在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中運(yùn)用評(píng)價(jià)課堂表現(xiàn)方法的研究

1、在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中運(yùn)用評(píng)價(jià)課堂表現(xiàn)方法的研究 using performance assessment in task-based language teaching 在任務(wù)型教學(xué)中運(yùn)用評(píng)價(jià)課堂表現(xiàn)方法的研究 abstract: according to the basic theory of the task-based language teaching，this essay mainly discusses the method of using performance assessment in task-based language teaching in english teachin

2、g classroom. performance assessment tools include observation, portfolios, conferences, dialogue journals, multimedia projects, cartoons, long-term projects, the tools measure a student performance and learning. they can make the students be interesting in learning english. i write it down so that w

3、e can study it together. key words: performance, assessment, task-based, language, teaching 摘要： 根據(jù)任務(wù)型教學(xué)的基本理論，本文主要探討在任務(wù)型教學(xué)的英語(yǔ)課堂中評(píng)價(jià)學(xué)生的方法, 成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)價(jià)這一工具包括觀察，紙張，討論，日常 對(duì)話，多媒體設(shè)計(jì)，卡通， 長(zhǎng)期計(jì)劃等，這些工具是衡量學(xué)生的成績(jī)和學(xué)習(xí)。他們可以激起學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣。寫(xiě)下本文以供大家參考。 關(guān)鍵詞：表現(xiàn)，評(píng)價(jià)，任務(wù)型，教學(xué) . introduction are you familiar with the following” 1. is it

4、true or false? 2. is it answer a. b, c. d (or all of the above )? 3. can you match the definition of the vocabulary word to the word listed beside? most teachers answers are positive for they are the questions we often see in our examination papers. wed categorize these questions into the traditiona

5、l assessment type, which is to assess a childs direct recall of the information. in our english language teaching (elt) assessment reform, we advocate performance assessment, which is to 1) meet the needs of children who learn in a variety of modalities; 2) assess a childs ability to solve problems,

6、 process information, and work in real-world settings. working definition for performance assessment what distinguishes performance :assessment from other types of assessments? according to cooper (1997), performance assessments are tasks which require children to demonstrate their knowledge and ski

7、lls in response to authentic activities. so in performance assessment, it appears to be that students must perform tasks, and the tasks should be as authentic as possible. success or failure in the outcome of the tasks, because they are performances, must usually be rated by qualified teachers. the

8、teachers observe the behavior of the students or examine the product that is reflective of that behavior, and apply clearly articulated performance criteria in order to make a judgment regarding the level of proficiency demonstrated by the students (pierce & omalley, 1992). what we use in performanc

9、e assessments in english classrooms are posters, reports, tasks and projects, or the creation of plays (cooper, 1997). by making english posters students demonstrate their creativity and imagination in language learning; english reports show students reading and writing skills; tasks and projects sh

10、ow students abilities to integrate content knowledge across subject areas (interdisciplinary skills and inquiry learning skills); and in the creation of plays students perform what they have learned. in performance assessments students plan, make decisions, apply (their content knowledge), communica

11、te, and co-operate. the key characteristics for consideration in designing second language performance assessments are (a) collaboration: do students share in t he learning process? (b) context: are the objectives taught in meaningful tasks? (c) real-word tasks: are they relevant to our students liv

12、es now and later? (d) authentic standards: do they measure what we are really trying to measure?. performance assessment and task-based approaches second language performance assessment and task-based approaches to language teaching and assessment share a great deal of theoretical and practical comm

13、on ground. performance assessments will typically be based on tasks, which will be judged by raters on the basis of some forms of rating scale. student performance exists across tasks and content areas and observations must be made carefully and frequently by the teacher. tasking students perform sh

14、ould be based on needs analysis (including student input) in terms of rating criteria, content and contexts. they should be as authentic as possible with the goal of measuring real-world activities. sometimes they have collaborative elements that stimulate communicative interactions. they should be

15、contextual and complex. they involve integrated skills with content and are appropriate in terms of number, timing, and frequency of assessment. they are generally non-in-trusive aligned with the daily actions in the language classroom (norris et al., 1998). task raters should be appropriate in term

16、s of number raters, overall expertise, and familiarity and training in use of the scale. the rating scale should be based on appropriate categories of language learning and development, breadth of information regarding learner performance abilities, and standards that are both authentic and clear to

17、 students. tasks are to enhance the reliability; performance assessments should be combined with other methods for gathering information (for instance, self-assessments portfolios, conferences, classroom behaviors, and so forth). . definitions of tasks there are various definitions of tasks. here we

