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1、Supplementary Information of Specialty English(專業(yè)英語補(bǔ)充 信息) Nomenclature of compounds(化合物 構(gòu)詞法) Zhang Baohua College of Environmental & Chemical Engineering I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds (無機(jī)化合物構(gòu)詞法) 1. Trivial name (俗名) H2O water CaO quicklime (生石灰) NH3 ammonia (復(fù))ammonium(單) K2CO3 potash(草木灰)
2、CaCO3 limestone (石灰石) Hg2Cl2 Calomel (甘汞) I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 2. If there are only two elements in the compounds(化合物), it is customary (習(xí)慣上) to name the more metallic(金屬性) element first and the less metallic, or more electronegative(電負(fù)性) element second, with the suffix(后綴) “ide”.
3、若化合物中僅有兩種元素,習(xí)慣上先命名金屬性強(qiáng)的元素,后命名金屬性弱的 元素,再加上ide作為后綴 K potassium Na sodium Ca calcium Ba barium S sulfur H hydrogen Cl chlorine Br bromine O oxygen I iodine KCl potassium chloride NaBr sodium bromide BaS barium sulfide CaO calcium oxide HI hydrogen iodide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 3. For co
4、mpounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms(原子), the prefixes (前綴) “mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”, etc. become necessary. 對(duì)于僅含兩種元素、但多于兩個(gè)原子的化合物,加 “mono-”, “di-”, “tri-”等前綴很有必要 (1)mono-, (2)di-, (3)tri-, (4)tetra-, (5)penta-, (6)hex-, (7)hept-, (8)octa- Cl2O di-chlorine monoxide ClO chl
5、orine monoxide ClO2 chlorine dioxide ClO3 chlorine trioxide Cl2O7 di-chlorine heptoxide ClO4 chlorine tetroxide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vAnd “-ous”, “-ic” were also used to denote (表示) the lower and higher metallic state. 用“-ous”表示低價(jià)化合物,用“-ic” 表示高價(jià) 化合物 I. Nomenclature of inorganic com
6、pounds vCuI cuprous iodide CuI2 cupric iodide vFeBr2 ferrous bromide FeBr3 ferric bromide vSnCl2 stannous chloride SnCl4 stannic chloride vHNO3 nitric acid HNO2 nitrous acid I.Nomenclature of inorganic compounds The element symbols not from English symbolEnglishLatinsymbolEnglish Latin Cucoppercupru
7、mAugoldaurum SbautimonystibiumFeironferrum PbleadPlumbumAgSilverarrgentum HgmercuryhydrargyrumNaSodium Natrium Kpotassium kaliumSntinstannum I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 4. A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits(展現(xiàn)) only
8、 one oxidation state. 當(dāng)化合物中的金屬元素僅有一種價(jià)態(tài),通常很少 加前綴 ZnBr2 zinc bromide CaH2 calcium hydride Na2O sodium oxide Al2S3 aluminum sulfide I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds 5. Three elements present, such compounds are named by combining the suffix “-ate” with the name of the less electronegative of the
