The Study of English Abbreviation 英語語言學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文

1、 the study of english abbreviation table of contentsabstracti摘要iipreface11. the origin and characteristics of english abbreviation21.1 the origin of the english abbreviations21.1.1 the objective world factors21.1.2 the subjective world factors31.1.3 language world factors31.2 the main causes of engl

2、ish characteristics41.2.1 simplicity41.2.2 fuzziness41.2.3 lability41.3 summary52. the generation characteristics of english abbreviation62.1 clipping62.1.1 cutting the final part.62.1.2 cutting the initial part.62.1.3 cutting the initial part and the final part.62.1.4 cutting either the initial par

3、t or the final part.62.2 blending72.3 acronym72.4 digital abbreviation82.5 borrowing law82.6 variant law82.7 summary83. the pronunciation rules and writing rules of abbreviation in english language93.1 pronunciation rules of english language93.2 writing rules of english language93.3 summary104. the

4、chinese translation of english abbreviation114.1 transliteration114.2 free translation124.3 zero-translation method124.4 mixed-translation method144.5 summary145. pragmatic function of english abbreviation155.1 simpleness, speediness155.2 eye-catching, catchy hooks155.3 strong description155.4 rheto

5、ric function155.5 summary16conclusion17citation18reference19acknowledgements20黑河學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）abstracta lot of english abbreviation production and use reflect a sharp change of modern society, the science and technology progress and cultural education leap and the rapid development of business, etc.

6、the seemingly simple abbreviations in composition structure, pronunciation, and writing have many rules, and it is the unique function to use a language. the study of these rules can reduce and avoid chaos or mistakes when we use them.keywords: english abbreviation rule pragmatic function translatio

7、n摘要英語縮略詞的大量產(chǎn)生和使用折射出現(xiàn)代社會的急劇變化，科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛躍進(jìn)步和文化教育事業(yè)等的迅猛發(fā)展?？此坪唵蔚目s略語在組成結(jié)構(gòu)、讀音、書寫等方面均有很多很多變化規(guī)則，而且具有獨(dú)特的語言使用功能。研究其規(guī)律可以減少和避免使用時(shí)出現(xiàn)混亂或錯(cuò)誤。關(guān)鍵詞：英語縮略詞 規(guī)則 語用功能 翻譯不要?jiǎng)h除行尾的分節(jié)符，此行不會被打印19- -目錄千萬不要?jiǎng)h除行尾的分節(jié)符，此行不會被打印。在目錄上點(diǎn)右鍵“更新域”，然后“更新整個(gè)目錄”。打印前，不要忘記把上面“abstract”這一行后加一空行黑河學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）prefacelately 20 years, it appears a large n

8、umber of abbreviations in the english vocabulary. its appearance on one hand is due to the trend of the development of english itself; on the other hand, it is due to fast development of social needs. english abbreviations are used in all aspects of the social life from the modern science and techno

9、logy fields to the medical, foreign trade, education, economic and political. it likes a mirror which reflects social development in all aspects. in the modern era, people who use language communication need economic and efficient way to exchange information. abbreviation use less symbols, informati

10、on, just to meet the modern demand. the abbreviation reflects the modern production of large numbers of the rapid social change. this paper analyzes the origin of the english abbreviations, constitution, writing rules and pragmatic functions. therefore, we can use english abbreviations more reasonab

11、ly.1. the origin and characteristics of english abbreviation1.1 the origin of the english abbreviationsbefore the 1940s, the number of english abbreviation only a little, but with the birth of the first all-electronic digital computer created by 1946 j.p.eckert and j.w.manchly at the university of p

12、ennsylvania in the united states, english abbreviation increases. abbreviation is a common linguistic phenomenon in the world today. but the abbreviation of english is in a marginal position in foreign country for a long time, which is not commensurate with the rapid development of the abbreviations

13、. in the late twentieth century, western scholars began to use cognitive linguistics, computer linguistics and psychological linguistics on the english abbreviations in-depth study, and prove the abbreviation to the value of linguistics research. today, he has become a millions of army. especially i

