專題15 動詞和動詞短語（解析版）

1、巔峰沖刺江蘇省2020年高考英語一輪考點(diǎn)掃描專題15 動詞和動詞短語1、 【知識精講】（一）動詞辨析1. destroy/harm/hurt/injure/break/damage/ruin/spoilDestroy：多指徹底地、毀滅性地毀壞,含導(dǎo)致無用、不能或很難再修復(fù)的意味。Harm：多指帶來悲痛、產(chǎn)生惡果的傷害,可以是肉體上的、也可以是精神上的。Hurt：側(cè)重指給有生命的東西造成的機(jī)體上、精神、感情上的或輕或重的傷害。Injure：既可指傷害別人的健康、外貌、自尊心、名譽(yù)等,又可指使別人受傷或使東西受損,含有受傷害部分至少暫時喪失效用的意味。Break：毀壞、摔壞,指某物因被打破或撕破而

2、受到毀壞,可指有形或無形的毀壞。Damage：多指對無生命物體的損害,造成降低價值、毀壞效用等后果。Ruin：多指因外部原因而受到嚴(yán)重毀壞或毀滅,側(cè)重毀壞的徹底性。Spoil：強(qiáng)調(diào)不僅會削弱力量、精力或價值,而且會導(dǎo)致不可避免的毀壞。2. get/win/earn/gain/obtain/acquire/secureGet：普通用詞,可指以任何方式得到某物。Win：主要指通過努力、斗爭、比賽等獲得勝利。Earn：側(cè)重指依靠自己的勞動或通過付出代價而獲得。Gain：側(cè)重指經(jīng)過努力而取得某種成就或獲得某種利益或好處。Obtain：正式用詞,著重指通過巨大努力而得到盼望已久的東西。Acquire：書

3、面用詞,強(qiáng)調(diào)通過不斷的努力或日積月累漸漸地獲得。Secure：弄到、獲得安全,強(qiáng)調(diào)要付出代價才能獲得所渴望的東西。3. arise/rise/raiseArise：書面用詞,不及物動詞,多用于比喻中的“出現(xiàn),上升,起立”。Rise：普通用詞,不及物動詞,指具體的或抽象的事物由低向高移動。Raise：常用詞,及物動詞,多指把某物從低處升到高處,有時作引申義。4. clean/clear/dust/wipe/mop/sweep/smooth/washClean：常用詞,指將某物或某處的污物等清除掉、弄干凈。 Clear：指清除不要的東西。Dust：指將積落在物體表面的塵土抹去、撣掉或擦去以保持干凈

4、。Wipe：多指用布、紙等把東西擦凈,也指擦掉某物。Mop：側(cè)重指用拖把擦洗地板,有時也指擦干凈或擦去。Sweep：指用掃帚等進(jìn)行清掃。Smooth：使光滑；消除(問題等)；緩和；側(cè)重順滑、平順之意。Wash：洗滌；洗澡；耐洗；洗刷；沖刷。5. travel/head/rush/dash/march/pace/steal/slide/slip/storm/pour/cover/parade/wanderTravel:從一個地方行進(jìn)到另一個地方,特別是遠(yuǎn)距離的行進(jìn)或旅行。Head：朝(某方向)行進(jìn),其后常接for, towards等介詞。Rush/dash：迅速移動,急速行進(jìn)。March：快速齊

5、步行進(jìn)；游行示威。Pace：(因緊張、焦慮或擔(dān)憂等)來回踱步,走來走去。Steal：偷偷地(或悄悄地)移動。Slide：(使)快捷而悄聲地移動。 Slip：溜,悄悄疾行。Storm：氣呼呼地疾走,沖,闖。Pour(flood, crowd)in/out：大批涌入/涌出。Cover：行走(一段路程)。Parade：(士兵)列隊行進(jìn),接受檢閱。Wander：漫游,閑逛。6. strike/hit/beatStrike：指猛烈地撞擊、碰撞。Hit：側(cè)重指“擊中”,用勁打、擊,有時也指“打一下”。Beat：側(cè)重指連續(xù)地打、擊,也可指(在競爭或比賽中)贏,打敗(對方)。7. glance/stare/g

6、lare/overlookGlance：意為“匆匆一看,瞥一眼”,其后要接at,down,over等介詞才能接賓語。Stare：意為“凝視”,尤指吃驚或害怕地盯著看、凝視、注視,其后要接介詞at后才能接賓語。Glare：意為“怒目而視”,其后要接介詞at后才能接賓語。Overlook：意為“俯視,眺望”。（二）動詞短語辨析1. break短語break away from 脫離,背叛 break up 結(jié)束；散開,解散 break down 出故障,壞掉,垮掉,使分解break into 闖入,破門而入 break (sth.) off (使某物)折斷,中斷break out (戰(zhàn)爭、火災(zāi))突

