高考英語(yǔ)試題的教學(xué)分析

1、高考英語(yǔ)試題的教學(xué)分析試題質(zhì)量分析的目的很多，考試機(jī)構(gòu)研究試題質(zhì)量是為了評(píng)價(jià)此次命題的質(zhì)量、確定考試的效度與信度等，提高以后的試題的質(zhì)量；學(xué)者研究試題質(zhì)量是為了研究開展語(yǔ)言測(cè)試學(xué)的相關(guān)研究；教師分析試題質(zhì)量的目的則主要是：1、促進(jìn)教學(xué)，提高復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)成效，2、提高自己編制模擬試題的能力。i試題分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)試題分析標(biāo)準(zhǔn)一：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)效度高考試題是基于考綱設(shè)計(jì)的，而考綱是基于課標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)的?？季V、課標(biāo)都是試題應(yīng)該依據(jù)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。試題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信度越高，與考綱、課標(biāo)的契合程度越高，越符合考綱的價(jià)值取向和能力結(jié)構(gòu)，試題質(zhì)量越好。考綱內(nèi)容：普通高等學(xué)校招生全國(guó)統(tǒng)一考試是合格的高中畢業(yè)生和具有同等學(xué)力的考生參加的選拔性考試。高等學(xué)

2、校根據(jù)考生成績(jī)，按已確定的招生計(jì)劃，德、智、體全面衡量，擇優(yōu)錄取。因此，高考應(yīng)具有較高的信度、效度，適當(dāng)?shù)碾y度和必要的區(qū)分度。根據(jù)普通高等學(xué)校對(duì)新生文化素質(zhì)的要求，依據(jù)中華人民共和國(guó)教育部2003年頒布的普通高中課程方案（實(shí)驗(yàn)）和普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)），確定本學(xué)科考試內(nèi)容。試題質(zhì)量越高，越能為高校選拔合格新生，對(duì)基礎(chǔ)教育的反撥作業(yè)越積極。通過考試中心的材料得知，全卷的難度系數(shù)應(yīng)在0.55-0.60。試題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)二：能力優(yōu)先普通高中英語(yǔ)課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)）規(guī)定英語(yǔ)課程的總目標(biāo)是“培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力”。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)要求指出，“大學(xué)英語(yǔ)的教學(xué)目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)綜合應(yīng)用能力，特別是聽說能力，使

3、他們?cè)诮窈髮W(xué)習(xí)、工作和社會(huì)交往中能用英語(yǔ)有效地進(jìn)行交際，同時(shí)增強(qiáng)其自主學(xué)習(xí)能力，提高綜合文化素養(yǎng)，以適應(yīng)我國(guó)社會(huì)發(fā)展和國(guó)際交流的需要?！憋@然，高考試題應(yīng)該對(duì)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力進(jìn)行直接評(píng)價(jià)。試題標(biāo)準(zhǔn)三：能力結(jié)構(gòu)合理能力結(jié)構(gòu)合理，符合大學(xué)對(duì)新生的能力要求 a語(yǔ)用能力與語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確考查真實(shí)語(yǔ)境中的語(yǔ)用能力優(yōu)先，盡量不單純考查結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)義準(zhǔn)確性b分析能力與解決問題能力c科學(xué)與人文理科學(xué)生與文科學(xué)生，學(xué)生的科學(xué)素養(yǎng)與人文素養(yǎng)科學(xué)語(yǔ)篇與人文語(yǔ)篇ii試題分析與教學(xué)建議以下選擇全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷作為案例。一、聽力試題分析1考點(diǎn)考綱規(guī)定了四項(xiàng)聽力能力考點(diǎn)，一套試題一般包含全部四項(xiàng)技能，不過主要是細(xì)節(jié)類試題，推理判斷類試題也主要是

4、基于細(xì)節(jié)的推理判斷，而不是基于常識(shí)、圖式的推理判斷，所以很多判斷題在相當(dāng)程度上也是部分意義的細(xì)節(jié)題?？季V規(guī)定的考點(diǎn)建議題數(shù)主旨大意1-2細(xì)節(jié)理解10-15推理判斷1-5理解說話人的意圖和態(tài)度1-32題干題干只能是完整的問題，不能是嵌入式問句，也不能是嵌入式陳述語(yǔ)句。題干一定要有明確的語(yǔ)用目的，提出的問題應(yīng)是詢問具體信息、主旨大意、推理判斷、說話人意圖態(tài)度的問題。要按照合理的比例覆蓋所有考點(diǎn)，每個(gè)考點(diǎn)的問題要規(guī)范。不要設(shè)計(jì)whos michael jordon? where is sydney? 這類不需要聽就能回答的問題，也不要設(shè)計(jì)what day is today? 這類不明確的問題。一套試

