自考英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法(洛基英語(yǔ)提供)

1、每天前20名注冊(cè)可獲免費(fèi)名師輔導(dǎo) 學(xué)英語(yǔ)記詞匯練口語(yǔ)真人一對(duì)一教學(xué) 搶注網(wǎng)址： Text AWhat Is a Decision ?I.課文內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介決策的目的是制定和實(shí)現(xiàn)組織目標(biāo)。作決策的原因是有問(wèn)題存在、目標(biāo)和目的不正確、或者有某種東西防礙目標(biāo)或目的的實(shí)現(xiàn)。作決策的過(guò)程對(duì)管理人員來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要。決策者必須具備從多個(gè)可供選擇的可能性中確定最佳選擇的手段。而多種目標(biāo)的順序和重要性也部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。今天所作的決策可能會(huì)對(duì)將來(lái)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響。因此，有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的管理者能從當(dāng)前決策看到將來(lái)的效果。段落大意：課文分成三部分第一、二段：決策的定義 The definition of decision第三

2、、四段：作決策的一般過(guò)程 The general process of making a decision第五至九段：在管理層次上，多種因素影響決策的制定 Various factors influencing decision making at the managerial levelII.New Wordsorganizational a. 組織上的goal n. 目的，目標(biāo)objective n./a. 目標(biāo)，目的/客觀的，真實(shí)的accomplish vt. 完成（任務(wù)等）predict vt./vi. 預(yù)言；預(yù)示accompany vt. 伴隨，陪同implement vt. 實(shí)現(xiàn)；

3、完成constraint n. 強(qiáng)制；強(qiáng)制因素precedent n. 先例，前例simplify vt. 簡(jiǎn)化tendency n. 趨勢(shì)，傾向managerial a. 經(jīng)理的，管理人的maker n. 制造者；制造商achievement n. 完成，達(dá)到attain vt. 達(dá)到；完成optimal a. 最適宜的，最理想的suboptimization n. 局部最優(yōu)化trade-off n. 權(quán)衡；物物交換argue vt./vi. 爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論budget n./vt. 預(yù)算scheme n./vt.把 編入預(yù)算define vt. 解釋，給下定義 multiple a./n.多樣

4、的，復(fù)合的/倍數(shù)profitability n. 賺錢，獲利correctness n. 正確，正確性u(píng)nintended a. 非計(jì)劃中的，非故意的ongoing a. 進(jìn)行中的，非故意的entity n. 存在，實(shí)體skilled a. 熟練的；有技能的in the way 擋路、礙事to make a guess at 猜測(cè)and the like 等等，諸如此類to seek to 追求，爭(zhēng)取in part 部分地，在某種程度上point of view 觀點(diǎn)詞匯精講1.goal n. 目標(biāo)，進(jìn)球，球門 （ 同義詞：aim ,end , purpose，objective）Her go

5、al is a place at university . 她的目標(biāo)是在大學(xué)任教。2.objective : n./a. 目的；目標(biāo)（尤指較長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的目標(biāo)）；宗旨/客觀的，如實(shí)的派生詞：object n. 物體 反義詞：subjective n./a. 主語(yǔ)；主觀事物；/ 主觀的， 用法： Her objective is to get a college education. 她的目標(biāo)是接受大學(xué)教育。If you dont work hard, youll never achieve your objectives. 假如你不努力工作，你將永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。Achieve表示較難達(dá)到的目標(biāo)。It

6、is an objective report. 這是一篇如實(shí)的報(bào)道。3.accomplish v. 完成（任務(wù)）等The students accomplished the task in less than ten minutes .學(xué)生們?cè)诓坏?0分鐘內(nèi)完成了任務(wù)。4.predict : v 預(yù)言，預(yù)示, 預(yù)告同義詞：forecast v. 預(yù)測(cè)，預(yù)報(bào)Its hard to predict when it will happen . 很難預(yù)見(jiàn)這件事何時(shí)發(fā)生。5.accompany : v. 伴隨，陪同 The lonely old man is accompanied by his dog

7、. 這位孤獨(dú)的老人讓他的狗做伴。 All orders must be accompanied with cash. 所有的訂貨單必須隨付現(xiàn)金。派生詞： company n. 公司; v. 陪伴6.implement v. 實(shí)現(xiàn)，實(shí)施，履行（諾言）等The committees suggestions will be implemented immediately. 委員會(huì)的意見(jiàn)將立即貫徹執(zhí)行。The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year。對(duì)全國(guó)醫(yī)療體系的改革將在明年進(jìn)行。7.constraint