9、two nonmetallic elements. And “-ite”, “-ate” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state of the same electronegative element. 含三種元素的化合物是通過在兩種非金屬元素中電負(fù)性較弱的一 種之后加后綴“-ate” 來命名的。對(duì)于電負(fù)性相同的元素,用 “-ite”表示低價(jià)元素,用“-ate” 表示高價(jià)元素 NaNO3 sodium nitrate NaNO2 sodium nitrite I. Nomenclature of inorganic com
10、pounds vWhen there are more than two oxidation states of the electronegative element, prefix used. The prefix “hypo-” meaning “below”, is used in the name of the lowest oxidation state. The prefix “per-” meaning “highest”, is used when it is in the highest oxidation state. 當(dāng)電負(fù)性較低的元素有超過兩種價(jià)態(tài)時(shí),就使用前綴。 前
11、綴“hypo-” 表示“低于”,用于低價(jià)態(tài)之前;前 綴“per-” 表示“高于”,用于高價(jià)態(tài)之前 I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds FormulaOxidation state of less electronegative atom Name of salt KNO2+3Potassium nitrite KNO3+5Potassium nitrate RbSO3+4Rubidium sulfite RbSO4+6Rubidium sulfate CsClO+1Cesium hypochlorite CsClO2+5Cesium chlorite
12、CsClO3+5Cesium chlorate CsClO4+7Cesium perchlorate I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds vIn inorganic acid, “-ous”, “-ic” are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation state. 在無機(jī)酸中, “-ous”表示用于低價(jià)態(tài), “-ic”表 示用于高價(jià)態(tài) I. Nomenclature of inorganic compounds FormulaOxidation state of less electronegati
13、ve atom Name of saltFormula and name of corresponding acid KNO2+3Potassium nitriteH NO2 Nitrous acid KNO3+5Potassium nitrateH NO3 Nitric acid RbSO3+4Rubidium sulfiteH2 SO3 Sulfurous acid RbSO4+6Rubidium sulfateH2 SO4 Sulfuric acid CsClO+1Cesium hypochloriteHClO Hypochlorous acid CsClO2+5Cesium chlor
14、iteHClO2 chlorous acid CsClO3+5Cesium chlorateHClO3 chloric acid CsClO4+7Cesium perchlorateHClO4 perchloric acid II. Nomenclature of organic compounds (有機(jī)化合物的命 名) A.Nonfunctional Compounds (非功能性化合物) 1. Alkane(烷烴) Alkene (olefin)(烯 烴) Alkyne (炔烴) IUPAC names (systematic names) trivial names (popular
15、names) IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry vThe names of linear alkanes, alkenes and alkynes(線型烷烴、烯烴、炔烴的命名): vSuffix vMethane(甲烷) Icosane(二十烷) (C1 C20 alkanes) -ane vethene (乙烯) Icosene(二十烯) (give position of C=C)-ene v trivial name: ethylene(乙烯) propylene (丙烯) butylene(丁烯) vace
16、tylene (ethyne)(乙炔) Icosyne(二十炔) -yne v(give position of C=C) vMethane(甲烷) ethane(乙烷) propane (丙 烷) butane(丁烷) pentane(戊烷) hexane (己烷) heptane(庚烷) octane(辛烷) nonane(壬烷) decane(癸烷) undecane(十 一烷) dodecane(十二烷) tridecane(十三烷) vTetradecane(十四烷) pentadecane (十五烷) hexadecane(十六烷) heptadecane(十七烷) octadec
17、ane(十八烷) nonadecane(十九烷 ) icosane(二十烷) (C1-C20 alkanes) Common substituents(常見取代基): alkyl(烷基), alkenyl(烯基), alkynyl(炔基) groups: Alkyl omit(省略) the suffix “ane” and add “yl” to the end of the name 烷基省略后綴“ane” ,將“yl” 加在名稱之后 methyl(甲基) nonadecyl(十九基 ) icosyl(二十 基) Alkenyl omit the last letter “e” and a