5、題之內(nèi)的題干應(yīng)包括所有考點(diǎn)。具體信息的題干要盡可能豐富，包括時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、人物、原因、結(jié)果、人物關(guān)系等。推斷判斷題要有時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件、人物、原因、結(jié)果、人物關(guān)系、下一步發(fā)展等的推斷。在多個(gè)問題的聽力材料中，試題的順序應(yīng)該與聽力材料內(nèi)容的發(fā)展順序一致。問題的長(zhǎng)度一般應(yīng)在515詞，最長(zhǎng)不超過25詞，最短不少于5詞。長(zhǎng)句1025詞的試題一般在3-5小題。第1-5小題應(yīng)該主要是具體信息題，題干的問句不要太長(zhǎng)，在5-10個(gè)詞為佳，以保證學(xué)生能順利進(jìn)入考試。3選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)要與問題形成合理的交際，所答為所問，不要答非所問（交際需要除外）。根據(jù)多項(xiàng)選擇的一般要求，三個(gè)選項(xiàng)必須為同一范疇，結(jié)構(gòu)、詞類必須相同，

6、三個(gè)選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)短應(yīng)盡可能基本一致。選項(xiàng)應(yīng)富于變化性，有短語(yǔ)，有句子，有單詞。每個(gè)選項(xiàng)的長(zhǎng)度一般應(yīng)在115詞之間，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)最長(zhǎng)一般應(yīng)在10詞之內(nèi)，最短為1個(gè)詞。前5小題的選項(xiàng)不要太長(zhǎng)。4材料聽力材料的語(yǔ)言必須是真實(shí)的口語(yǔ)材料，不能使用書面語(yǔ)體的材料。對(duì)話應(yīng)是真實(shí)的交際對(duì)話，獨(dú)白應(yīng)是真實(shí)的交際性獨(dú)白。對(duì)話的題材以日常生活為主，但要豐富，要有變化。聽力材料的詞數(shù)與問題數(shù)應(yīng)合理，一般按照每3050詞一個(gè)問題來設(shè)計(jì)。短對(duì)話30詞左右設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)問題，長(zhǎng)對(duì)話和獨(dú)白50詞左右設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)問題。聽力材料可包含1生詞，但這些生詞應(yīng)是根據(jù)上下文可理解的生詞。5案例2012年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷聽力1、考點(diǎn)設(shè)置主旨大意3. what

7、are the two speakers mainly talking about?細(xì)節(jié)理解2. at what time will the film begin?6.whose cd is broken?7. what does the boy promise to do for the girl?8. what did the man think of the meal?9. what was the 15% on the bill paid for?11. what colour does the man want?14. what is ariel going to do in tor

8、onto?17. where does thomas manning work?18. where did the idea of a book of records come from?19. when did sir hughs first book of records appear?推理判斷1. where does this conversation probably take place?4. what will the woman probably do?12. what will the man do afterwards?13. what would joe probably

9、 do during the thanksgiving holiday?16. what might be the relationship between the speakers?20. what are the two speakers going to talk about next?理解說話人的意圖和態(tài)度5. why did the woman apologize?10. why is the man at the shop?15. why is ariel in a hurry to leave?2、題干、選項(xiàng)與材料選擇1. where does this conversation

10、 probably take place?a. in a bookstore. b. in a classroom c. in a library.2. at what time will the film begin?a. 7:20. b. 7:15. c. 7:00.3. what are the two speakers mainly talking about?a. their friend jane. b. a weekend trip. c. a radio programme.4. what will the woman probably do?a. catch a train.

