(jié)約費(fèi)用等優(yōu)點(diǎn), 這樣的診斷性試驗(yàn)才具有推廣意義。這樣的診斷性試驗(yàn)才具有推廣意義。 5 二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件二、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的條件 v3.3.列出四格表列出四格表 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷 有病有病無病無病 診斷性試驗(yàn)診斷性試驗(yàn) + +a a( (真陽性真陽性) )b b( (假陽性假陽性) ) - -c c( (假陰性假陰性) )
4、d d( (真陰性真陰性) ) 6 所評價(jià)的資料應(yīng)能列出四格表,方法如下所評價(jià)的資料應(yīng)能列出四格表,方法如下 用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法,診斷的病例數(shù)為用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法,診斷的病例數(shù)為 a+ca+c 在有病的受試者中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性者為在有病的受試者中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性者為 a a, 陰性者為陰性者為 c c 用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法,判斷無該病的例數(shù)為用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷方法,判斷無該病的例數(shù)為 b+db+d 無該病的受試者中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性例數(shù)為無該病的受試者中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性例數(shù)為 b b,陰性例數(shù)為,陰性例數(shù)為 d d 從評價(jià)的資料中,不能繪制四格表的診斷性試從評價(jià)的資料中,不能繪制四格表的診斷性試 驗(yàn),無法進(jìn)行評價(jià)驗(yàn),
5、無法進(jìn)行評價(jià) 7 三、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的常用指標(biāo)三、評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)的常用指標(biāo) v1.1.評價(jià)指標(biāo)評價(jià)指標(biāo) 1)1)敏感度(敏感度(sensitivitysensitivity):經(jīng)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診有病的):經(jīng)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確診有病的 人中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性者所占的比例。人中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性者所占的比例。 SEN = a /SEN = a /( a+ca+c) 2)2)特異度(特異度(specificityspecificity):經(jīng)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷確定為):經(jīng)金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷確定為 無該病的人中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陰性所占的比例。無該病的人中,診斷性試驗(yàn)陰性所占的比例。 SPE = d /SPE = d /(b+db+d) 8 3
6、)3)準(zhǔn)確性(準(zhǔn)確性(accuracyaccuracy):經(jīng)診斷性試驗(yàn)檢查后):經(jīng)診斷性試驗(yàn)檢查后 真陽性與真陰性占總例數(shù)的比例。真陽性與真陰性占總例數(shù)的比例。 ACC =ACC =(a+da+d)/ /(a+b+c+da+b+c+d) 4)4)陽性預(yù)測值(陽性預(yù)測值(positive predictive positive predictive valuevalue):診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性的人中真正有?。涸\斷性試驗(yàn)陽性的人中真正有病 的人數(shù)所占的比例。(即診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性時(shí),的人數(shù)所占的比例。(即診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性時(shí), 患病的可能性患病的可能性, ,即陽性結(jié)果的即陽性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后概率驗(yàn)后概率) +PV
7、= a /+PV = a /(a+ba+b) 5)5)陰性預(yù)測值(陰性預(yù)測值(negative predictive negative predictive valuevalue):診斷性試驗(yàn)陰性的人中,真正無):診斷性試驗(yàn)陰性的人中,真正無 該病的人數(shù)所占的比例。(即診斷性試驗(yàn)陰該病的人數(shù)所占的比例。(即診斷性試驗(yàn)陰 性時(shí),不患該病的可能性)性時(shí),不患該病的可能性) -PV = d /-PV = d /(c+dc+d) 9 6)6)患病率(患病率(prevalenceprevalence):): PREV =PREV =(a+ca+c)/ /(a+b+c+da+b+c+d) 7)7)陽性似然