8、 n. 限制, 約束They told the truth but only under constraint. Constraint on the rules of grammer他們說(shuō)了實(shí)話但是有所保留(是被迫的)。 語(yǔ)法規(guī)則的限制（約束）8.tendency : n. 趨勢(shì)，傾向There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.人們?cè)诩依锒皇窃谵k公室里工作的趨勢(shì)日益增長(zhǎng)。 派生詞：tend v. 趨向，傾向 用法：tend to do sth. He tends to get ang

9、ry when people disagree with him . 當(dāng)人們不同意他的意見(jiàn)時(shí)，他很容易生氣。9.achievement n. 完成，成就，An Olympic silver medal is a remarkable achievement for one so young .對(duì)一個(gè)如此年輕的人來(lái)說(shuō)，獲得奧運(yùn)會(huì)銀牌是個(gè)了不起的成就。派生詞：achieve v. 完成，做到，達(dá)到（目的），實(shí)現(xiàn)，獲得He will never achieve his objectives if he doesnt work hard .如果他不努力，將會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)達(dá)不到目的。10.attain : v.

10、 達(dá)到；獲得 （長(zhǎng)期努力后而獲得）同義詞：obtain, get用法： She has made up her mind to attain her goal in life. 她下定決心要達(dá)到生活中的目標(biāo)。The apple tree has attained to a great height. 蘋果樹已長(zhǎng)得很高了。11.optimal adj 最佳的The sailors are waiting for optimal weather conditions before taking off .船員們正在等待出航的最佳天氣條件。12.argue : vt./vi. 爭(zhēng)辯，爭(zhēng)論，辯論用法：

11、作不及物動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，后邊可以接with, about 或over(就爭(zhēng)論)，for (贊成)或against (反對(duì)) She is always ready to argue over the smallest issues. 她總喜歡為極小的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行爭(zhēng)論。 He often argues philosophy with James. 他常和詹姆斯討論哲學(xué)。He argued for immediate action . 他主張立即行動(dòng)。They argued against such a policy. 他們反對(duì)這種政策。作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，表示”說(shuō)服、用辯論證明“的意思I argued him

12、out going on such a dangerous journey. 我說(shuō)服他不做這樣危險(xiǎn)的旅行。 He argued that man was descended from apes. 他論證人類的祖先是猿。13.scheme n 計(jì)劃 方案He has got a crazy scheme for getting rich before he is 20 .他制定了一個(gè)在20歲之前發(fā)財(cái)?shù)寞偪裼?jì)劃。14.multiple adj 多樣的 復(fù)合的What the person does next is the result of the multiple influences to w

13、hich they have been exposed . 一個(gè)人下一步會(huì)做什么是他受到的多種影響的結(jié)果。15.ongoing adj 進(jìn)行中的，前進(jìn)的No agreement has yet been reached and the negotiations one still ongoing .目前還沒(méi)有達(dá)成任何協(xié)議，談判仍在進(jìn)行。16.entity n 存在 實(shí)體He regarded the north of the country as a separate cultural entity .他把這個(gè)國(guó)家的北方看成一個(gè)單獨(dú)的文化實(shí)體。17.skilled adj 熟練的,有技能的My

14、 mother is very skilled at /in dress-making .我母親非常擅長(zhǎng)做衣服。Phrases and Expressions1.(stand, get, be ) in the way 礙事 ,擋道的；妨礙人的If you are not going to help, at least dont get in the way! 如果你不愿幫忙，至少別妨礙人家。 The chair is in the way, please move it away. 這把椅子擋著路，請(qǐng)把它移開。相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：in a way 在某種程度上；在某些方面； 從某一點(diǎn)上看in no w

15、ay 決不；一點(diǎn)也不；in the way of 按照； 就. 而言by way of 取道，經(jīng)由by the way 順便問(wèn)一下2.to make a guess at 猜測(cè)You might have been able to make a guess at who she was. 你本來(lái)能夠猜到她是誰(shuí)。Can you make a guess at the price ? 你猜得出價(jià)錢嗎？3.to seek to（inf） 尋求,爭(zhēng)取Power stations are seeking to reduce their use of oil .發(fā)電站正在設(shè)法減少石油的使用4.in par

16、t : 部分地；有些部分；在某種程度上This was in part due to financial difficulties. 部分是由于財(cái)政困難。The responsibility was in part because of me. 部分責(zé)任在我。5.point of view 視點(diǎn)，視角The book looks at college life from a students point of view.這本書從一個(gè)學(xué)生的視角來(lái)看大學(xué)生活。 6.to vary from to 從到不同，因 而異Salary scales vary from state to state.工資級(jí)

17、別因州而異。7.contribute to 把 貢獻(xiàn)給.Well contribute ourselves to this career after we graduate . 我們畢業(yè)后將為此事業(yè)作貢獻(xiàn)。contribute to 導(dǎo)致 Smoking is the main factor contributing to lung cancer. 吸煙是導(dǎo)致肺癌的主要因素。8.be beneficial to 對(duì) 有利Jogging is beneficial to our health. 慢跑有利于我們的健康。Reciting passages is beneficial to impro