11、 b. see the man off. c. go shopping.5. why did the woman apologize?a. she made a late delivery. b. she went to the wrong place. c. she couldnt take the cake back.6.whose cd is broken?a. kathys. b. mums. c. jacks.7. what does the boy promise to do for the girl?a. buy her a new cd. b. do some cleaning

12、. c. give her 10 dollars.8. what did the man think of the meal?a. just so-so. b. quite satisfactory. c. a bit disappointing.9. what was the 15% on the bill paid for?a. the food. b. the drinks. d. the service.10. why is the man at the shop?a. to order a camera for his wife. b. to have a camera repair

13、ed. c. to get a camera changed.11. what colour does the man want?a. pink. b. black. c. orange.12. what will the man do afterwards?a. make a phone call. b. wait until further notice. c. come again the next day.13. what would joe probably do during the thanksgiving holiday?a. go to a play. b. stay at

14、home. c. visit kingston.14. what is ariel going to do in toronto?a. attend a party. b. meet her aunt. c. see a car show.15. why is ariel in a hurry to leave?a. to call up betty. b. to buy some dvds. c. to pick up daniel.16. what might be the relationship between the speakers?a. classmates. b. fellow

15、 workers. c. guide and tourist.17. where does thomas manning work? a. in the guinness company. b. at a radio station. c. in a museum.18. where did the idea of a book of records come from?a. a bird-shooting trip. b. a visit to europe. c. a television talk show.19. when did sir hughs first book of rec

16、ords appear?a. in 1875. b. in 1950. c. in 1955.20. what are the two speakers going to talk about next?a. more records of unusual facts.b. the founder of the company.c. the oldest person in the world.（單詞26個(gè)，編號(hào)4個(gè)，標(biāo)點(diǎn)8個(gè)）6教學(xué)建議（1）重點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練聽力技能，尤其是辨聽語(yǔ)音、獲得語(yǔ)義技能，語(yǔ)音與語(yǔ)義的關(guān)聯(lián)（2）按照真實(shí)聽力行為設(shè)計(jì)問題，不設(shè)計(jì)人為問題（3）關(guān)注生活話題（4）適當(dāng)訓(xùn)練讀題速度，

17、一題30詞，5秒讀完理解，相當(dāng)于每分鐘360詞二、語(yǔ)法詞匯多項(xiàng)選擇1考點(diǎn)考點(diǎn)主要集中在動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、從句、交際用法上，其他項(xiàng)目考查都比較少，這是因?yàn)檫@三類項(xiàng)目是基礎(chǔ)的，也是學(xué)生運(yùn)用中有一定難度的?？键c(diǎn)題數(shù)交際用語(yǔ)2-3（中西文化差異較大的特殊用法為主）詞義辨析2-3（常用動(dòng)詞及其短語(yǔ)詞義為主）介詞1代詞1副詞1（詞序?yàn)橹鳎┻B詞1（詞序?yàn)橹鳎﹦?dòng)詞3-5（以一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特殊用法為主）從句3-5（至少狀語(yǔ)從句2，定語(yǔ)從句1）2題干題干一定要有真實(shí)的語(yǔ)境、真實(shí)的語(yǔ)用目的，也就是：什么人在什么語(yǔ)境下、為了什么目的說了什么話。題干應(yīng)盡可能在語(yǔ)料庫(kù)中選擇語(yǔ)句，不宜自造語(yǔ)句。如要考查完成時(shí)

18、，則可在語(yǔ)料庫(kù)查找have done，則可搜羅出大批完成時(shí)語(yǔ)句，然后選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)句，再改造成題干。語(yǔ)料庫(kù)可以是cobuild或longman電子詞典語(yǔ)料庫(kù)，也可以是紐約時(shí)報(bào)網(wǎng)站、英國(guó)廣播公司網(wǎng)站、美國(guó)有線廣播網(wǎng)等的語(yǔ)料庫(kù)。這樣可以確保語(yǔ)言本身的正確性?，F(xiàn)在應(yīng)徹底避免為了考查某一語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目而創(chuàng)造的生硬的語(yǔ)句。題干的內(nèi)容應(yīng)主要是學(xué)生熟悉的日常話題，但也要有大約一部分的語(yǔ)句內(nèi)容是學(xué)生有些了解、但不是很熟悉的，以便考查學(xué)生的圖式建構(gòu)能力。如：the lawyer seldom wears anything other than a suit _ the season is.這里律師穿法袍出庭的要求可能很

