高中英語語法

1、動詞過去分詞規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞一般是由動詞加ed構(gòu)成(具體規(guī)則見后)，不規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞見不規(guī)則動詞表。過去分詞則屬于類動詞。1. 及物動詞的過去分詞作表語, 與句子主語是被動關(guān)系, 表示主語的狀態(tài), 還表示已完成了的動作。 The cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 2. 不及物動詞的過去分詞作表語, 與句子主語是主動關(guān)系, 表示主語的狀態(tài), 只表示動作的完成。 He is retired. 他已退休.。3. 有些過去分詞作表語時, 構(gòu)成的謂語很接近被動結(jié)構(gòu)。過去分詞構(gòu)成規(guī)則1. 規(guī)則動詞：規(guī)則動詞的過去分詞的構(gòu)成規(guī)則與規(guī)則動詞的過去式的構(gòu)成規(guī)則相同。四點變化規(guī)則： (1)一般動詞，

2、在詞尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)以“ e ”結(jié)尾的動詞，只在詞尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)以“輔音字母 + y ”結(jié)尾的動詞，將 y 變?yōu)?i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried , (4)重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母，先雙寫該輔音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2. 不規(guī)則動詞，見不規(guī)則表一、過去分詞作表語The city

3、 is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 這座城市三面環(huán)山. 【注意】過去分詞作表語與被動語態(tài)的區(qū)別： 過去分詞作表語,主要是表示主語的狀態(tài),而被動語態(tài)則表示動作. (1) The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的.(是被動語態(tài),表示動作) (2) The library is now closed. 圖書館關(guān)門了.(過去分詞作表語) 【注意】過去分詞表示被動或完成, -ing 形式表示主動或?qū)嵭?。有些動詞如 interest, bore, worry, surpri

4、se, frighten 等通常用其過去分詞形式來修飾人,用 -ing 形式來修飾物. (3) The book is interesting and Im interested in it. 這本書很有趣,我對它很感興趣. 二、過去分詞作定語 作定語用的過去分詞相當(dāng)于形容詞,其邏輯主語就是它所修飾的名詞. 及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,既表被動又表完成;不及物動詞的過去分詞作定語,只表完成. 1. 過去分詞用作定語,如果是單個的, 常置于其所修飾的名詞之前. We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我們必須使我們的思想適合改變了

5、的情況. 2. 過去分詞短語用作定語時,一般置于其所修飾的名詞之后,其意義相當(dāng)于一個定語從句,但較從句簡潔,多用于書面語中. The concert given by their friends was a success.他們朋友舉行的音樂會大為成功. 3.過去分詞短語有時也可用作非限制性定語,前后常有逗號. The meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他們舉行了歡迎英雄的大會,到會的有五千多人. 4. 用來修飾人的過去分詞有時能夠轉(zhuǎn)移到修飾非人的事物,這種過去分詞在形式上雖不直接修

6、飾人,但它所修飾的事物仍與人直接相關(guān). The boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩帶著滿意的表情舉目而視. 三、過去分詞作狀語 1. 過去分詞作狀語過去分詞作狀語表示被動的和完成的動作. (1) Written in a hurry, this article was not so good! 因為寫得匆忙,這篇文章不是很好. 【注意】written 為過去分詞作狀語,表示這篇文章是被寫的,而且已經(jīng)被寫. 值得注意的是,有些過去分詞因來源于系表結(jié)構(gòu),作狀語時不表被動而表主動.這樣的過去分詞及短語有： lost (迷路); seated (坐)

7、; hidden (躲); stationed (駐扎); lost / absorbed in (沉溺于); born (出身于); dressed in (穿著); tired of (厭煩). (2) Lost / Absorbed in deep thought, he didnt hear the sound.因為沉溺于思考之中,所以他沒聽到那個聲音. 2. 過去分詞作狀語時其邏輯主語為主句的主語,此時應(yīng)注意人稱一致. (1) Given another hour, I can also work out this problem. 再給我一個小時,我也能解這道題. (2) Seen

8、 from the top of the hill, the city looks more beautiful to us. 從山頂看城市,城市顯得更漂亮.【注意】如果過去分詞作狀語時,前面再加邏輯主語,主句的主語就不再是分詞的邏輯主語,這種帶邏輯主語的過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)實際上屬于獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu). (1) The signal given, the bus started. 信號一發(fā)出,汽車就開動了.(the signal 是 given 的邏輯主語,所以主句主語 the bus 就不是given 的邏輯主語. (2) Her head held high, she went by. 她把頭昂得高高

9、地從這兒走了過去.(her head 是 held high 的邏輯主語,所以主句主語 she 就不再是held high 的邏輯主語.) 3. 過去分詞作狀語來源于狀語從句. (1) Caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet. 因為淋了一場大雨,所以他全身濕透了. (caught in a heavy rain 為過去分詞短語作原因狀語,它來源于原因狀語從句 Because he was caught in a heavy rain.) (2) Grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast. 如果種在肥沃的土壤