8、比(陽性似然比(positive likelihood ratiopositive likelihood ratio):有):有 病者診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性的概率與無病者試驗(yàn)陽性的病者診斷性試驗(yàn)陽性的概率與無病者試驗(yàn)陽性的 概率之比。概率之比。 +LR = a /+LR = a /(a+ca+c) / b / / b /(b+db+d) = =Sen/Sen/(1-Spe1-Spe) 8)8)陰性似然比(陰性似然比(negative likelihood rationegative likelihood ratio):有):有 病者試驗(yàn)陰性的概率和無病者試驗(yàn)陰性的概率之病者試驗(yàn)陰性的概率和無病者試驗(yàn)陰
9、性的概率之 比。比。 -LR = c /-LR = c /(a+ca+c) / d / / d /(b+db+d) = =(1-Sen1-Sen)/ Spe/ Spe 10 LRLR:有病者得出某一試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的概率與無病者得出該試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的:有病者得出某一試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的概率與無病者得出該試驗(yàn)結(jié)果的 概率之比。表示一個(gè)診斷試驗(yàn)結(jié)果出現(xiàn)在有病者和出現(xiàn)在無病概率之比。表示一個(gè)診斷試驗(yàn)結(jié)果出現(xiàn)在有病者和出現(xiàn)在無病 者的可能性比值大小,代表了一個(gè)診斷性試驗(yàn)區(qū)分有病和無病者的可能性比值大小,代表了一個(gè)診斷性試驗(yàn)區(qū)分有病和無病 的能力大小。的能力大小。 11 舉例舉例 An Oxfordshire (England
10、) group of clinical An Oxfordshire (England) group of clinical investigators invited general practitioners investigators invited general practitioners in their area “to refer patients with in their area “to refer patients with suspected heart failure to our clinic.” suspected heart failure to our cl
11、inic.” Once there, these 126 patients underwent Once there, these 126 patients underwent independent, blind BNP measurements and independent, blind BNP measurements and echocardiography. The first set of results echocardiography. The first set of results from that study is shown in Tablefrom that st
12、udy is shown in Table 12 Performance of B-type Natriuretic Peptide 18 pg/mL As a Performance of B-type Natriuretic Peptide 18 pg/mL As a diagnostic test for left ventricular dysfunctiondiagnostic test for left ventricular dysfunction 13 1.1.You can calculate the proportion of patients You can calcul
13、ate the proportion of patients with with LVD who also have LVD who also have elevated elevated BNP. BNP. a a/(/(a a + + c c) = 35/40 = 0.88, or 88%) = 35/40 = 0.88, or 88% “positivity in the presence of the target “positivity in the presence of the target disorder” is disorder” is SensitivitySensiti
14、vity. . 2.2.You can calculate the proportion of patients You can calculate the proportion of patients who are who are free of free of LVD who also have LVD who also have normal normal BNP. BNP. d d/(/(b b + + d d) = 29/86 = 0.34, or 34%) = 29/86 = 0.34, or 34% “negativity in the absence of the targe
15、t “negativity in the absence of the target disorder” is disorder” is SpecificitySpecificity. . 14 3.You can calculate the proportion of patients with elevated BNP who also have LVD. a/(a + b) = 35/92 = 0.38, or 38% “presence of the target disorder among positives” is Positive Predictive Value (PPV).
16、 Another term to express this value is the Post-test Likelihood given a Positive Test Result 4.You can calculate the proportion of patients with normal BNP who also are free of LVD. d/(c + d) = 29/34 = 0.85, or 85% “absence of the target disorder among negatives” as Negative Predictive Value (NPV).