19、多學(xué)生也不是很熟悉。the wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front _ to arrive.這里的cold front是一個(gè)氣象專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)，不經(jīng)?？礆庀箢A(yù)報(bào)的人可能不大理解。學(xué)生不熟悉話題應(yīng)該為3-5小題。每小題題干長(zhǎng)度一般應(yīng)該1030詞之間，10-20詞的約10小題，20-30詞的約5小題。第1小題的題干不要太短，也不要太長(zhǎng)，在15詞左右為宜。長(zhǎng)題干一般搭配短選項(xiàng)，短題干一般搭配長(zhǎng)選項(xiàng)。3選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)本身必須語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確，保證所有選項(xiàng)填入語(yǔ)句中時(shí)不存在語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，只是語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)義、語(yǔ)用目的是否符合而已。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)必須為同一范疇，詞類應(yīng)相同（考

20、查詞類的小題例外）。答案項(xiàng)與干擾項(xiàng)一定要貌似一樣，要保證干擾項(xiàng)起到一定的干擾作用，但又不能干擾太大，尤其不要出現(xiàn)不確定答案項(xiàng)，或多個(gè)答案項(xiàng)。要注意美國(guó)英語(yǔ)、英國(guó)英語(yǔ)差異、書面語(yǔ)與口語(yǔ)差異、不同社會(huì)階層話語(yǔ)差異等導(dǎo)致的多個(gè)答案項(xiàng)的可能。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)應(yīng)等長(zhǎng)，或兩兩等長(zhǎng)。每個(gè)選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)度一般應(yīng)在15詞之間。選項(xiàng)考點(diǎn)的面要廣，同類考點(diǎn)（比如時(shí)態(tài)）要分散。答案項(xiàng)要有機(jī)排練，可按照散點(diǎn)隨機(jī)排列，也可人工無序排列。詞義辨析題不要超過2個(gè)小題（詞匯學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容較多的單元同步練習(xí)可以為5個(gè)小題），一般應(yīng)考查常用詞的基本詞義。4案例2012年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)卷語(yǔ)法詞匯多項(xiàng)選擇題21. -which one of these do

21、you want?-_either will do.a. i dont mind b. im sure c. no problem d. go ahead語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)用較好，abcd均有一定可能尊重主人，a；以我為主，b；不在乎，c；趕快，別啰嗦，d常規(guī)答案a22. sarah looked at finished painting with satisfaction.a.不填; a b. a; the c. the;不填 d. the; a前一項(xiàng)有語(yǔ)境，后一項(xiàng)為固定搭配，非語(yǔ)境選擇23. life is like walking in the snow, granny used to say,

22、because every step a. has shown b. is showing c. shows d. showed考查語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確性，非語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)用24. it is by no means clear the president can do to end the strike.a. how b. which c that d. whatthat為純語(yǔ)法干擾，why, when, 則是語(yǔ)用干擾25. i dont believe weve met before, i must say you do look familiar.a. therefore b. although c. s

23、ince d. unless有一定語(yǔ)境26. the result is not very important to us, but if we do win, then so much a. the best b. best c. better d. the better純固定搭配，搭配教材中不常見，導(dǎo)致難度而且a、b選項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法不正確27. mary is really good at taking notes in class. she can almost every word her teacher says.a. put out b. put down c. put away d. p

24、ut together純?cè)~義題28. the party will be held in the garden, weather .a. permitting b. to permit c. permitted d. permit純語(yǔ)法題29. this restaurant wasnt that other restaurant we went to.a. half as good as b. as half good as c as good as half d. good as half as純語(yǔ)法題30. i use a clock to wake me up because at s

25、ix oclock each morning the train comes by my house.a. couldnt b. mustnt c. shouldnt d. neednt語(yǔ)境較好，若認(rèn)為是因?yàn)榛疖嚶曇籼髮?dǎo)致我聽不見鬧鐘鬧，則a；若本來有規(guī)定必須用鬧鐘，則b（mustnt干擾性太弱）；若認(rèn)為我應(yīng)該用鬧鐘、而應(yīng)該用其他方式（老婆擰耳朵），則c；若認(rèn)為火車太吵，我不必、不需要用鬧鐘，則d。答案d的唯一性存疑。31. larry asks bill and peter to go on a picnic with him, but of them wants to, because

26、they have work to do.a. either b. any c. neither d none有一定語(yǔ)境32. film has a much shorter history, especially when such art forms as music and painting.a. having compared to b. comparing to c. compare to d. compared to純語(yǔ)法題，c項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法不正確33.1 had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers be