10、里,這些種子能長得很快.( grown in rich soil 為過去分詞作條件狀語,它來源于條件狀語從句 If these seeds are grown in rich soil. 【注意】狀語從句改成過去分詞作狀語時有時還可保留連詞,構(gòu)成連詞+過去分詞結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語. When given a medical examination, you should keep calm. 當(dāng)你做體格檢查時要保持鎮(zhèn)定. 4. 過去分詞作狀語的位置.過去分詞可放在主句前作句首狀語,后面有逗號與主句隔開;也可放在主句后面,前面有逗號與主句隔開. He stood there silently, moved

11、 to tears. = Moved to tears, he stood there silently. 他靜靜地站在那里,被感動得熱淚盈眶. 四、過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語 (一)能夠接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的動詞有以下四類： 1. 表示感覺或心理狀態(tài)的動詞.如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. (1) I heard the song sung in English. 我聽到有人用英語唱過這首歌.(過去分詞sung的動作顯然先于謂語動作heard;) (2)He found his hometown

12、 greatly changed. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)他的家鄉(xiāng)變化很大.(過去分詞changed的動作顯然先于謂語動作found) 2. 表示致使意義的動詞.如：have, make, get, keep, leave等. (1) Ill have my hair cut tomorrow. 明天我要理發(fā). (2) He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. 他昨天把牙拔了. (3) Dont leave those things undone. 要把那些事情做完. 3. 表示思維活動的動詞如consider， know， think等后。如： (1) I conside

13、r the matter settled. 我認(rèn)為這件事解決了。 (2) I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 我認(rèn)為自己在這場交易中有受愚弄了。4. 表示愛憎意愿的動詞如want， wish， like， hate等后。如： (1) I wanted two tickets reserved. 我要預(yù)定兩張機(jī)票。 (2) He didnt wish it mentioned. 他不愿這事被提起?！咀⒁狻窟^去分詞所表示的動作一定和賓語有邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系. (二)使役動詞have接過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)有兩種情況. 1. 過去分詞所表示的動作由

14、他人完成. He had his money stolen. 他的錢給偷了.(被別人偷去了) 2. 過去分詞所表示的動作由句中的主語所經(jīng)歷.如： He had his leg broken. 他的腿斷了. (自己的經(jīng)歷) 五、with +賓語+過去分詞的結(jié)構(gòu) 此結(jié)構(gòu)中,過去分詞用作介詞 with的賓語補(bǔ)足語.這個結(jié)構(gòu)通常在句中作時間,方式, 條件, 原因等狀語. (1) The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進(jìn)來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式) (2) With water heated,

15、we can see the steam. 水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件) (3) With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解決,我們都回家了.(表原因) (4)She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前,眼睛注視著他. (5) He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒.一、單項選擇題。1. Mr. Smith, _ of the _ speech, st

16、arted to read a novel. A. tired; boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring2. On getting to the kindergarten, the mother was glad to see her baby well _.A. looked for B. cared for C. take care of D. cared after3. The two old sisters, _ so long, held each other and burst into tears.A.

17、being separated B. having been separatedC. having separated D. had been separated4. Lets have a rest. The _ work made me very _.A. tired; tired B. tiring; tiring C. tired; tiring D. tiring; tired5. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone _ to the system, so does the va

18、lue of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. A. adding B. to have added C. to add D. added6. As we all know, newspapers, magazines and radios as well as television broadcasts can keep us _ about what is happening in the world.A. informing B. to inform C. informed D. being info

19、rmed7. Everyone was _ by his _ progress which he made during the two months.A. surprised; surprise B. surprised; surprisedC. surprised; surprising D. surprising; surprising8. When he turned around, he found a pair of eyes _ him. A. looking B. watch at C. fixing on D. staring at9. The film you saw la

20、st light was made _ on a true story that happened many years ago. A. base B. to be based C. based D. basing10. After _ his work, the teacher came to help me with my English.A. finished B. being finished C. having finished D. be finishing11. Follow the directions on the bottle carefully when _the med

21、icine. A. you will take B. taking C. to take D. taken12. The students, _ their teachers, came home. A. followed B. follow C. following D. will follow 13. The long-lasting war, filled with blood and deaths, ended in peoples sadness, _ no result. A. reached B. to reach C. would reach D. reaching14. Th

22、ey spent the night _ in the room.A. having locked B. locking C. to be locked D. locked15. He wrote a letter to the king _.A. hoping to be set free B. to set him freeC. so that be set free D. asked to be set free16. Steven has devoted all his life to _ films, and Kate, his wife, is also _ to the duty

23、 of her profession.A. make; devoted B. making; devotingC. making; devoted D. make; devoting17. _ in the dark, his head hit against a tree.A. Walking B. He was walking C. Walked D. When he was walking18. Time should be made good use _ our lessons well.A. of learning B. to learn C. to learning D. of t

24、o learn19. The film, _ true story of this Red Army general, attracted peoples interest all over the country. A. is based on B. is on the base ofC. which is the base of D. based upon20. She returned home from the market only to find the door open and a number of things_. A. stole B. missing C. missed