14、n recent 20 years is the fastest 20 years of english abbreviation growing. the main causes of english contractions are the following:1.1.1 the objective world factorswith the fast development of national economies, the rapid progress of science and technology, and the rapid changes in the social lif

15、e, all require fast, simple language to reflect the complexity of new things and social phenomena. abbreviation appears more and more in all areas of human life, because abbreviations can be used less information and space to express the original meaning of the words. social development, especially

16、the rapid development of science and technology on the widespread application of abbreviations has been the extremely vital role.1.1.2 the subjective world factorswith psychology of people who ask briefness, anderson, cognitive psychologist, thinks information processing ability of people is limited

17、. in order to effectively deal with complex communication, people need to have some abilities to show the subject initiative, such as, summary and simplification of the information, organization of the strategy. the communication of modern social information are more and more frequent, so that this

18、requires more and more economic information carrier which can use the most succinct information symbol transfer as much information as possible. the rich meaning of letters abbreviation just meet the peoples need for briefness psychology.with peoples new psychological and the arrival of the economic

19、 society, in order to adapt yourself to the competitive society, people began to consciously care what happened around the world and to absorb new information initiatively. english abbreviations represent new things, new honored, new information of letters abbreviations, such as pk (play kill, again

20、st / challenge), atm (automatic teller machine, automatic teller machines), etc. it is easy to be accepted and used by people. 1.1.3 language world factorsvarious elements in the language, vocabulary is the most volatile factor in the language, which is liquid rather than solid. the development of m

21、odern english vocabulary, on the one hand, is a big increase in the number of new words, on the other hand is increasingly cohesive simplified. the french linguists a.martinet had also proposed language economic principle. he points out that the communication and expressions are always in the dynami

22、c changing, and more, newer, more characteristics of the language units will emerge. but as the people whose performances show inertia in all aspects of daily life, it requires us to minimize consumption in speech, and use the abbreviation with the habits we familiar and a small amount of language u

23、nit.1.2 the main causes of english characteristics 1.2.1 simplicitywith the accelerated pace of modern life, as people use language in oral or written communication, the words are becoming more and more simplified. on the one hand, the abbreviation of syllables or letters in word or phrase constitut

24、e significantly reduced, the exchange is more convenient. on the other hand, the written form is simple, easy to remember. if the phrase “l(fā)ight wave application by stimulated emission of radiation” is abbreviated as the “l(fā)aser”, the words from the previous 19 to 2. we can see that abbreviations save

25、 trouble and effort and are in line with the requirements of the development of modern society.1.2.2 fuzzinessthe basic components of english abbreviation are “l(fā)etter”. it is thumbnail because letters are only with the sound and shape, no sense. the combination of words, sound, form after righteousn

26、ess which contact between them became very loose, not like the complete words or phrases that are close. for example, the apc can be american power conference (american power conference), also can be adjustable pressure conveyor (pressure regulating conveyor), and also may be the automatic power con

27、trol (automatic power adjustment), automatic program control (automatic process control) or automatic phase control (automatic phase adjustment). the phrase rules are not fixed, and human factors influenced is bigger. for example, people often make abbreviated words easy to know, easy to remember, b

28、ut the choice or arrangement of the letters depends on habits. so these will add some fuzzy to abbreviation.1.2.3 labilitythe emergence of abbreviations is a product of certain social, political, cultural, economic, technological, etc. in the process of social development, some standards of abbrevia

29、tion for a wide range are accepted by the public. a period of time， abbreviations widely used is to enter the lexical system. but with the social changing, soon less used abbreviation gradually disappears and become the old words. with the collapse of the soviet union, such as before, rsfsr (russian

30、 soviet federal socialist republic) the abbreviations rarely used and changed by russia. in addition, some of the traditional english abbreviations was also endowed the new content. such as sos, belongs to international practice distress signal, refers to save our souls (help us), which are now with