27、fore my eyes.a. swim b. swum c. swam d. had swumb項(xiàng)語(yǔ)法不正確34. you have to move out of the way the truck cannot get past you.a. so b. or c and d. but較好，特定語(yǔ)境下四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可能目的就是要攔住卡車，則a；b正常邏輯，讓路；意識(shí)流，則c；讓了路車也過不去，則d。沒說不正常，所以b。35. if she doesnt want to go, nothing you can say will her.a persuade b. promise c. invit

28、e d. support純語(yǔ)義總體而言，好題不多，純語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義題與固定搭配題過多，這一題型難度太大。5教學(xué)建議（1）關(guān)注語(yǔ)境、注重語(yǔ)用，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)進(jìn)行語(yǔ)境、語(yǔ)用分析（2）注意常用語(yǔ)法、常用詞匯（3）注意固定搭配的積累希望語(yǔ)法詞匯多項(xiàng)選擇盡早退出高考試題，在其他試題中考查。15小題占整個(gè)試卷的10%，卻導(dǎo)致課堂教學(xué)耗費(fèi)80%的精力和時(shí)間，而且導(dǎo)向非常不好。有很多試卷不用mc也能很好地考查詞匯、語(yǔ)法運(yùn)用能力。三、完形填空模擬題設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1考點(diǎn)完形填空考查的語(yǔ)篇層面的語(yǔ)詞運(yùn)用能力，所以，小題中70%應(yīng)該是通過語(yǔ)篇理解才能選擇答案的，通過語(yǔ)句理解可以獲得答案的小題占30%?？键c(diǎn)應(yīng)該覆蓋考綱所規(guī)定的考點(diǎn)

29、，但主要是實(shí)義詞，占80%，虛詞一般只占20%。完形填空一般不考查語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目。完形填空的考點(diǎn)語(yǔ)詞和干擾項(xiàng)語(yǔ)詞一般應(yīng)是常用詞，偶爾有10%左右有一定難度的詞。2語(yǔ)篇1）語(yǔ)篇圖式完形填空對(duì)于閱讀理解能力的考查分兩個(gè)層面：一是語(yǔ)篇本身一般為學(xué)生有些熟悉但不很熟悉、有些內(nèi)容熟悉而有些內(nèi)容不熟悉的語(yǔ)篇，這樣可以考查學(xué)生的圖式建構(gòu)能力。二是選擇填空是考查在一定語(yǔ)篇中選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)詞完成短文的能力，學(xué)生要理解語(yǔ)篇、詞義才能選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)拇鸢浮?008年的圖式案例：主人公在生育第二個(gè)孩子后重新到餐廳工作（after the birth of my second child, i got a job at a rest

30、aurant），由于身體虛弱（文章沒有交代），盡管負(fù)責(zé)照看離廚房不遠(yuǎn)的桌子（the tables not far from the kitchen），但在搬重盤子（應(yīng)該是裝了比較多食物的盤子，文章中沒有交代）時(shí)還是感到很難（still felt a little hard to carry the heavy trays），以至于把別人的代步車當(dāng)作托盤架（i saw the tray stand near the tables，這是錯(cuò)覺）。這一圖式是中學(xué)生不具有的，所以才有完形填空進(jìn)行圖式完形的意義。不過，這一短文還包含了餐廳服務(wù)員工作的圖式，這可能是很多學(xué)生能夠推理出來的，但不常去餐廳吃飯的

31、學(xué)生，也可能有些沒有這一圖式。學(xué)生建構(gòu)本文的兩個(gè)圖式，就能輕易完成這篇短文的完形，尤其是36 waitress, 37 allowed, 39 given, 40 however, 41 restaurant, 42 minding, 43 happy, 45 easier, 48 useful 等，都需要圖式的幫助才能完成。2007年的圖式案例：小女孩發(fā)現(xiàn)了20個(gè)鵝蛋，過了許久母鵝沒有回來孵蛋，女孩把鵝蛋帶回家進(jìn)行人工孵蛋，即：用燈給蛋加熱，當(dāng)?shù)皽囟冗_(dá)到一定程度的時(shí)候，20個(gè)鵝蛋便能孵化出了20只小天鵝。若閱讀本文之前不了解孵化是溫度達(dá)到一定程度后的現(xiàn)象，也沒有人工孵化技術(shù)這種圖式，則學(xué)生理