18、ving oral English. 朗讀（背誦）短文段落對(duì)提高英語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)有利。III.課文精講第一部分Para.1A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available. The purpose of making a decision is to establish and achieve organizational goals and objectives. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exist

19、s, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them.1.made from among alternative courses of action 是過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)courses of action 行動(dòng)方針that are available 是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾概念短語(yǔ)”行動(dòng)方針“2.The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong,

20、 or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. 此句是由that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句，表語(yǔ)從句由a problem exist; goals of objectives are wrong; 及something is standing in the way of accomplishing them三個(gè)并列句構(gòu)成。The reason for is that 是一個(gè)常用的句子。例： The reason for canceling the travel is thatthey lack of money. 取消旅行的原因是他們

21、手頭缺錢。 The reason why 是另外一個(gè)常用的句子。例：There are 3 reasons why they are unwilling to discuss insurance .他們不愿意談?wù)摫ｋU(xiǎn)的原因有三個(gè)。Para.2Thus the decision-making process is fundamental to management. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, indeed, some suggest that the management process is decision ma

22、king. Although managers cannot predict the future, many of their decisions require that they consider possible future events. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies dec

23、isions. Sometimes the consequences of a poor decision are slight; at other times they are serious.3.a manager does是省略that的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞everything當(dāng)先行詞為everything, something, anything, nothing等不定代詞時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句引導(dǎo)詞不可用which, 此句的后半部分 some suggest that . 是賓語(yǔ)從句suggest v. 認(rèn)為，提出，建議（其后的賓語(yǔ)從句多用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣）4.although conj.”雖然，盡管

24、“引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句例如：Although my car is very old,it still runs very well .雖然我的汽車很舊，但是仍然跑得很好。require vt. 要求，需要 后邊由that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句5.Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions.

25、make a best guess at 作出最佳猜測(cè)，at 表示動(dòng)作或行為的方向和目標(biāo)，如：look at (看) ，aim at (瞄準(zhǔn)，目的是)，throw (a stone) at (向擲石頭)，shoot at (射擊)，laugh at （嘲笑）本句中what the future will be 是一個(gè)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句，（作介詞at 的賓語(yǔ)）；to leave sth. to chance ”憑運(yùn)氣，聽任命運(yùn)的安排，聽其自然發(fā)展“”as + 形容詞（或副詞）+ as possible“意思是”盡可能地; 盡量“。as little as possible 盡可能少I tried to

26、 be as friendly as possible. 我盡量地表示友好。Come as quickly as possible. 盡快來(lái)。since uncertainty is always there 是一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。 risk accompanies decisions .風(fēng)險(xiǎn)伴隨著決策6.sometimes at other times 有時(shí) ，而有時(shí)則 a poor decision 一個(gè)不良決策第二部分Para.3Choice is the opportunity to select among alternatives. If there is no choice, th

27、ere is no decision to be made. Decision making is the process of choosing, and many decisions have a broad range of choice. For example, a student may be able to choose among a number of different courses in order to implement the decision to obtain a college degree. For managers, every decision has

28、 constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. These constraints exist at all levels of the organization. 7.”選擇“三個(gè)詞的區(qū)別：alternative adj.兩者或多于兩者選一個(gè)，供選擇的,n.替代物choice 選自己喜歡的，挑出，選出select 選出最好的，篩選、精選8.由 if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句， 主句中的不定式被動(dòng)態(tài) to be made作定語(yǔ), 修飾decision9.range n. 范圍 a broad ra

29、nge of choice 一個(gè)很廣的選擇范圍10.For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. 本句中based on 是一個(gè)過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)修飾constraints. be based on 表示建立在基礎(chǔ)上 例：The book is based on a true story. 這本書是以一個(gè)真實(shí)的故事為依據(jù)的。 He was the first to draw a map that was based on all

30、available knowledge, rather than guess or imagination. 他第一個(gè)畫出以當(dāng)時(shí)所有的知識(shí)為基礎(chǔ)的地圖，而不是基于猜測(cè)和想象。and the like 意思是“等等 （之類的東西）”。例：He studied painting, music, English and the like. 他學(xué)習(xí)了繪畫、音樂(lè)、英語(yǔ)等等。11.at all levels “在各個(gè)層次”Para.4Alternatives are the possible courses of action from which choices can be made. If ther

31、e are no alternatives, there is no choice and, therefore, no decision. If no alternatives are seen, often it means that a thorough job of examining the problems has not been done. For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion; this is their way of simplifying complex problem

