離子方程式總結(jié)（Ionic equation summary）

1、離子方程式總結(jié)（Ionic equation summary）Non metallic simple elements (F2, O2, S, Cl2, N2, P, C, Si)1, oxidation:= = = = = 2hf + H2 F2F2 + car (excess) = = = = Xef22F2 (excess) = = = = xef4 + carNF2 + 2m 2mfn (representing most metals) = = = = = = = = = = = 4HF, 2F2 + 2H2O + O2= = = = = 2naf, 2F2, 2naoh + + H

2、2O + of2= = = = = 2naf, F2 + 2nacl + Cl2= = = = = 2naf, F2 + 2nabr + Br2= = = = = 2naf, F2 + 2nai + I2F2 + Cl2 (equal volume) = = = = = 2clf3f2 (excess) + Cl2 = = = = 2clf37f2 (excess) + I2 = = = = 2if7= = = = = 2HCl + H2 Cl2= = = = = 2pcl3 + 2p 3cl2= = = = = PCL5 + PCl3 Cl2= = = = = 2nacl + 2Na Cl2

3、= = = = = 2fecl3 + 2Fe 3cl2= = = = = 2fecl3 + 2fecl2 Cl2= = = = = CuCl2, Cl2 + elbow= = = = = 2nacl, 2Cl2 + 2nabr + Br2= = = = = 2nacl, Cl2 + 2nai + I25cl2, I2, 6H2O = = = = + + + 10hcl, 2hio3= = = = = 2nacl, Cl2 + Na2S + S= = = = = 2HCl, Cl2 + H2S + SCl2, SO2, 2H2O = = = = + + + 2HCl, H2SO4= = = =

4、= 2HCl, Cl2 + H2O2 + O2= = = = = Fe3O4 + 3Fe 2O2= = = = = KO2 + K O2= = = = = S + H2 H2S= = = = = = CS2 take second + C= = = = = = = = = = = S + and Fe= = = = = S + 2Cu Cu2S= = = = = Al2S3 + 2Al 3S= = = = = S + Zn ZnS= = = = = 2nh3 + 3h2 N2= = = = = Mg3N2 + 3mg N2= = = = = Ca3N2 + 3CA N2= = = = = ba

5、3n2 + 3ba N2= = = = = 2na3n + 6na N2= = = = = 2k3n + 6K N2= = = = = 2rb3n + 6rb N2= = = = = 4ph3 + 6H2 P2= = = = = P + 3Na na3p= = = = = Zn3P2 + 3zn 2P2. reducibilityS + O2 = = = = = SO2S + O2 = = = = = SO26hno3 (S + thick) = = = = + + 2H2O, H2SO4, 6no23S + 4 HNO3 (dilute) = = = = + + 2H2O, 4NO, 3so

6、2N2 + O2 = = = = = 2No4P + 5o2 p4o10 (often written in P2O5) = = = = = = = = = = = = = = 2p + 3x2 2px3 (x means F2, Cl2, Br2)= = = = = px5 + x2 PX3P4 + 20hno3 (thick) = = = = + + 4H2O, 4h3po4, 20no2= = = = = C + 2F2 CF4= = = = = C + 2Cl2 CCl42C + O2 (small) = = = = = 2COC + O2 (sufficient) = = = = =

7、 carbon dioxide= = = = = C + carbon dioxide 2CO= = = = = C + H2O + H2 (generated water gas) Limited= = = = = 2C + Si + 2Co (made from coarse silicon) = = = SiO2Si (coarse) + 2Cl = = = = SiCl4(SiCl4 + 2h2 = = = = Si (pure) + 4hcl)Si (powder) + O2 = = = = = SiO2= = = = = SiC + C (Si)2naoh Si + + + H2O

8、 = = = = Na2SiO3 2h23, disproportionation (base)= = = = = HCl = Cl2 + H2O + HClO(acid inhibition, disproportionation, addition of alkali or illumination to promote disproportionation)= = = = = NaCl, Cl2, 2naoh + + H2O + NaClO2Cl2 + 2ca (OH) 2 = = = = CaCl2 + CA (2 + 2H2O CL)3cl2 + 6koh (hot, dense)

9、= = = = + + 3H2O, 5kcl, KClO3= = = = = 2na2s, 3S + 6naoh + + 3H2O, Na2SO34P, 3koh (thick) + + + 3kh2po2, PH3, 3H2O = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = +)11 min 15cuso4 24h2o = = = = + + + 15h2so4 6h3po4 5cu3p= = = = = 3C + high CaC2 + contrac

10、tion= = = = = SiC, 3C + SiO2 + 2COTwo, metallic elements (Na, reducing mg, Al, Fe)= = = = = 2nah + H2 2Na4na + O2 = = = = = 2na2o2na2o + O2 = = = = = 2na2o22Na + O2 = = = = = Na2O22Na + (S = = = = = Na2S explosion)= = = = = 2naoh, 2Na + 2H2O + H2= = = = = 2nanh2, 2Na + 2nh3 + H24na + TiCl4 (melting)