32、解本句有一定困難，因?yàn)槲恼虏]有直接說明孵化是溫度達(dá)到一定程度后的現(xiàn)象，只是直接說明“加熱，然后鵝出生”。故事接著基于鵝的成長(zhǎng)規(guī)律展開：剛出生的小天鵝會(huì)把出生后第一眼看到的生物當(dāng)作媽媽，小姑娘精心地采用人工技術(shù)孵蛋，自然小天鵝們睜眼第一個(gè)看見的是小姑娘，這樣，她便成了“鵝媽媽”了。如果學(xué)生閱讀本文前沒有這一圖式，則需要讀懂短文才能建構(gòu)這一圖式。鵝要見到媽媽飛起來才會(huì)飛，不是成長(zhǎng)到一定時(shí)候就自己會(huì)飛。小女孩教他們?cè)诓莸厣蠈W(xué)跑，但更想教會(huì)這些“孩子們”會(huì)飛的本能，并為此操碎了心。于是，她想到請(qǐng)父親組裝飛機(jī)，利用飛機(jī)來引領(lǐng)小天鵝們學(xué)飛。為了小姑娘的安全，父親代她駕機(jī)，但小天鵝們并不跟隨飛機(jī)起飛，因?yàn)?/p>

33、與小姑娘有著深厚“母子”感情的小天鵝們只認(rèn)小姑娘而不認(rèn)其父親，所以直到小姑娘冒著危險(xiǎn)駕起飛機(jī)，飛向天空時(shí)，小天鵝們才紛紛地拍起翅膀，跟隨飛機(jī)方向在天空自由地飛翔。這一圖式是故事中的情節(jié)，學(xué)生生活中并不能接觸到，只有通過完成完形填空，才能構(gòu)建這一圖式。故本篇完形從圖式建構(gòu)的角度來看，學(xué)生的選詞填空是很有意義的。對(duì)于其中36 happened，37 realized，38 decided，39 placed，41 world，42 thus，43 grow，44 lead，45 fly，46 awake，48 flight，49 her，50 recognize，52 climbed，55 set

34、 out等空，如果學(xué)生構(gòu)建了以上圖式，便能很容易正確選詞完成這個(gè)故事。2）其他完形填空的語(yǔ)篇一般都是說明一定道理的記敘文，即有議論的記敘文。偶爾會(huì)用說明文作為完形填空的語(yǔ)篇。短文長(zhǎng)度要與試題數(shù)量相適應(yīng)，一般應(yīng)該在250300詞之間。短文中應(yīng)包含1左右的生詞，但應(yīng)是學(xué)生可以運(yùn)用詞匯策略理解的生詞，否則應(yīng)加漢語(yǔ)注釋。3空距首句（長(zhǎng)句的前15詞）不要設(shè)空，第一空應(yīng)在第1520詞。最后一空應(yīng)在離語(yǔ)篇結(jié)束1015詞之前。最大空距不宜超過30詞，最小空距不宜少于5詞。20詞以上的空距要有適量安排，但不宜超過5個(gè)，以34個(gè)為佳。4選項(xiàng)選項(xiàng)和文段應(yīng)該同頁(yè)，以避免考生翻頁(yè)讀題引起測(cè)試誤差。選項(xiàng)本身必須語(yǔ)法準(zhǔn)確，

35、也就是任何一項(xiàng)填入空格語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)都應(yīng)無任何錯(cuò)誤，只是語(yǔ)義不同。選項(xiàng)一般為4詞，個(gè)別小題可為短語(yǔ)。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)必須為同一范疇，詞類應(yīng)相同。選項(xiàng)考點(diǎn)的面要廣，同類考點(diǎn)（比如時(shí)態(tài)）要分散。選項(xiàng)考點(diǎn)應(yīng)以語(yǔ)篇理解背景下的考點(diǎn)為主，即要求學(xué)生理解語(yǔ)篇才能得出正確答案。通過理解語(yǔ)篇獲得答案的小題占70%，通過語(yǔ)句理解獲得答案的小題占30%。選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是常用詞。5案例2012年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)完形填空body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! it speaks 36 than words. according to speci

36、alists, our bodies send out more 37 than we realize. in fact, non-verbal(非言語(yǔ))communication takes up about 50% of what we really 38 .and body language is particularly _ 39 when we attempt to communicate across cultures.indeed, what is called body language is so 40 a part of us that its actually often

37、 unnoticed. and misunderstandings occur as a result of it.41 ,different societies treat the 42 between people differently. northern europeans usually do not like having4 3 contact(接觸)even with friends, and certainly not with 44- . people from latin american countries,45，touch each other quite a lot.