17、Clinicians more commonly think in terms of the post-test likelihood given a negative result. 15 5.You can calculate the proportion of patients with LVD before you even measure their BNP. (a + c)/(a + b + c + d) = 40/126 = 0.32, or 32% By convention, we refer to that “pre-test probability of the targ
18、et disorder” in the total population at risk (not considering any additional diagnostic information) as PrevalencePrevalence, because it describes the prevailing rate of the target disorder in the patients who are undergoing the diagnostic test. 16 6.You can calculate the odds that a patient has LVD
19、 before you ever measure their BNP. Pre-test Probability/(100% Pre-test Probability) = 32%/(100% 32%) = 32%/68% = 0.47 By convention, we refer to this as Pre-test Odds. And you can convert an odds back into a probability. Probability=odds/(odds + 1) = 0.47/1.47 = 0.32, or 32% 17 7.You can calculate
20、the likelihood that an elevated BNP is found in patients with, as opposed to patients without, LVD. a/(a + c)/b/(b + d) = Sensitivity/(100% Specificity) = 88%/(100% 34%) = 88%/66% = 1.3 By convention, we refer to that as a Likelihood Ratio of a positive test (some prefer to call it a Positive Likeli
21、hood Ratio). 18 8.You can calculate the likelihood that a normal BNP is found in patients with, as opposed to patients without, LVD. c/(a + c)/d/(b + d) = (100% Sensitivity)/Specificity = (100% 88%)/34% = 12%/34% = 0.4. By convention, we refer to that as a Likelihood Ratio of a negative test (some p
22、refer to call it a Negative Likelihood Ratio). 19 9.You can discover that if you multiply the Pre-test Odds from the population studied by the LR of a positive test result and convert the resulting Post- test Odds back to a probability, it is identical to the PPV. 驗(yàn)后比驗(yàn)后比=驗(yàn)前比驗(yàn)前比似然比(似然比(Pre-test odds
23、x LR) = 0.47 x 1.3 = 0.61 and 驗(yàn)后概率驗(yàn)后概率 = 驗(yàn)后比驗(yàn)后比/(1+驗(yàn)后比驗(yàn)后比) =0.61/1.61 = 0.38, or 38% (the same as you calculated in no. 3 above). 20 10. 陰性似然比陰性似然比(-LR)驗(yàn)前比得到陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后比,可用公驗(yàn)前比得到陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后比,可用公 式將此驗(yàn)后比轉(zhuǎn)化為驗(yàn)后概率,即陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后概率。式將此驗(yàn)后比轉(zhuǎn)化為驗(yàn)后概率,即陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后概率。 陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后概率陰性結(jié)果的驗(yàn)后概率=100% - NPV. Pre-test odds from no. 6 above
24、x LR from no. 8 above = 0.47 x 0.4 = 0.19 and 0.19/1.19 = 0.15, or 15% and 100% 15% = 85% (the same as you calculated in no. 4 above). 21 You may have noticed that we havent introduced the terms “truepositive rate” and “false-positive rate.” This is because weve found inconsistencies in their constr