7、然發(fā)生,爆發(fā)break in 打斷,打擾；強(qiáng)行進(jìn)入 break through 突破,戰(zhàn)勝2. bring短語bring about 引起,導(dǎo)致 bring.back to life使蘇醒 bring down 使降低,減少bring in 引進(jìn)(技術(shù)),賺錢,帶來(收入) bring out 使顯出,出版 bring up 撫養(yǎng),養(yǎng)育 bring forth 生產(chǎn),產(chǎn)出 bring on 使發(fā)展,導(dǎo)致 bring forward 提議,將(日期或時間)提前 bring through 使脫離險境,使渡過難關(guān)3. call短語call for 需要 call in 請來,召集 call off

8、 取消 call on/upon 號召 call out 大聲呼喊,叫喊 call up 給打電話,使想起4. come短語come about 發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生 come across 偶然遇到 come at 撲向 come into being 形成,產(chǎn)生 come off 成功come on 過來,加油,來吧,趕快 come to達(dá)到,共計 come to oneself 蘇醒過來,恢復(fù)知覺 come to light 顯露,為人所知 come true 變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實 come to/into power 當(dāng)權(quán),上臺 come up with 提出,想出(主意) come out 出現(xiàn),開花,出

9、版 come over 順便來訪,過來 come in 進(jìn)來,流行 come up 破土而出,上升,發(fā)生5. cut短語cut away 切除,剪去 cut down 砍倒,砍下,削減 cut in 插嘴,加塞,插入 cut in line 插隊 cut off 切斷(線路),中斷(提供) cut up 切碎,剪碎,剁碎 o halves 把切成兩半 cut out 剪下來6. get短語get away from 逃脫,逃離 get close to 接近 get down on ones knees 跪下 get down to (doing) sth. 開始(做)某事 ge

10、t it 理解,懂得 get through 接通(電話),完成,通過 get.across to sb. 使得被某人理解 get/be stuck 陷進(jìn)去,被困住 get along (with) (與某人)和睦相處,進(jìn)步 get on 進(jìn)展,獲得成功7. give短語give away 贈送,泄露 give out 用完,耗盡,分發(fā) give in 屈服,讓步,投降 give off 發(fā)出(煙、氣味) give up 放棄 give back 歸還 give birth to 生孩子,生產(chǎn),造成 give sb. a hand 給予某人幫助8. go短語go ahead 進(jìn)行；先走 go

11、against 違反,違背 go on diet 在節(jié)食 go through 經(jīng)受,瀏覽 go wrong 出毛病go by 流逝；遵循 go Dutch 各付各的賬,平攤費(fèi)用 go without沒有也行 go over 仔細(xì)檢查 go on 繼續(xù)9. hold短語hold ones breath 屏住呼吸 hold back 退縮,控制住 hold on 等一等,不要掛電話 hold on to 抓住,保住hold out 伸出,堅持,維持 hold up 耽擱,延誤,舉起10. keep短語keep an eye on 留心,注意 keep fit 保持健康 keep up 繼續(xù),保持

12、,使(情緒等)不低落 keep a record/records 保持記錄 keep.in mind記住 keep (on) doing sth. 繼續(xù)不停地做某事 keep away from 避開,別靠近 keep back 隱瞞,抑制 keep off 使不接近；回避某話題 keep up with sth. 熟悉,了解；繼續(xù)做11. look短語look ahead 向前看,展望未來 look back on 回顧,回憶 look around 環(huán)顧四周 look up 查找,查閱look into 往里面看；調(diào)查,研究 look (right) into sb.s eyes 直視 l

13、ook out for 警惕,留心 look down on/upon 瞧不起,輕視 look through 看透,仔細(xì)查看 look up to 敬仰,尊重12. make短語make out 理解,弄清楚 make up 化妝,和解,編造,組成 make up for 彌補(bǔ),補(bǔ)償 make a commitment 承諾,保證 make a contribution to 為做出貢獻(xiàn) make a fool of sb.fool sb. 愚弄某人 make a/no difference (沒)有關(guān)系/影響 make it (事業(yè)上)獲得成功 make comments on/upon