38、 therefore, its possible that in 46 . it may look like a latino is一 47一 a norwegian all over the room. the latino, trying to express friendship, will keep moving 48 _. the norwegian, very probably seeing this as pushiness, will keep 49一一which the latino will in return regard as一 50- .clearly, a grea

39、t deal is going on when people 51 . and only a part of it is in the words themselves. and when parties are from 52 cultures, theres a strong possibility of 53. but whatever the situation, the best 54 is to obey the golden rule: treat others as you would like to be 55 36. a. straighter b. louder c. h

40、arder d. further37. a. sounds b. invitations c. feelings d. messages38. a. hope b. receive c. discover d. mean39. a. immediate b. misleading c. important d. difficult40. a. well b. far c. much d. long41. a. for example b. thus c. however d. in short42. a. trade b. distance c. connection d. greetings

41、43. a. eye b. verbal c. bodily d. telephone44. a. strangers b. relatives c. neighbour d. enemies45. a. in other words b. on the other hand c. in a similar way d. by all means46. a. trouble b. conversation c. silence d. experiment47. a. disturbing b. helping c. guiding d. following48. a. closer b. fa

42、ster c. in d. away49. a. stepping forward b. going on c. backing away d. coming out50. a. weakness b. carelessness c. friendliness d. coldness51. a. talk b. travel c. laugh d. think52. a. different b. european c. latino d. rich53. a. curiosity b. excitement c misunderstanding d. nervousness54. a. ch

43、ance b. time c. result d. advice55. a. noticed b. treated c respected d. pleased圖式不夠陌生，無法考查基于語(yǔ)言能力認(rèn)知、建構(gòu)圖式的能力語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)識(shí)詞考查不夠，只有1個(gè)，應(yīng)該有5個(gè)左右55小題在短文最后，不規(guī)范6教學(xué)建議（1）注重閱讀圖式建構(gòu)，圖式越豐富，做題越容易（2）注重從閱讀提高完形填空能力（3）注重基本詞匯的基本詞義（4）注重語(yǔ)篇信息詞四、閱讀理解模擬題設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)1考點(diǎn)根據(jù)考綱的規(guī)定，高考主要考查6項(xiàng)閱讀理解技能，不過仍然以具體信息和基于具體信息的推理判斷為主?？季V規(guī)定的考點(diǎn)建議題數(shù)理解主旨和要義2理解文中具體信息

44、8根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義2作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理6理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)1理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度12語(yǔ)篇語(yǔ)篇的話題應(yīng)該是：社會(huì)、歷史與地理、個(gè)人情感、人際關(guān)系、學(xué)習(xí)生活、健康（50%）科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代技術(shù)、自然、世界與環(huán)境、天氣（40%）文學(xué)藝術(shù)、旅游與交通（10%）語(yǔ)篇的體裁應(yīng)該是：說明文（40%）、記敘文（40%）、應(yīng)用文（10%）、議論文（10%）。閱讀理解短文的應(yīng)用文主要采用廣告、新聞等形式。語(yǔ)篇中應(yīng)該有學(xué)生熟悉話題的短文2-3篇，不很熟悉、需要建構(gòu)圖式的短文2-3篇。短文內(nèi)容不應(yīng)涉及任何宗教問題、民族問題、敏感的政治問題等。短文內(nèi)容應(yīng)避免任何社會(huì)文化偏好與歧視，如國(guó)別偏好與歧視、城鄉(xiāng)偏好

45、與歧視、地區(qū)偏好與歧視、性別歧視、身體歧視（如殘障、高矮胖瘦等）等。每篇短文的平均詞數(shù)應(yīng)在280詞左右，在180-360之間。每篇短文后的小題數(shù)一般在3-5小題。每篇短文后的題干與選項(xiàng)的平均詞數(shù)在150詞左右，一般在100-200之間。一般采用語(yǔ)篇短則題干選項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)、語(yǔ)篇長(zhǎng)則題干選項(xiàng)短的搭配。每套試題以5篇短文、每篇短文230-270詞，每篇短文后4小題為佳。3題干短文問題要符合短文的真實(shí)閱讀目的，即：我們讀故事是要了解故事內(nèi)容、情節(jié)、從故事得到的啟發(fā)，我們讀新聞是要了解新聞要素，我們讀議論文是為了了解觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度，我們讀說明文是為了了解內(nèi)容、特征等。我們讀廣告不會(huì)去問中心大意，讀故事不會(huì)去比較價(jià)格