25、 D. losing21. _ it rains, we will stay at home.A. Supposed B. Supposing C. To suppose D. If suppose22. _ with yours, our library is _ too small a size.A. Comparing; in B. Comparing; of C. Compared; in D. Compared; of23. Its dangerous to carry a hot pan with _ oil.A. burning B. burnt C. burn D. burns

26、24. We were told that the stone figure _ back to the 16th century was of great value.A. dated B. dating C. coming D . kept25. The boy lay on his back, his teeth _ and his glaring eyes _ straight upwards.A. set; looked B. set; looking C. setting; looked D. setting; looking26. _ in the forest, he had

27、to ask for help by sending out signals.A. Having lost B. Losing C. Lost D. He was lost27. The Golden Gate Bridge, _ several hundred years ago, is worldwide famous. A. which is built B. which built C. having built D. built28. I suggested the cheat _ into prison.A. referred to being put B. referred be

28、 putC. referred should be put D. referred to be put29. _, I went out for a walk.A. There was nothing to do B. There being nothing to doC. There had nothing to do D. Had nothing to do30. He returned home to learn that the girl _ had been married the secretary village.A. became engaged to him B. was e

29、ngaged to himC. engaged to him before D. got engaged to him31. _ at failing in the maths exam, John wouldnt like to talk about it to his parents.A. Disappointed B. To be disappointed C. Disappointing D. Having disappointed32. _ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by _ enemy soldiers.

30、A. Hidden; armed B. Hide; armed C. hidden; arm D. Hiding; armed33. To have the wonderful cloth _ new clothes, they had the machine _ all day long.A. made of; running B. made of; run C. made into; working D. made into; work34. The World Trade Organization finally opened its door to China on November

31、10, _ our Chinese 15- year wait. A. to end B. ended C. ending D. ends35. If _ in wet sand, the vegetables can_ fresh for a long time.A. being buried; remain B. buried; remainC. buried; be remained D. burying; remain36. _ over and over again, but he still couldnt understand.A. Having explained B. hav

32、ing been explained C. Explaining D. It had been explained37. Everything _, the plan is fairly practical, you can put it into practice.A. considering B. taken into consideration C. to consider D. taking into consideration38. _ from the moon, our earth, with water _ seventy percent of its surface, app

33、ears as a “ blue ball”.A. Seen; covered B. seeing; covering C. Seen; covering D. To see; to cover39. A great big fellow, _around 250 pounds, walked with slow heavy noisy footsteps up to the producer counter in the supermarket.A. weighed B. weighing C. weighs D. weighty40. - The plan _ is of great im

34、portance to everybody. - I see. He is sure to finish it on time.A. made B. making C. to be made D. to make41. From the dates_ on the gold coin, we decided that it was made five hundred years ago. A. marking B. marked C. to be marked D. having been marked42. Hearing the good news, I felt a heavy load

35、 _ my mind. A. taking off B. to be taken off C. having taken off D. taken off43. The students were listening to the teacher, with their eyes _. A. widely open B. wide opened C. widely opened D. wide open44. The scientist came to the meeting with his wife _ him.A. being supported B. supporting C. sup

36、ported D. support45. The noise of the machines _ can be clearly heard in our classroom.A. fixed B. being fixed C. to be fixed D. having been fixed46. After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute _.A. being settled B. to be settled C. had settled D. as settled47. The sale us

37、ually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches, chairs, or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. seat48. _ in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing. A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at49. _ in a recent science competition, the thr

38、ee students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000.A. To be judged the best B. Having judged the bestC. Judged the best D. Judging the best50. The president promised to keep all the board members _ of how the negotiations were going on.A. inform B. informing C. be informed D. informed51. _ with

39、a difficult situation, Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice. A. To face B. Having faced C. Faced D. Facing52. When the first English settlers arrived in the New World, the Indians _ jewellery made of animal bones greeted them warmly.A. wearing B. to wear C. worn D. having worn53. Reading is an

40、experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed54. When first _ to the market, these products enjoyed great success.A. introducing B. introduced C. introduce D. being introduced55. It shames me

41、to say it, but I told a lie when _ at the meeting by my boss. A. questioning B. having questioned C. questioned D. to be questioned56. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited57. The flowe

42、rs _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt58. The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party.A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded59. Having been attacked by terrorists, _

43、.A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists60. _ by the beauty of nature, the girl from London decided to spend anther two days on the farm.A. Attracting B. Attracted C. To be attracted D. Having attracted61. Th

44、e old man, _ abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his mother.A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked62. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, _ as 3M.A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known63. _ the programme, they have to stay there fo

45、r another two days. A. Not completing B. Not completedC. Not having completed D. Not completed64. Laws that punish parents for their little childrens actions against the laws get parents _. A. worried B. to worry C. worrying D. worry65. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of

46、 a passenger.A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting66. Sarah, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change67. After his journey from abroad, Richard Jones returned home, _.A. exhausting B. exhaustedC. being exhauste

47、d D. having exhausted68. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked69. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappearedC. seizing; disappearing

48、 D. seized; disappearing70. _ time, hell make a first-class tennis player.A. Having given B. To give C. Giving D. Given71. Generally speaking, _ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken72. Friendship is like money： easier made than _.A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept73. Unless _