11、 = = = = 4nacl + Ti= = = = = MgCl2 Mg + Cl2= = = = = MgBr2 Mg + Br22mg + O2 = = = = = 2MgO= = = = = MGS Mg + S= = = = = 2H2O Mg + 2 + H2 (OH)2mg + TiCl4 (melting) = = = = Ti + 2mgcl2= = = = = MgCl2 2rbcl + + 2rb= = = = = 2MgO, 2mg + CO2 + C= = = = = 2MgO, 2mg + SiO2 + Si= = = = = MGS H2S + + H2= = =

12、 = = MgSO4 H2SO4 + + H2= = = = = 2alcl3 + 3cl2 2Al4Al + 3O2 2al2o3 (passivation) = = = = = =4Al (HG) = = = = + + 3O2, 2xh2o 2 (al2o3.xh2o) + 4HG= = = = = 2al2o3, 4Al + 3mno2 + 3MN= = = = = Al2O3, 2Al + Cr2O3 + 2Cr= = = = = Al2O3, 2Al + Fe2O3 + 2Fe= = = = = Al2O3, 2Al + 3feo + 3Fe= = = = = 2alcl3, 2A

13、l + 6hcl + 3h2= = = = = 3h2so4, 2Al + 3 + 3h2 (SO4)2Al + 6h2so4 (concentration =) = = = = 3 + + 6H2O, 3so2, SO4)(Al, Fe is cold,Concentrated H2SO4, passivated in HNO3)Al+4HNO (dilute) =Al (NO3) 3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr3Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS3Fe+4H2O (g) =Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H

14、2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(iron does not take four tin chloride completely in an acid environmentReduced to tin Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnThree, non-metallic hydrides (HF, HCl, H2O, H2S, NH3)1, reducibility:4HCl (thick) +MnO2=MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl (g) +O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O1

15、4HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22H2S+3O2 (adequate) =2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2 (a small amount) =2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2OH2S+H2SO4 (thick) =S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO (dilute) =3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2 (SO4) 3+K2SO4+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH

16、2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl4NH3+3O2 (pure oxygen) =2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6HO (removal of NO by ammonia)NaH+H2O=NaOH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca (OH) 2+2H22, acidic:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O(the content of this reaction is widely used in the determinat

17、ion of SiO2 in steel samples or samples)2HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HClH2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Pb (NO3) 2=PbS+2HNO3H2S+FeCl2=2NH3+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3)3, alkaline:NH3+HCl=NH4ClNH3+HNO3=NH4NO32NH3+H2SO4= (NH4) 2SO4NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl(this re

18、action is used in industrial preparation of baking soda, soda)4, instability:2HF=H2+F22HCl=H2+Cl22H2O=2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2S=H2+S2NH3=N2+3H2Four, non-metallic oxidesReducibility of low-priced states:2SO2+O2=2SO32SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4(this is the slow environmental chemical reaction of SO2 occurring in

19、the atmosphere.)SO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HISO2+NO2=SO3+NO2NO+O2=2NO2NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2(used in the nitric acid industry to absorb NO and NO2 in exhaust gases)2CO+O2=2CO2CO+CuO=Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3=2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O=CO2+H2Oxidation:SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSO3+2KI=K2SO3+I2NO2+

20、2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH(no bromine vapor and NO2 can be identified with starch KI solution)4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O2NO2+Cu=4CuO+N2CO2+2Mg=2MgO+C(CO2 cannot be used to extinguish burning fires such as Mg, Ca, Ba, Na, K, etc.)SiO2+2H2=Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg=2MgO+Si3, with the role of water:SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO43

21、NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NON2O5+H2O=2HNO3P2O5+H2O=2HPO3P2O5+3H2O=2H3PO4(P2O5 is highly absorbent and can be used as a gas drying agentP2O5+3H2SO4 (thick) =2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO34, with the role of alkaline substances:SO2+2NH3+H2O= (NH4) 2SO3SO2+ (NH4) 2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3(this is the reaction of the sulphuric a

22、cid plant to the recovery of SO2. First absorb SO2 with ammonia water,And then H2SO4 processing: 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4= (NH4) 2SO4+2H2O+2SO2The resulting ammonium sulfate is used as fertilizer and the SO2 is recycled as feedstock gasSO2+Ca (OH) 2=CaSO3+H2O(do not distinguish between clear lime and water, S

23、O2 and CO2. can be identified with fuchsin.)SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca (OH) 2=CaSO4+H2OCO2+2NaOH (excess) =Na2CO3+H2OCO2 (excess) +NaOH=NaHCO3CO2+Ca (OH) 2 (excess) =CaCO3+H2O2CO2 (excess) +Ca (OH) 2=Ca (HCO3) 2CO2+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al (OH) 3+Na2CO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3