25、uction. Sure, the obvious numerator in a “false-positive” rate is cell b of Table 81, but what should we use for its denominator? Weve encountered three different denominators. Some folks insert (b+d) for its denominator, creating a number equal to (1- specificity); others use (a+b), creating a numb
26、er equal to (1- PPV); and weve even encountered folks using (a+b+c+d) for its denominator, telling us the percentage of false-positive results in the entire study population. These are ambiguous terms and we wont use them here. 22 vIf you apply these rules-of-thumb to BNP and LVD, youd conclude that
27、 this diagnostic test had a good sensitivity (88%) and NPV (85%), but that its poor specificity (34%) dragged down its PPV (38%) and its LR+(1.3), and led to an LR- (0.4) that was almost as useless as the LR+. In fact, its PPV or post-test probability (38%) was only slightly higher than its pre-test
28、 probability or prevalence (34%). And thats the way it was reported. These investigators concluded, “introducing routine measurement (of BNP) would be unlikely to improve the diagnosis of symptomatic (LVD) in the community.” 23 vHowever, their report also documented the effect of two other cutpoints
29、 for BNP. This led both to a counter claim on the usefulness of BNP in the subsequent letters to the editor and to an opportunity for us to describe some alternative ways of presenting information about the accuracy of a diagnostic test. When we applied a higher cut-point for a positive BNP test (75
30、 rather than 18 in the original report) we could construct the following table 24 25 vMultilevel Likelihood Ratios(多水平似然比)(多水平似然比) Because the authors of the BNP study presented their results for two other cutoffs (10 pg/mL and 76 pg/mL), you can divide their test results into three groups ( 75). Al
31、though you cant any longer describe these results with binary measures like sensitivity and specificity, you can make great use of “multilevel” LRs. That is, you can describe, for any level of the test result, the likelihood that that level would be observed in a patient with, as opposed to one with
32、out, the target disorder. 26 27 You can easily apply the LR for a test result to any prevalence (pre- test odds) of the target disorder. Suppose a patient has a pre-test probability of 50% (a pre-test odds of 1:1). You dont have to reconstruct Table 83 for this new prevalence. You can simply multipl
33、y that patients pre-test odds (say, 1:1) by the LR for that patients test result (say, 80 pg/mL, with an LR of 5.1). This generates a post-test odds of 5.1, which you can convert into a post-test probability by solving 5.1/(1+5.1). This yields a posttest probability of 84%, which is much higher than