18、dd “yl” to the end of the name 烯基省略最后一個(gè)字母“e” ,將“yl” 加在名稱之后 1-propenyl (丙烯基), 2-penten(五亞乙基六胺)-2-yl trivial names: vinyl(乙烯基), allyl (烯丙基) Alkynyl omit the last letter “e” and add “yl” to the end of the name 炔基省略最后一個(gè)字母“e” 并在名稱后加“yl” 1-propynyl(丙炔基), 1-pentynyl(戊炔) benzyl(芐基) phenyl(苯基) If the same al
19、kyl group appears more than once in a molecule (分子), it is indicated(表明) by the prefixes: (如果同樣的烷基在分子中出現(xiàn)超過一次,要通過前綴表明) For identical(完全相同的) simple groups: di-, tri-, tetra- (對(duì)于相同的簡單基團(tuán): di-, tri-, tetra- ) For identical complicated(復(fù)雜的) group: bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, bi-: biphenyl(聯(lián)苯), binu
20、clear-(雙核的) (對(duì)于完全相同的復(fù)雜集團(tuán):bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-, ) Branched-alkyl(支鏈烴) group: Impotant prefix: iso-(異), neo-(新), sec-(仲), tert-(叔) sec-, tert- used only for the butyl group sec-, tert-僅用于烴基 sec-butyl(仲丁基), tert-butyl (叔丁基) iso-, neo- used for both compounds and substituents(取代基). iso-, ne
21、o-可用于化合物和取代基 isobutyl(異丁基), isobutane(異丁烷), isohexyl(異己基), neopentyl(新戊基), neopentane(新戊烷) The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical(依字母順序 的) order in the systematic names(系統(tǒng)名稱) of organic compounds. Except the prefixes iso- and neo-, the other prefixes, such as di-, tri-, sec-, tert-
22、are not involved in alphabetical listing. 在有機(jī)化合物的系統(tǒng)命名中,取代基的名稱是按照字母順序給出的, 除了前綴iso- and neo-, 其他前綴,比如di-, tri-, sec-, tert- ,不包含在 依字母順序的列表中 Exercises: 2-methylpentane 2-甲基戊烷 2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane 2,2-二甲基-6-乙基壬烷 3-methyl-6-ethyloctane 3-甲基-6-乙基辛烷 4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane 3-甲基-4-仲丁基壬烷 4-propyl-5-
23、isopropyldecane 4-丙基-5-異丙基癸烷 3-propyl-1,3,5- hexatriene 3-丙基-1,3,5-己三烯 2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert- butyl)-octane 2-甲基-4,4-二異丁基辛烷 5-sec-butylnonane 5-(2-butyl)nonane 5-2-butylnonane 5-異丁基壬烷 (2Z,4E)-3-ethyl-2,4- hexadiene 順,反- 3-甲基-2,4-己二烯 4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne 3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene 3-乙炔基-1,5-己二烯 H3C
24、 C H C H C C2H5CH3 H 3-vinyl-4-propyl- 1,3-hexadiene-5-yne 3-乙烯基-4-丙基-1,3-己二烯-5-炔 v芐基 benzyc 苯基 phenyl vpara-p-對(duì)位 meta-m-間位 o-鄰位 vFe(NO3)3 ferric nitrate Fe(NO2)2 ferrous nitrite vNaOH sodium hydroxide vKCl potassium chloride vH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acid vBaI2 barium iodide vKClO potass
25、ium hypochlorite KClO2 potassium chlorite vKClO3 potassium chlorate KClO4 potassium perchlorate vCO2 carbon dioxide v實(shí)際中的變通:ethene-ethylene ethyne-acetylene 2. Monocyclic(單環(huán)的) compounds (單環(huán)化合物) cyclo + alkane(烷烴) cyclo + alkyl(烷基) cyclo + alkene(烯烴) cyclo + alkenyl (烯基) Cyclohexane(環(huán)己烷) Cyclohexene(