32、s. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives.12.from which 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾 courses of action 行動(dòng)方針13.a thorough job of examining 一個(gè)徹底的考察工作 a thorough job是主語(yǔ)，of examining the problems 修飾job，has not been done是句子的謂語(yǔ)。thorough a. 徹底的through prep. 通過(guò)，穿過(guò)though conj. 雖然，盡管 （ 同although ）thought

33、 n. 思想14.For example, managers sometimes treat problems in an either/or fashion : either /or 意思是“非此即彼；二者擇一”。例:We fight, or we dont - its an either/or decision. 我們戰(zhàn)斗或不戰(zhàn)斗-這是二者擇一的決定。第三部分Para.5At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the ra

34、nge is from highly limited to practically unlimited.15.At the managerial level, decision making includes limiting alternatives as well as identifying them, and the range is from highly limited to practically unlimited.在as well as 結(jié)構(gòu)中，強(qiáng)調(diào)前者 limiting alternatives ，不強(qiáng)調(diào)后者譯為：作決策包括限定選擇和識(shí)別選擇，或者譯成：不僅包括識(shí)別選擇還要

35、包括限定選擇（除了包括識(shí)別選擇外還有限定選擇） practically ad. 實(shí)際上，事實(shí)上（在口語(yǔ)中譯為，幾乎，簡(jiǎn)直）在本文中是幾乎的意思。例如：幾乎是不可能practically impossiblePara.6Decision makers must have some way of determining which of several alternatives is best - that is, which contributes the most to the achievement of organizational goals. An organizational goa

36、l is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. Frequently, departments or units within an organization make decisions that

37、are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization. Called suboptimization, this is a trade-off that increases the advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function. For example, the marketing manager may argue effectiv

38、ely for an increased advertising budget. In the larger scheme of things, however, increased funding for research to improve the products might be more beneficial to the organization.16.An organizational goal is an end or a state of affairs the organization seeks to reach.一個(gè)省略that或which的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾a stat

39、e of affairs 事物的狀態(tài)，事態(tài)to seek to do sth. 追求，爭(zhēng)取，尋求，設(shè)法(去做某事)17.Because individuals frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. 本句中，because 引導(dǎo)了原因狀語(yǔ)從句；在主句中，who makes the decision 是作depend on 的介詞賓語(yǔ)從句。18.Frequently, departments or uni

40、ts within an organization make decisions that are good for them individually but that are less than optimal for the larger organization.兩個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的都是定語(yǔ)從句，修飾decisionsless than 在此做狀語(yǔ)，表示否定的含義, less than optimal 不太理想例如：This job is less than perfect. 這份工作不十分理想（完美）。19.this is a trade-off that increases the

41、advantages to one unit or function but decreases the advantages to another unit or function.that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾trade-off 權(quán)衡increases 和 decreases 是定語(yǔ)從句的并列謂語(yǔ)Para.7These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously. Some of these objectives are more impo

42、rtant than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. Different managers define the same problem in differentterms. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production

43、 problems, and so on.20.These trade-offs occur because there are many objectives that organizations wish to attain simultaneously.Because 引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句中,有一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾many objectives 21.Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary form per

44、son to person and from department to department. vary from to 表示各不相同的意思。例:The percentage varies from person to person. (稅收的) 比例因人而異。22.When presented with a common casepresented with 面對(duì)過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)前面加上when作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。為了表示明確的時(shí)間或條件，有時(shí)常在分詞前面加上when, while, even if , even though , unless 等連詞作時(shí)間、條件、讓步等狀語(yǔ)。 (詳見(jiàn)語(yǔ)法要點(diǎn))Par

45、a.8The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker. Such values are personal; they are hard to understand, even by the individual, because they are so dynamic and complex. In many business situations different peoples values about accept

46、able degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.23.The ordering and importance of multiple objectives is also based, in part, on the values of the decision maker.be based on 基于，取決于in part 部分地，在某種程度上對(duì)于多項(xiàng)目標(biāo)的排序和重要性，部分地基于決策者的價(jià)值觀。24.different peoples values ab

47、out acceptable degrees of risk and profitability cause disagreement about the correctness of decisions.兩個(gè)about都是介詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),修飾前邊的名詞不同人關(guān)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和收益可接受程度的價(jià)值觀，導(dǎo)致了對(duì)于決策正確性的不同意見(jiàn)。Para.9People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. But from a systems point of view, problems have multiple causes, and

48、 decisions have intended and unintended consequences. An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision made today may have consequences far into the future. Thus the skilled manager looks toward the future consequences of current decisions.25.People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenonassume vt. 認(rèn)為，假定，設(shè)想 that 引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句26.An organization is an ongoing entity, and a decision mad