34、 you would generate with the cutoff of 10 pg per mL. For the latter case, shown in Table 81, you multiply 11.3 and get a post-test probability of LVD of only 1.3/2.3=0.56 or 56% 28 v2.2.診斷性試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的臨床意義診斷性試驗(yàn)指標(biāo)的臨床意義 穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):敏感性、特異性、穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):敏感性、特異性、LRLR、LRLR (是最重要的指標(biāo))(是最重要的指標(biāo)) 相對穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):準(zhǔn)確性相對穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):準(zhǔn)確性 不穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):陽性
35、預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值、不穩(wěn)定的指標(biāo):陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值、 患病率患病率 29 不穩(wěn)定指標(biāo)及其影響因素不穩(wěn)定指標(biāo)及其影響因素 現(xiàn)舉例說明不穩(wěn)定指標(biāo)及其影響因素:某地運(yùn)動(dòng)現(xiàn)舉例說明不穩(wěn)定指標(biāo)及其影響因素:某地運(yùn)動(dòng) 員有胸前區(qū)疼痛史者例,分別作運(yùn)動(dòng)心員有胸前區(qū)疼痛史者例,分別作運(yùn)動(dòng)心 電圖及冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,結(jié)果如下:電圖及冠狀動(dòng)脈造影,結(jié)果如下: 冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄75%75%(金標(biāo)準(zhǔn))(金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)) 是是 否否 運(yùn)動(dòng)心電圖運(yùn)動(dòng)心電圖 + 55+ 55(a a) 7 7(b b) 6262 - 49 - 49(c c) 8484(d d) 133133 104 91 195 104 91 195
36、30 vSEN=a/(a+c)=55/104=53%SEN=a/(a+c)=55/104=53% vSPE=d/(b+d)=84/91=92%SPE=d/(b+d)=84/91=92% vACC=(a+d)/(a+b+c+d)=55+84/195=71%ACC=(a+d)/(a+b+c+d)=55+84/195=71% v+PV=a/(a+b)=55/62=89%+PV=a/(a+b)=55/62=89% v-PV=d/(c+d)=84/133=63%-PV=d/(c+d)=84/133=63% vPREVPREV(冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄)(冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄) =(a+c)/(a+b+c+d)=104/19
37、5=53%=(a+c)/(a+b+c+d)=104/195=53% v+LR=SEN/(1-SPE)=0.53/+LR=SEN/(1-SPE)=0.53/(1-0.921-0.92)=6.6=6.6 v-LR=(1-SEN)/SPE=(1-0.53)/0.92=0.51-LR=(1-SEN)/SPE=(1-0.53)/0.92=0.51 v陽性率陽性率=(a+b)/(a+b+c+d)=62/195=31%=(a+b)/(a+b+c+d)=62/195=31% 31 如果擴(kuò)大檢查范圍,將該地全體運(yùn)動(dòng)員均如果擴(kuò)大檢查范圍,將該地全體運(yùn)動(dòng)員均 作上述檢查,結(jié)果如下:作上述檢查,結(jié)果如下: 冠狀動(dòng)脈狹
38、窄冠狀動(dòng)脈狹窄 是是 否否 運(yùn)動(dòng)心電圖運(yùn)動(dòng)心電圖 55(a) 42(b) 55(a) 42(b) 9797 49(c)49(c)478(d)478(d)527527 104104520520 624624 32 vSEN=55/104=53%SEN=55/104=53%(不變)(不變) vSPE=478/520=92%SPE=478/520=92%(不變)(不變) vACC=(55+478)/624=85%ACC=(55+478)/624=85%(增加,個(gè)百(增加,個(gè)百 分點(diǎn))分點(diǎn)) v+PV=55/97=57%+PV=55/97=57%(下降,個(gè)百分點(diǎn))(下降,個(gè)百分點(diǎn)) v-PV=478/
39、527=91%-PV=478/527=91%(增加,個(gè)百分點(diǎn))(增加,個(gè)百分點(diǎn)) vPREV=104/624=17%PREV=104/624=17%(原為)(原為) v+LR=0.53/+LR=0.53/(1-0.921-0.92)=6.6=6.6(不變)(不變) v-LR=-LR=(1-0.531-0.53)/0.92=0.51/0.92=0.51(不變)(不變) v陽性率陽性率=97/624=15%=97/624=15%(下降,個(gè)百分點(diǎn))(下降,個(gè)百分點(diǎn)) 33 結(jié)果解釋結(jié)果解釋 的下降是由于擴(kuò)大了檢查范圍,的下降是由于擴(kuò)大了檢查范圍, 被檢人群中,患病者例數(shù)減少所致。被檢人群中,患病者例
40、數(shù)減少所致。 隨著的下降,、隨著的下降,、, 而、陽性率而、陽性率。 SENSEN、SPESPE、LRLR、LRLR、穩(wěn)定不變。、穩(wěn)定不變。 v在評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)中,一般不用陽性率,因陽在評價(jià)診斷性試驗(yàn)中,一般不用陽性率,因陽 性病例數(shù)并未說明是真陽性或假陽性。性病例數(shù)并未說明是真陽性或假陽性。 34 從以上組數(shù)據(jù)可以看出從以上組數(shù)據(jù)可以看出: v當(dāng)患病率變化后,當(dāng)患病率變化后,SENSEN、SPESPE、LRLR及及-LR-LR都很穩(wěn)定,都很穩(wěn)定, 兩組數(shù)字相同,而兩組數(shù)字相同,而PVPV隨隨PREVPREV不同有很大變化,不同有很大變化,PVPV 隨患病率增高而增加。因此,隨患病率增高而增加