24、+H2O(alkaline solution slowly corrosive glass at normal temperature)SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+CO2SiO2+CaCO3=CaSiO3+CO2Five, metal oxide1, the low cost of reduction:6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe (NO3) 3+NO2+2H2O2, oxidation:Na2O2+2Na=2Na2O(this reaction is used to prepare Na2O)MgO, Al2O3, is hardly oxidizing

25、and can hardly be reduced to Mg, Al.Mg and Al. are usually made by electrolysisFe2O3+3H2=2Fe+3H2O (reduced iron powder)Fe3O4+4H2=3Fe+4H2O3, with the role of water:Na2O+H2O=2NaOH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O2This reaction is divided into two steps: Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;The preparation of 2H2O2=2H2O+O2. and H2

26、O2 can utilize similar reactions:BaO2+H2SO4 (dilute) =BaSO4+H2O2MgO+H2O=Mg (OH) 2 (slow response)4, with the role of acidic substances:Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4 (cold, thin) =Na2SO4+H2O2MgO+SO3=MgSO4MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4=Al2 (SO4) 3+

27、3H2O(Al2O3 is an amphoteric oxide:Al2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O)FeO+2HCl=FeCl2+3H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2OFe2O3+3H2S (g) =Fe2S3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OSix, oxygen acid1, oxidation:4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2(oxidation: HClOHClO

28、2HClO3HClO4,But the strong, hot HClO4 is very oxidizing2H2SO4 (thick) +C=CO2+2SO2+2H2O2H2SO4 (thick) +S=3SO2+2H2OH2SO4+Fe (Al) passivation at room temperature6H2SO4 (concentrated) +2Fe=Fe2 (SO4) 3+3SO2+6H2O2H2SO4 (thick) +Cu=CuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4 (thick) +2HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2OH2SO4 (thick) +2HI=SO2+I2+2H2

29、OH2SO4 (dilute) +Fe=FeSO4+H22H2SO3+2H2S=3S+2H2O4HNO3 (thick) +C=CO2+4NO2+2H2O6HNO3 (thick) +S=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3 (thick) +P=H3PO4+5NO2+H2O6HNO3+Fe=Fe (NO3) 3+3NO2+3H2O4HNO3+Fe=Fe (NO3) 3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe (NO3) 3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe (NO3) 3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe (NO3) 3+3NH4NO3+9H2O2,

30、 reducibility:H2SO3+X2+H2O=H2SO4+2HX(X stands for Cl2, Br2, I2)2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl3, acidic:H2SO4 (thick) +CaF2=CaSO4+2HFH2SO4 (thick) +NaCl=NaHSO4+HClH2SO4 (thick) +2NaCl=Na2SO4+2HClH2SO4 (thick) +NaNO3=NaHSO4+

31、HNO33H2SO4 (concentrated) +Ca3 (PO4) 2=3CaSO4+2H3PO42H2SO4 (concentrated), +Ca3 (PO4), 2=2CaSO4+Ca (H2PO4) 23HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO32HNO3+CaCO3=Ca (NO3) 2+H2O+CO2(H2S, HI, HBr, H2SO4 (SO2) could not be prepared with HNO3 and concentrated pEquivalent reducing gas)4H3PO4+Ca3 (PO4) 2=3Ca (H2PO4) 2 (TS

32、P)H3PO4 (thick) +NaBr=NaH2PO4+HBrH3PO4 (thick) +NaI=NaH2PO4+HI4, instability:2HClO=2HCl+O24HNO3=4NO2+O2+2H2OH2SO3=H2O+SO2H2CO3=H2O+CO2H4SiO4=H2SiO3+H2OSeven, alkaliReducibility of low-priced states:4Fe (OH) 2+O2+2H2O=4Fe (OH) 3The action of acids:2NaOH+SO2 (a small amount) =Na2SO3+H2ONaOH+SO2 (adequ

33、ate) =NaHSO32NaOH+SiO2=NaSiO3+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O2NaOH+Cl2=NaCl+NaClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2ONaOH+H2S (adequate) =NaHS+H2O2NaOH+H2S (a small amount) =Na2S+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al (OH) 3+3NaClNaOH+Al (OH) 3=NaAlO2+2H2O(AlCl3 and Al (OH) 3, which acid is stronger?)NaOH+NH4Cl=NaCl+NH3+H2OMg (OH) 2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3.H2OAl (OH) 3+NH4Cl does not dissolve3, instability:Mg (OH) 2=MgO+H2O2Al (OH) 3=Al2O3+3H2O2Fe (OH) 3=Fe2O3+3H2OCu (OH) 2=CuO+H2OEight, salt1