14、(對)發(fā)表評論 make (both) ends meet 使收支相抵 make sense 有意義,有道理,講得通 make sense of 弄懂的意思13. put短語put away 收起來,儲存 put down 平息,鎮(zhèn)壓,記下 put off 延期 put on (戲)上演,播放(唱片),穿上put an end to 結(jié)束 put ones heart into 全神貫注于 put out 撲滅 put up with 忍受,容忍14. set短語set about (doing) 著手,開始 set aside 留出,擱/放在一邊 set out to do 開始做,著手做

15、set a (good) example to 為樹立榜樣 set sail for 啟航去 set foot on/in 踏上,到達(dá),進(jìn)入 set fire to sth.set sth. on fire 縱火,放火燒 set down 寫下,記下,制定15. take短語take after 與相像 take in 吸收,理解,上當(dāng) take for. 當(dāng)作,誤以為是 take on 呈現(xiàn) take up 開始做,占用(時間或空間) take off 起飛,脫下,突然大受歡迎 take over 接管,占上風(fēng) take to 開始喜歡,養(yǎng)成的習(xí)慣 take.by surprise 對突然襲

16、擊 take.for example 以為例 take responsibility for對負(fù)起責(zé)任 take turns to do sth./in doing sth. 輪流做某事 o consideration 顧及,考慮到 take pride in 對感到自豪16. turn短語turn against 轉(zhuǎn)而反對,背叛 turn out 結(jié)果是,生產(chǎn) turn to 轉(zhuǎn)向,向求助,查閱 turn in 上交,提交turn over 翻身,翻轉(zhuǎn) turn around/round 轉(zhuǎn)身,轉(zhuǎn)過來 turn up 把音量調(diào)高,出現(xiàn) turn down 調(diào)低,拒絕2、 【典

17、例精練】1. Developing the Yangtze River Economic Belt is a systematic project which _(calls for/calls on/calls off/calls up) a clear road map and timetable.【參考答案】calls for【解析】句意：發(fā)展長江經(jīng)濟(jì)帶是一項系統(tǒng)工程,需要一個清晰的路線圖和時間表。call for意為“需要”,符合語境。call on 拜訪,號召；call off取消；call up給打電話,使回憶起。2. At first Robert wouldnt let his

18、 daughter go diving, but eventually he _(gave in/dressed up/broke in/turned up) as she was so confident about her skills.【參考答案】gave in【解析】句意：起初,羅伯特不讓他的女兒去潛水,但最終他讓步了,因為她對自己的技術(shù)很自信。give in意為“屈服,讓步”,符合語境。dress up打扮,裝飾；break in破門而入,打斷；turn up出現(xiàn),調(diào)高(音量等)。3. Working with the medical team in Africa has _(hel

19、d out/brought out/picked out/given out) the best in her as a doctor. 【參考答案】brought out【解析】句意：在非洲與醫(yī)療隊的合作使她作為一名醫(yī)生的最佳素質(zhì)彰顯了出來。bring out意為“使顯現(xiàn),使表現(xiàn)出”,符合句意。hold out伸出手(或胳膊),維持,堅持；pick out挑選出,辨認(rèn)出；give out分發(fā)。4. Parents should actively urge their children to _(gain admission to/keep track of/ take advantage o

20、f /give rise to) the opportunity to join sports teams.【參考答案】take advantage of【解析】句意：父母應(yīng)該積極要求他們的孩子利用加入運(yùn)動隊的機(jī)會。take advantage of意為“利用”,符合語境。gain admission to獲準(zhǔn)的許可；keep track of記錄,與保持聯(lián)系；give rise to引起,導(dǎo)致。5. Many businesses started up by college students have _(fallen off/taken off/ turned off/left off)

21、thanks to the comfortable climate for business creation.【參考答案】taken off【解析】句意：很多大學(xué)生的創(chuàng)業(yè)項目獲得成功是因為有良好的創(chuàng)業(yè)環(huán)境。take off意為“(計劃、想法等)開始獲得成功”,符合語境。fall off減少,下降；turn off關(guān)閉；leave off停止,中斷。6. Mary was silent during the early part of the discussion but finally she _ (gave voice to/kept an eye on/ turned a deaf ea

22、r of/set foot on) her opinion on the subject.【參考答案】gave voice to【解析】句意：瑪麗在討論前期是保持沉默的,但是最后說出了自己對于這個問題的看法。give voice to意為 “表露心聲”,符合句意。keep an eye on注意,照看；turn a deaf ear of 對充耳不聞；set foot on踏上。7. When their children lived far away from them, these old people felt _(carried away/broken down /cut off/brought up) from the world.【參考答案】cut off【解析】句意：當(dāng)孩子們遠(yuǎn)離他們生活的時候,這些老人感到他們與世隔絕了。cut off意為“隔絕,切斷”,符合語境。carry away帶走,奪走；b