41、。因此,PVPV不能看做試驗(yàn)本身不能看做試驗(yàn)本身 的特性。敏感度越高,則假陰性越低,假陰性率等的特性。敏感度越高,則假陰性越低,假陰性率等 于漏診率。因此,高敏感度的試驗(yàn),用于臨床診斷于漏診率。因此,高敏感度的試驗(yàn),用于臨床診斷 時(shí)漏診率低。通常用高敏感度試驗(yàn),陰性結(jié)果排除時(shí)漏診率低。通常用高敏感度試驗(yàn),陰性結(jié)果排除 診斷,又稱為診斷,又稱為SnNoutSnNout。 v高敏感度試驗(yàn)用于:高敏感度試驗(yàn)用于: 疾病漏診可能造成嚴(yán)重后果;疾病漏診可能造成嚴(yán)重后果; 用于排除疾病;用于排除疾病; 用于篩選無癥狀且發(fā)病率又比較低的疾病。用于篩選無癥狀且發(fā)病率又比較低的疾病。 35 v特異性越高,則假陽
42、性率越低,假陽性率等于特異性越高,則假陽性率越低,假陽性率等于 誤診率。因此,特異性高的試驗(yàn),用于臨床時(shí)誤診率。因此,特異性高的試驗(yàn),用于臨床時(shí) 誤診機(jī)會(huì)少。高特異性試驗(yàn),用于肯定診斷、誤診機(jī)會(huì)少。高特異性試驗(yàn),用于肯定診斷、 確診疾病。當(dāng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果陽性時(shí),臨床確診價(jià)值確診疾病。當(dāng)試驗(yàn)結(jié)果陽性時(shí),臨床確診價(jià)值 最大。最大。 v用高特異性試驗(yàn),陽性結(jié)果肯定診斷,又稱為用高特異性試驗(yàn),陽性結(jié)果肯定診斷,又稱為 SpPinsSpPins。 v特異性高的試驗(yàn)適用于:特異性高的試驗(yàn)適用于: 肯定疾病診斷;肯定疾病診斷; 凡假陽性結(jié)果會(huì)導(dǎo)致病人精神負(fù)擔(dān),或不當(dāng)凡假陽性結(jié)果會(huì)導(dǎo)致病人精神負(fù)擔(dān),或不當(dāng) 防治措施
43、會(huì)給病人帶來嚴(yán)重危害。防治措施會(huì)給病人帶來嚴(yán)重危害。 36 四、診斷性試驗(yàn)的樣本大小的計(jì)算四、診斷性試驗(yàn)的樣本大小的計(jì)算 v計(jì)算時(shí),先查閱文獻(xiàn)或作預(yù)試估計(jì)計(jì)算時(shí),先查閱文獻(xiàn)或作預(yù)試估計(jì)SENSEN、SPESPE v病例組():用該試驗(yàn)敏感性估計(jì)病例組():用該試驗(yàn)敏感性估計(jì) = =()() v對照組():用該試驗(yàn)特異性估計(jì)對照組():用該試驗(yàn)特異性估計(jì) P P= =()() v用估計(jì)總體率的樣本公式分別計(jì)算用估計(jì)總體率的樣本公式分別計(jì)算 v m ma a2 2()()2 2 vm ma a2 2()()2 2 顯著性水平顯著性水平a a取取. . . . .(雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn))(雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn)) 診斷性試驗(yàn)
44、的允許誤差診斷性試驗(yàn)的允許誤差一般定在一般定在0.05-0.100.05-0.10 37 五、似然比的臨床應(yīng)用五、似然比的臨床應(yīng)用 v可用于臨床計(jì)算患病的概率,便于更準(zhǔn)確地對患者作出可用于臨床計(jì)算患病的概率,便于更準(zhǔn)確地對患者作出 診斷。診斷。 例如:對懷疑急性心肌梗塞患者,作肌酸磷酸激酶例如:對懷疑急性心肌梗塞患者,作肌酸磷酸激酶 (CPKCPK)測定,根據(jù)其結(jié)果可計(jì)算似然比。愛丁堡皇家)測定,根據(jù)其結(jié)果可計(jì)算似然比。愛丁堡皇家 醫(yī)院將懷疑心肌梗死者醫(yī)院將懷疑心肌梗死者360360例收入病房例收入病房, ,檢測檢測CPKCPK,由一,由一 位不知位不知CPKCPK結(jié)果的醫(yī)生根據(jù)心電圖和尸檢結(jié)
45、果判斷有心結(jié)果的醫(yī)生根據(jù)心電圖和尸檢結(jié)果判斷有心 肌梗死者肌梗死者230230例,無心梗者例,無心梗者130130例,測定值如下:例,測定值如下: 2-39 40-79 80-119 120-159 160-199 200-239 240-279 280-319 320-359 360-399 400-439 440-4792-39 40-79 80-119 120-159 160-199 200-239 240-279 280-319 320-359 360-399 400-439 440-479 =480 =480 AMI AMI + 2 13 30 30 21 19 18 13 19 1
46、5 7 8 35+ 2 13 30 30 21 19 18 13 19 15 7 8 35 - 88 26 8 5 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 - 88 26 8 5 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 38 如將如將CPK 80CPK 80單位作為診斷心肌梗死的臨界值,列出四格單位作為診斷心肌梗死的臨界值,列出四格 表表 急性心肌梗塞急性心肌梗塞 是是 否否 80u 215 1680u 215 16 CPK CPK 80u 15 11480u 15 114 230 130 230 130 SEN=a/ SEN=a/(a+ca+c)=215/230=0.93=215/230=0.93
47、SPE=d/ SPE=d/(b+db+d)=114/130=0.88=114/130=0.88 +LR=SEN/ +LR=SEN/(1-SPE1-SPE)=0.93/=0.93/(1-0.881-0.88) =7.75=7.75 39 再一步分析,則可計(jì)算不同水平的陽性似然比:再一步分析,則可計(jì)算不同水平的陽性似然比: CPK AMICPK AMI(+ +) AMIAMI(- -) LRLR n n 比例比例 n n 比例比例 280 97 97/230=0.42 1 1/130=0.01 0.42/0.01=42 280 97 97/230=0.42 1 1/130=0.01 0.42/0.