46、、時(shí)間等。題干一般要明確，不要使用not, excpet等形式。題干有問題和嵌入式兩種，兩種要交替出現(xiàn)。嵌入式一般都采用句尾嵌入式，不大使用中間嵌入式，而且肯定不使用句首嵌入式。5案例2012年全國(guó)新課標(biāo)閱讀理解短文aare you looking for some new and exciting places to take your kids to? try some of these places:. visit art museums. they offer a variety of activities to excite your kids interest. many offe

47、r workshops for making hand-made pieces, traveling exhibits, book signings(簽名) by childrens favorite writers, and even musical performances and other arts.應(yīng)用文：廣告，孩子課外教育地點(diǎn)，學(xué)生對(duì)內(nèi)容圖式非常熟悉短文bhoney from the african forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. most people, and many anim

48、als, like eating it. however, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest and take the honey from it. often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. in parts of africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected help

49、er - a little bird called a honey guide.說明文：科普文章，非洲森林里的蜂蜜，學(xué)生對(duì)內(nèi)容圖式很不熟悉短文cabout twenty of us had been fortunate enough to receive invitations to a film-studio（影棚）to take part in a crowd-scene. although our act would last only for a short time, we could see quite a number of interesting things.記敘文：社會(huì)生活

50、，當(dāng)群眾演員的有趣經(jīng)歷，學(xué)生對(duì)內(nèi)容圖式有一定了解短文dgrown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. a man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. he can get on a bicycle af

51、ter many years and still ride away. he can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. a mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins twinkle, twinkle, little star or remember the story of cinderella or goldilocks and the three bears.one explanat

52、ion is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will論說文：對(duì)過度學(xué)習(xí)規(guī)律的解釋，學(xué)生對(duì)內(nèi)容圖式比較熟悉短文ekids health: four steps for fighting stresseverybody gets stressed time to time. 71 some ways of dealing with str

53、ess 一like screaming or hitting someone一dont solve (解決)，much. but other ways, like talking to someone you trust, can lead you to solving your problem or at least feeling better.try taking these four steps. the next time you are stressed:論說文：向孩子們介紹減輕壓力的方法，學(xué)生對(duì)內(nèi)容圖式非常熟悉，減壓是高考必修課考點(diǎn)：理解主旨和要義63. what can be

54、the best title for the text?67. whats the main idea of paragraph 1?理解文中具體信息57. what can kids do at a youtheater?60. why is it difficult to find a wild bees nest?65. what made the author feel cold?68. the author explains the law of overlearning by _根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義58. what does hands-on science mean in t

55、he last paragraph?61. what do the words the follower in paragraph 2 refer to?62. the honey guide is special in the way .作出簡(jiǎn)單判斷和推理56. if a child is interested in the universe, he probably will visit_59. where does this text probably come from?64. who is the author?66. what would happen in the three m

56、inutes mentioned, in the last paragraph?理解文章的基本結(jié)構(gòu)理解作者的意圖、觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度69. according to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is70. what is the authors opinion on cramming?5教學(xué)建議（1）圖式建構(gòu)永遠(yuǎn)是閱讀能力提升第一位的工作（2）注重真實(shí)閱讀技能培養(yǎng)（什么文章獲得什么相關(guān)信息）（3）關(guān)注難詞、難句、復(fù)雜信息詞理解（4）提高閱讀速度，利用記號(hào)，減少回讀五、書面表達(dá)1考點(diǎn)高考考綱規(guī)定的書面表達(dá)考查的能力是：“準(zhǔn)確使用語(yǔ)法和詞匯；使用一定的句型、詞匯，清楚、連貫地表達(dá)自己的意思?！憋@然，這里只是要求準(zhǔn)確使用一定句型、詞匯進(jìn)行表達(dá)即可。其最高分的要求為：完全完成了試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)；覆蓋所有內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)；應(yīng)用了較多的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；詞法結(jié)構(gòu)或詞匯方面有些許錯(cuò)誤，但為盡力使用較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)或較高級(jí)詞匯所致；有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使全文結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊；完全達(dá)到了預(yù)期的寫作目的。我們可以具體轉(zhuǎn)化為：1）內(nèi)容無缺失2）有多種語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯3）有較復(fù)雜語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和較難詞匯4）有從句2題干題干包括材料和要