26、環(huán)己烯) Cyclopentylcyclohexane 環(huán)戊基環(huán)己烷 1,3 cyclohexdiene 1,3-環(huán)己二烯 H C2H5 CH3 H trans-1-ethyl- 4-methylcyclohexane 反-1-乙基-4-甲基環(huán)己烷 3-ethyl-1,4,5- trimethylcyclohexene 3-乙基-1,4,5-三甲基環(huán)己烯 2-methyl-5-cyclopentyl- heptane 2-乙基-5-環(huán)戊基庚烷 CH3 CH3 C2H5H3C Aromatic compounds(芳香族化合物) xylene(二甲苯) o, m, p- benzene(苯) C
27、H3toluene(甲苯) CH3 H3C mesitylene(1,3,5-三甲基苯) CHCH2 styrene(苯乙烯) Monosubstituted(單基取代的) benzenes: nitrobenzene(硝基苯) C2H5ethylbenzene(乙苯) Cl chlorobenzene(氯苯) NO2 aniline(苯胺) CN cyanobenzene(苯甲腈) OH phenol(苯酚) NH2 Multisubstituented aromatic compounds (多取代的芳香化合物) m-sec-butyl chlorobenzene 間仲丁基氯苯 HOOC
28、O CH3 HOOC HO Cl p-acetylbenzoic acid 對(duì)乙酰苯甲酸 o-hydroxybenzoic acid 鄰羥基苯甲酸 p-ethyltolene 對(duì)乙基甲苯 Br OCH3 C2H5 H3CC2H5 p-bromomethoxy benzene 對(duì)溴甲氧基苯 3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexene 3-乙基-4-苯基 環(huán)己烯 NH2 CH3 OH CN m-methylaniline 間甲基苯胺 O-cyanophenol 鄰氰基苯酚 CH3 CH3 o-xylene 鄰二甲苯 F F F F F F COOH COOH phthalic aci
29、d 鄰苯二甲酸 perfluorobenzene 六氟苯 II. Nomenclature(命名法) of organic compounds B. Functional compounds 1. Alkyl halides (鹵化物) 2-iodopropane 2-碘丙烷 isopropyl iodide 異丙基碘 (1) halo + the name of alkane (2) The name of alkyl group + halide halo: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo halide: fluoride, chloride, bromide, i
30、odide H3CC H CH3 I Br CH3 CH3-CH-CH2-CH-CH3 2-bromoisohexane 2-溴異己烷 Some special names for alkyl halides: CHX3 choroform 氯仿 bromoform溴仿 iodoform碘仿 CH2X2 methylene chloride 二氯甲烷 CX4 carbon tetrachloride 四氯化碳 X3C-CX3 perchloro ethane 2. Alcohols(醇) The name of alcohol are given by replacing the final
31、letter “e” of the name of alkane with the suffix “ol”. 醇的命名是將烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e變?yōu)楹缶Y“ol” 2-propanol 2-丙醇 Isopropanol 異丙醇 H3C CH CH3 OH 2-methyl-1,4- cyclohexanediol 2-甲基-1,4-環(huán)己二醇 HO CH3 OH OH 2-cyclopenten-1-ol 2-環(huán)戊烯-1-醇 3. Thiols (mercaptan 硫醇) the name of alkane + thiol O-mercaptotoluene 鄰巰基甲苯 H3C H2 C C
32、 H2 SH CH3 SH 1-propanethiol 1-丙硫醇 4. The salts of alcohols (ROM) 醇類的鹽 The name of cation(陽離子) + the name of R group + oxide(氧化物) ammonium cyclohexyl oxide 銨氧環(huán)己烷 H3C CH C H2 H2 C CH3 OK O-NH4+ potassium isopentyl oxide 鉀氧異戊烷 5. The salts of thiols (RSM) 硫醇的鹽 (1) The name of cation + the name of R gr
33、oup +sulfide (2) The name of cation + the name of thiol + ate lithium tert-butyl sulfide 叔丁基鋰硫 lithium tert-butanethiolate 叔丁基硫鋰 LiS C CH3 CH3 CH3 6. Ethers (R1-O-R2)(醚) (1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + ether (2) The name of small alkyloxy + the name of alkane C2H5 O C2H5 H3C CH2 CH CH3 O CH3 H
34、3C CH2O CH CH3 CH3 ethyl isopropyl ether 乙基異丙基醚 (di)ethyl ether 二乙醚 sec-butyl methyl ether 仲丁基甲醚 2-methoxybutane 2-甲氧基丁烷 crown ethers(冠醚) O O O O O O O OO O 12-crown-4 18-crown-6 7. Epoxides(環(huán)氧化合物) epoxy + the name of alkane CHCH O H 3C Cl CH CH O RR 1-chloro-1,2- epoxypropane 1-氯基-1,2-環(huán)氧丙烷 8. Sulfi