48、01=42 80279 118 118/230=0.51 15 15/130=0.12 0.51/0.12=4.2 80279 118 118/230=0.51 15 15/130=0.12 0.51/0.12=4.2 4079 13 13/230=0.06 26 26/130=0.02 0.06/0.02=0.34079 13 13/230=0.06 26 26/130=0.02 0.06/0.02=0.3 139 2 2/230=0.01 88 88/130=0.67 0.01/0.67=0.01139 2 2/230=0.01 88 88/130=0.67 0.01/0.67=0.01
49、合計(jì)合計(jì) 230 130230 130 40 v似然比的應(yīng)用:似然比的應(yīng)用: 驗(yàn)前比(驗(yàn)前比(Pretest OddsPretest Odds)= =驗(yàn)前概率驗(yàn)前概率/ /(1-1- 驗(yàn)前概率)驗(yàn)前概率) 驗(yàn)后比(驗(yàn)后比(Post-test OddsPost-test Odds)= =驗(yàn)前比驗(yàn)前比似似 然比然比 驗(yàn)后概率(驗(yàn)后概率(Post-test ProbabilityPost-test Probability)= =驗(yàn)驗(yàn) 后比后比/ /(1+1+驗(yàn)后比)驗(yàn)后比) 41 例:某患者活動(dòng)后即感胸前區(qū)疼痛,在醫(yī)院檢查例:某患者活動(dòng)后即感胸前區(qū)疼痛,在醫(yī)院檢查 CPKCPK為為7272單位,試問
50、患單位,試問患AMIAMI的可能性有多大?的可能性有多大? 解:(解:(1 1) 估計(jì)患估計(jì)患AMIAMI的可能性有的可能性有50%50%(試驗(yàn)前概(試驗(yàn)前概 率)率) (2 2) 按前表中按前表中CPKCPK為為72U72U的的 LR=0.30LR=0.30 (3 3) 計(jì)算:計(jì)算: 試驗(yàn)前機(jī)遇值試驗(yàn)前機(jī)遇值=0.50/=0.50/(1-0.501-0.50)=1=1 試驗(yàn)后機(jī)遇值試驗(yàn)后機(jī)遇值=1=10.30=0.300.30=0.30 試驗(yàn)后概率試驗(yàn)后概率=0.3/=0.3/(1+0.31+0.3)=0.23=0.23 答:該病例患答:該病例患AMIAMI的機(jī)會(huì)只有的機(jī)會(huì)只有23%23%。
51、 42 43 44 六、六、ROCROC曲線曲線 v“Receiver” or “Response” Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves,受試者工作特性曲線,受試者工作特性曲線, a helpful way of distinguishing real signals for false noises in the early days of radar. vIf you plot the sensitivity versus (1-specificity) or “false alarms” that result from selecting dif
52、ferent cutoffs for the diagnostic test results, you generate a useful picture of the tests accuracy that is called an “ROC curve.” ROC curves nicely display the trade-offs of using one or more cutoffs for the test. The BNP ROC curve is shown in Figure 82. 45 46 vAn ROC curve has some useful properti
53、es: It illustrates the performance of a dichotomous diagnostic test when you select different cut-points to distinguish “normal” from “abnormal” results. It demonstrates the fact that any increase in sensitivity will be accompanied by a decrease in specificity, and vice versa. The closer the curve g
54、ets to the upper left corner of the display, the more the overall accuracy of the test. That is, choosing the point labelled “BNP 76” correctly identifies 26 affected and 75 normal patients out of the total of 126, or 80% overall accuracy. However, choosing the point labelled “BNP18 ” correctly iden