18、 list a few: 1.long (1985:89); a task is “a piece of work undertaken for oneself or for others, freely or for some reward. thus, examples of tasks include painting a fence, dressing a child, filling out a form , and helping someone across a road. in other words, by task is meant the hundred and one

19、things people do in everyday life, at work, at play, and in between.” 2. richards, platt and weber (1986:289): a task is “ an activity or action which is carried out as the result of processing or understanding language (i.e. as a response)” . 3. nunan (1989:10): a communicative task is “ a piece of

20、 classroom work which involves learners in comprehending, manipulating, producing or interacting in the target language while their attention is principally focused on meaning rather than form. the task should also have a sense of completeness, being able to stand alone as a communicative act in its

21、 own right.” 4.skehan (1995): a task is “an activity in which meaning is primary; there is some sort of relationship to the real world; task completion has some priority; and the assessment of task performance is in terms of task outcome.” 5.foreign language teaching in hong kongs school: the task-b

22、ased approach aims at providing opportunities for the learners to experiment with and explore both spoken and written language through learning activities which are designed to engage learners in the authentic, practical and functional use of language for meaningful purposes. . applying performance

23、assessment in task-based language teaching in a performance assessment and task-based language teaching , the teacher must create an environment which is conducive to collaborative learning. in this free environment, students perform their best, assess their own growth, feel that their opinions, ide

24、as, and responses carry weight. this allows the teacher to see a more authentic performance and provides the teacher with a more realistic picture of the students capabilities (glazer & brown, 1993). it is the teachers responsibility to provide an appropriate setting in which performance or task can

25、 be demonstrated and scored. depending on the nature of the performance or the work the students are undertaking, the teacher should observe the students; behavior as it naturally occurs in the classroom or in a particular setting created for a specific performance (airasian, 1994). students perform

26、ances and other forms of work are often scored holistically or analytically or analytically. the performance and task accomplishment criteria are determined by both the teacher and students. to implement performance assessment in task-based language teaching and learning, heres a six-step plan for d

27、eveloping task-based assessment: step 1. establish what are the teachers specific instructional goals. it is important that the chosen assessment task matches the instructional outcome it is designed to measure. step 2. identify the specific, discipline-based content and skills that students are exp

28、ected to attain and determine whether the task adequately represents or uses them. step 3. ensure that the task is complete to allow students to demonstrate their progress and abilities. step 4. ensure that the task is fair to compensate for a lack of prior knowledge, unequal access to resource or m

29、aterials, and so forth. step 5. decide which of the three possible forms the tasks will take: a) authentic, real-world tasks; b) interdisciplinary tasks; c) multi-dimensional tasks. step 6. describe the assessment task so that others can understand and use it in other settings. such a description sh

30、ould detail the intended outcomes, the content covered, the work and roles in the task, the materials involved, the rating system, and so on. other areas of consideration in selection include determining whether the task is teachable, credible, and meaningful. in task-based language teaching/learnin

31、g the basic and initial point of organization is the task: class work is organized as a sequenc4e of tasks, and it is tasksthat generate the language to be used, not vice versa. so, in task-based language teaching/learning what teachers ask students is that they carry out a series of tasks, for whic

32、h they will need to learn and recycle some specific items of language. the main focus id on the tasks to be done and language is seen as the instrument necessary to carry then out. task-based language teaching/learning thus highlights the instrumental value of language. individual tasks for the purp

33、ose of task-based assessment may better be designed with appropriate themes (theme-learning). if necessary, each task description includes a prompt and descriptions of ways to vary the task difficulty by making (linguistic) code , cognitive complexity, and communicative demand high or low (norris et

34、 al, 1998). this general scheme of factors that can affect the difficulty of a given task. it can also be used to increase or decrease task difficulty. now lets explicate the three main features that might affect task difficulty. 1. code complexity, which is “ concerned with traditional areas of syn

35、tactic and range ” (norris, et al. 1 998: p.52). 2. cognitive complexity, which is affected by both cognitive processing (the learner has to actively think through task content ) and cognitive familiarity. cognitive familiarity involves the extent to which the task draws on ready-made or prepackaged

36、 solutions (norris, et al. 1998: p.52). 3. communicative stress, which includes time pressure, modality (reading, writing, speaking, or listening), scale (number of participants or relationships involved), stakes (either low or high, depending on how important it is to do the task and to do it corre

37、ctly), and control (how much learners can “control” or influence the task) (norris et al. 1998:pp.52-53). these task difficulty features comprise the ability requirements and task characteristic inherent in a given l2 task (norris et al. 1998: p.50). some rewards of performance assessment through pe

38、rformance assessment in task-based language teaching and learning, students are more likely to feel ownership over their language learning, resulting in greater self-confidence and intrinsic motivation to learn english. they also feel a sense of achievement and get individual attention from others.