35、des R1-S-R2)(硫化物) (1) The name of R1 + the name of R2 + sulfide (2) The name of small alkylthio + the name of alkane sec-butyl methyl sulfide 仲丁基甲基硫醚 2-(methylthio)butane 2-甲硫基丁烷 H3C S CH H2 C CH3 CH3 In order to avoid the confusion of SR and CSOH groups in same cases, parenthesis(圓括號(hào)) must be corre
36、ctly used. 為了避免在某些情況下對(duì)于-SR和-CSOH基團(tuán) 的混淆,圓括號(hào)必須正確使用 p-ethyl(thiol)benzoic acid 對(duì)乙基(硫醇)苯甲酸 H3C H2 C S COOH H2CC OH S H3C p-(ethylthiol)benzoic acid 對(duì)乙硫醇苯甲酸 9. Amines(胺) RNH2 primary RRNH secondary RRRN tertiary For simple amines(胺類): the names of alkyl groups + amine N,N-dimethylpentanamine N,N,-二甲基戊胺 1
37、-dimethylaminopentane 1-二甲基戊胺 H3C H2 C CH CH3 NH2 HN H2 C C H2 C H2 Cl H2 C Cl H3C H2 C C H2 H2 C C H2 N CH3 CH3 2- butylamine 2-丁胺 bis(2-chloroethyl)amine 2(2-氯乙基)胺 cyclohexylammonium chloride 氯化環(huán)己銨 N CH3H3C CH3 CH3 + OH- NH3+Cl- tertramethylammonium hydroxide 四甲基氫氧化銨 For complicated(復(fù)雜的) amines: R
38、eplace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane + amine 代替烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e” + amine N-ethyl-3-methyl-2-pentanamine N-乙基-3-甲基-2-戊胺 H3C H2 C CH CH CH3 CH3 NH C2H5 OH CH3 N H C2H5 3-ethylamino-2- methylcyclohexanol 3-乙基胺-2-甲基環(huán)己醇 N-ethyl-2-methyl-3- hydroxycyclohexanamine N-乙基-2-甲基-3-氫氧化環(huán)己胺 10. Aldehydes(
39、醛) Replace the final letter “e” of alkane with “al” , or “carbaldehyde” 用“al”或“carbaldehyde”代替烷烴最后一個(gè)字母“e” for C1- C5 aldehydes: formaldehyde(甲醛) acetaldehyde(乙醛) propionaldehyde(丙醛) butyraldehyde(丁醛) Valeraldehyde(戊醛) H2C C C H2 H2 C C2H5 CHO 2-methylcyclohexane-carbaldehyde 2-甲基環(huán)己烷-甲醛 OHC H2 C CHO
40、CHO 4-ethyl-4-pentenal 4-乙基-4-戊烯醛 propanedial 丙二醛 CHO benzaldehyde 苯甲醛 OHC-CH2CH2CH2-CH-CH2-CHO CHO 1,2,5-pentanetricarbaldehyde 1,2,5-三甲醛戊烷 3-formyl(甲?;﹉eptanedial 3-甲?;?11. ketones(酮) uReplace the final letter “e” in the name of alkane with “-one”. u用“-one”代替烷烴最后一個(gè)字母“e” uWrite the names of the
41、 groups R and R, followed by the word “ketone”. u寫出基團(tuán)R和R的名稱,后接“ketone” 4-methyl-4-hexen-2-one 4-甲基-4-乙烯基-2-酮 H3C H2 C C H2 C CH3 O H3C C H2 C C H CH3 O CH3 3-pentanone 3-戊酮 3-phenylcyclopentanone 3-苯基環(huán)戊酮 O O H3C O O 1,3-cyclopentanedione 1,3-環(huán)戊二酮 Acetophenone 乙酰苯 methyl phenyl ketone 甲基苯基酮 12. Carbo
42、xylic acids(羧酸) vReplace the final letter “e” in the name of the hydrocarbon with “-(o)ic acid” or “carboxylic acid”. v用“-(o)ic acid”或“carboxylic acid”代替碳?xì)浠衔镏械?最后一個(gè)字母“e” vTrivial names(俗名) for acids containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formic acid(甲酸) acetic acid(乙酸) propionic acid(丙酸)butyric acid(丁酸) val