55、tifies 35 affected but only 29 normal patients from the total of 126, which is only 51% overall accuracy. 47 The closer the curve comes to the 45-degree diagonal of the ROC space, the less accurate the test. At 45 degrees, the test adds no diagnostic information at all. Getting a bit fancier, the sl
56、ope of the tangent at a cut-point gives the LR for that value of the test. Notice how much steeper the tangent is for the cutoff of 76 than it is for the cutoff of 18. The area under the curve provides an overall measure of a tests accuracy. This property can help decide which of two competing tests
57、 for the same target disorder is the better one. 48 七、提高診斷性試驗(yàn)效率的方法:七、提高診斷性試驗(yàn)效率的方法: 聯(lián)合試驗(yàn)聯(lián)合試驗(yàn) 1.1.平行試驗(yàn):同時(shí)做幾個(gè)試驗(yàn),只要有一個(gè)陽性,即平行試驗(yàn):同時(shí)做幾個(gè)試驗(yàn),只要有一個(gè)陽性,即 可認(rèn)為有患病證據(jù)。平行試驗(yàn)提高了可認(rèn)為有患病證據(jù)。平行試驗(yàn)提高了敏感度和陰性敏感度和陰性 預(yù)測值預(yù)測值,但降低了特異度及陽性預(yù)測值。,但降低了特異度及陽性預(yù)測值。 Sen=Sen1 + Sen2 - Sen1 X Sen2Sen=Sen1 + Sen2 - Sen1 X Sen2 Spe=Spe1 X Spe2Spe
58、=Spe1 X Spe2 驗(yàn)后比驗(yàn)后比= =驗(yàn)前比驗(yàn)前比 X LR1 X LR2X LR1 X LR2 49 聯(lián)合試驗(yàn)聯(lián)合試驗(yàn) 2.2.序列試驗(yàn):依次相繼的試驗(yàn),要所有的試驗(yàn)序列試驗(yàn):依次相繼的試驗(yàn),要所有的試驗(yàn) 陽性才能做出診斷。序列試驗(yàn)提高了陽性才能做出診斷。序列試驗(yàn)提高了特異度特異度 及陽性預(yù)測值及陽性預(yù)測值。但降低了敏感度及陰性預(yù)測。但降低了敏感度及陰性預(yù)測 值。值。 例如:診斷心肌梗死的例如:診斷心肌梗死的CPKCPK、ASTAST、LDHLDH,沒有,沒有 一種試驗(yàn)是很特異的,如采用序列試驗(yàn),即一種試驗(yàn)是很特異的,如采用序列試驗(yàn),即 三項(xiàng)均陽性才能診斷,這樣可提高診斷心肌三項(xiàng)均陽性
59、才能診斷,這樣可提高診斷心肌 梗死的特異度。梗死的特異度。 SEN = SEN1 X SEN2SEN = SEN1 X SEN2 SPE = SPE1 +SPE2 - SPE1 X SPE2SPE = SPE1 +SPE2 - SPE1 X SPE2 50 七、診斷性試驗(yàn)的評價(jià)原則七、診斷性試驗(yàn)的評價(jià)原則 v新的診斷性試驗(yàn)用于臨床之前或雜志上有關(guān)新的診斷性試驗(yàn)用于臨床之前或雜志上有關(guān) 診斷性試驗(yàn)的結(jié)論,均須經(jīng)過科學(xué)的評價(jià)。診斷性試驗(yàn)的結(jié)論,均須經(jīng)過科學(xué)的評價(jià)。 1.1.是否采用盲目法將診斷性試驗(yàn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷法是否采用盲目法將診斷性試驗(yàn)與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)診斷法 (金標(biāo)準(zhǔn))作過對比研究?(金標(biāo)準(zhǔn))作過對比研究?
60、 J診斷性試驗(yàn)必須與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較,才能確定是診斷性試驗(yàn)必須與金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較,才能確定是 否可靠。否可靠。 J盲法對比,更為科學(xué)。盲法對比,更為科學(xué)。 J列出四格表進(jìn)行分析對比,計(jì)算各項(xiàng)指標(biāo),列出四格表進(jìn)行分析對比,計(jì)算各項(xiàng)指標(biāo), 根據(jù)根據(jù)ACCACC、SENSEN、SPESPE確定診斷性試驗(yàn)有無應(yīng)用確定診斷性試驗(yàn)有無應(yīng)用 價(jià)值。價(jià)值。 51 2.2.被檢查的病例是否包括各型病例(輕、重、治療、被檢查的病例是否包括各型病例(輕、重、治療、 未治療),以及個(gè)別易于混淆的病例?未治療),以及個(gè)別易于混淆的病例? J例如測定血中例如測定血中T3T3、T4T4診斷甲亢、測定血糖診斷糖尿診斷甲亢、測定血糖診斷糖
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