39、teachers are less likely to grade as many papers or exercises and tend to monitor students daily progress as often. . factors that affect task-based assessment practicality in implementing task-based assessment, we should take the following factors into consideration: 1) time and effort; 2) teacher

40、development; 3) public acceptance; 4) cost; 5) all parties (students, teachers, parents, communities, authorities, etc.) willingness to cooperate, it is time and effort consuming, especially at a beginning stage. teachers are not used to giving students responsibilities or tasks to take and have to

41、put special effort to design tasks and activities related to what the students are learning and to show their abilities. to design workable and meaningful tasks students can perform, teachers need to develop themselves and equip themselves with skills required in task-based language teaching and per

42、formance assessment. it takes time for the public to accept this kind of teaching or assessment for the majority of people believ3e that students go to school to listen to and learn from the teachers - if the students are doing all the work, what do the teachers do? they dont realize the teachers ef

43、fort in designing the activities that will bring out their childrens potentials and in preparing their children for more efficient and effective learning. the existing examination system hinders performance assessment practice, for, in the end students are to be enrolled by universities according to

44、 their examination scores. it is not an easy task for all parties to understand that as students language competence and proficiency grow, they are able to take any examination. . ethical guidelines during the classroom performance assessment, teachers should be aware of the basic rights of students

45、: confidentiality, privacy, their rights to know and fair treatment. and it is the teachers responsibility to take learning and teaching into consideration. they are responsible also to report the assessment results of students achievement, progress, and to document further needs and future plans. h

46、ere are the ethical guidelines teachers need to be aware of.(adapted from jerosky,1997:13) 1.confidentiality: teachers are responsible for the confidentiality of information collected by them in the assessment process. 2.privacy: generally assessment should not require the disclosure of sensitive in

47、formation including personally-held beliefs and views on controversial issues. teachers need to be sensitive to signals that students are not comfortable with something they have been asked to do or talk about. 3.rights to know: any student affected by the assessment has the rights to know the asses

48、sment results or to obtain information about the results. teachers need to be responsive to questions from the student and parents. 4.fair treatment: throughout assessment activities involving members of a class, participants should be treated equally and receive equivalent learning opportunities. a

49、lso, if the assessment requires that students are selected from a large group, the selection process should be based in fair criteria.how to using performance assessment in task-based teaching performance assessment tools measure a student performance and/or learning within the context it was learne

50、d and will be performed and allow students to demonstrate or share their learning with others. the tools include observations, portfolios, conferences, dialogue journals, multimedia projects, cartoons, long-term projects, etc. the popularity and usefulness of performance assessment methods have led

51、to the incorporation of the results the provide into students grades. but we also use these assessment tools for purposes of individualization of instructional planning. 1.the challenge of classroom observation is to plan observation and record keeping of observations in a manner that will benefit i

52、nstruction and ultimately student learning. 2.portfolios and conferences involve learners as active collaborators in documenting and monitoring their own progress and in identifying learning goals. they give students opportunities to use language with teachers in ways that rarely occur during regula

53、r class time and for student self-assessment. 3.journals and interviews are used to collect information about teaching and learning processes; about students educational backgrounds and experiences; their attitudes, goals, likes and dislikes. they are also used to collect information about language

54、proficiency: writing in the case of journals and speaking in the case of interviews. performance assessment promotes reflection on both a teachers teaching performance and a students learning performance as a means to develop and improve themselves constantly. classroom performance assessment involv

55、es the school, community, parents and students themselves and challenges both students and teachers in making decisions themselves. we need all kinds of information such as student achievement, student behavior, student attitudes towards schools or themselves, student goals and needs concerning the

56、outcomes of foreign language learning, student wording habits, learning styles and strategies to assess our students and to improve the chances of educational success. performance assessment requires a change in curriculum priorities from coverage of content to mastery of skills. content becomes a w

57、ay for students to develop intellectually, to generalize, to recontextualize, to synthesize and to apply this learning to new situations. this change in curriculum will empower students to take responsibility for their own learning. most important, at the heart of an integrated teaching, learning, a

58、nd assessment system is creativity. performance assessment is an effective way to get a better “picture “ of what students have really learned and also what they value in their learning. now give a sample item: guidelines a nd examples theme: dinner at a restaurant this (common) theme could pose effective circumstances for eliciting performances on numerous rel