43、eric acid (戊酸) 2-isohexenoic acid 2-異己烯酸H3C CH C H CH3 H C COOH HC C H2 C COOH CH3CH2CH2COOH butanoic acid 丁酸 butyric acid 3-butynoic acid 3-丁炔酸 13. Amides(酰胺) vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “amide” or carboxyamide to the end of the name. v省略烷烴中的最后一個(gè)字母“e”,然
44、后在名稱的最后加后綴“amide” 或carboxyamide u Trivial names for amides containing C1C5 carbon atoms: formamide(甲酰胺)acetamide(乙酰胺) propionamide(丙酰胺) butyramide(丁酰胺) valeramide(戊酰胺) C N O CH3 CH3 H N,N-dimethylformamide N,N-二甲基甲酰胺 CH3CH2CH2C-NH2 O butanamide 丁酰胺 CH2=CH-CH-CH=CH-C-NHCH2-CH3 CH3 O N-ethyl-4-methyl-
45、 2,5-hexadienamide N-乙基-4-甲基-2,5-己二烯酰胺 C NH2 O cyclopropanecarboxamide 環(huán)丙基甲酰胺 14. Ester(酯) vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the suffix “(o)ate” or “carboxylate” to the end of the name. v省略烷烴的最后一個(gè)字母“e”,然后在名稱的最后加后綴 “(o)ate”或“carboxylate” isopropylbenzoate 苯甲酸異丙酯 H3C H2 C
46、C H2 C O H2 C CH3 O C O CH CH3 CH3 O ethylbutanoate 丁酸乙酯 ethyl cyclopentanecarboxylate 環(huán)戊酸乙酯 CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-C-O CH3O cyclopentyl 4-methylpentanoate 4-甲基丁酸環(huán)戊酯 C O C2H5 O H3C C-O-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 OCH3 (2-methyl) 3-methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate 3-甲基環(huán)己酸(2-甲基)丁酯 15. The salts of acids 羧酸鹽 The name of catio
47、n(陽離子) + alkane + “-(o)ate” or “carboxylate”. lithium cyclopentanecarboxylate 環(huán)戊酸鋰 COOLi H3C CH C H2 CH3 H2 C COOK CH3C-ONa O sodium acetate 乙酸鈉 potassium isohexanoate 異丁酸鉀 16. Carboxylic anhydrides酸酐 vThe name(s) of the acid(s) + “(o)ic” anhydride butyric propionic anhydride 丁酸丙酸酐 butanoic propanoi
48、c anhydride CH3-CH2-CH2 C O C CH2CH2CH3 OO C3H7 C O C C2H5 OO butyric anhydride 丁酸酐 butanoic anhydride benzoic anhydride 苯甲酸酐 C O C OO C O C OO cyclohexanecarboxylic anhydride 環(huán)己甲酸酐 O O O butanedioic anhydride 丁二酸酐 17. Acyl halides酰氯 vOmit the final letter “e” in the name of alkane, and then add the
49、 suffix “oyl halide” to the end of the name. v省略烷烴的最后一個(gè)字母“e”,然后在名稱的最后加后綴“oyl halide” butanoyl chloride 丁酰氯 H3C H2 C C H2 C Cl O C F O benzoyl fluoride 苯甲酰氟 H3C H C C H H2 CO Br 3-pentenoyl bromide 3-戊烯酰溴 18. Nitriles(腈) vAdd the suffix “(o)nitrile” or “carbonitrile to the end of the name of the hydr
50、ocarbon. v在碳?xì)浠衔镒詈蠹雍缶Y“(o)nitrile”或“carbonitrile vTrivial names of nitriles containing C1C5 carbon atoms: hydrocyanic acid (氫氰酸) acetonitrile propiononitrile butyronitrile(丁腈) valeronitrile(戊腈) 1,3,5-hexanetricarbonnitrile 1,3,5-tricyanohexane 1,3,5-己腈 H3C CC CH2CN CN H3C CH C H2 CH C H2 CH2 CNCNCN 3-pentynenitrile 3-丁炔腈 cyclopentanecarbonitrile 環(huán)戊腈 19. Lactones and lactams(內(nèi)酯和內(nèi)酰胺) vAdd the suffix “(o)lactone” or “(o)lactam” to the end of the name of the hydrocarbon. v在碳?xì)浠衔锩Q的最后加后綴“(o)lactone”或“(o)lactam” 4
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