31、 someone special (a special characters) and the same old shit (the old stuff) and other different meanings, etc.1.3 summarythe development of economy and science, technology leap, changes of social life all require us to use the fast, concise language to reflect the complex new things and social phe

32、nomenon so as to save time and improve communication efficiency. the phenomenons of using abbreviation to replace the old words are common and also very necessary. the use of the abbreviation both key points, save space, and make the limited space contain a large amount of information, so as to effe

33、ctively spread the must express information. so the abbreviation research is very significant and necessary.2. the generation characteristics of english abbreviationenglish abbreviations of word formation are to follow certain rules.2.1 clippinga way which is widely used to form abbreviation is clip

34、ping, a process of cutting off the certain part or parts of a word to make up its abbreviation form. a great number of english words have undergone the process of clipping happens in different ways:2.1.1 cutting the final part.one of the ways in which clipping happens is cutting the final part of a

35、word and left the initial part (or sometimes with a slight variation). this is one of the most usual ways to form abbreviation. it happens like that: doc doctor; fax facsimile; lab laboratory; auto automobile; gas gasoline.2.1.2 cutting the initial part.this is another common means by which abbrevia

36、tions are formed. the final part is left and used to stand for the original word. for example: copter helicopter; doze bulldozer; quake earthquake. we use such kind of abbreviations very often in our communication. they are shorter than their original forms.2.1.3 cutting the initial part and the fin

37、al part.on some rare occasions，both the initial part and first are clipped off with the middle part preserved and represents the original one. it happens like these: fluidics fluidounce, flu influenza; fridge refrigerator; script prescription.2.1.4 cutting either the initial part or the final part.s

38、ome clipping words are created by this means and either of the two parts can represent its form. some examples here can explain this point clearly. for example: heli copter helicopter, roller coaster roller coaster. in these two examples, either “heli” or “copter” can stand for the word “helicopter”

39、, so that people will never be confused. the same thing happens to “roller” and “coaster”, to cut the other syllables of a word and with only the initial syllable left. sometimes, abbreviation form when the first syllables of each word in a word group are left and other syllables cut off. for instan

40、ce: crudiv cruiser division, hicom high command.2.2 blendingblending refers to two or more than two words synthesis, and synthesis abbreviated is called the word of patchwork. there are four main kinds:1) the first part of the word before + the after part of the second word, for example, brunch (bre

41、akfast + lunch), oxbridge (oxford + cambridge).2) the first part of the word before + the first part of the second word, for example, sitcom (situation + comedy), modern (modulator + demodulator).3) the first part of the word before + all of the second word, for example, medicate (medical + care), l

42、ancing (language + sign).4) all of the first language + the after part of the second word, workfare (work + welfare), travelogue (travel + logue).2.3 acronymacronym is made up from the first letters of the name of an organization which has a heavily modified headword, or the first letters of an extr

43、emely long word or word group in science, technology and other special fields, such as, cad (computer assisted design); it (information technology); dna (deoxyribonucleic acid); isbn (international standard book number). measurement unit of the acronym use lowercase letters with, such as meter (m/m)

44、, centimeter (cm), gram (g), etc. some acronym can also act with other words, such as, h-bomb hydrogen bomb (hydrogen bombs); e-mail electric mail (electronic mail), etc.2.4 digital abbreviationthis method is that figures add thumbnail letters or a noun, such as the five senses (sight, hearing, touc

45、h and smell, taste); 3c (china compulsory certification); 3p (purchasing power parities).2.5 borrowing lawborrowing law refers to the use of foreign words abbreviation. this kind of word come from latin, such as, c.f. (confer comparison); b.i.d. (bits in die twice a day); ad val. (ad valorem buy). t

46、his kind of abbreviation characteristic is of the lower case mostly, and all has the punctuation marks.2.6 variant lawvariant law refers to according to the pronunciation of the letters to change the spelling, such as quick quik; tech tek; christmas x mas.2.7 summaryif we learn to master the abbrevi

47、ations in the composition rules and basic requirements, we can not only correctly use abbreviations but also can create a much-needed correct abbreviation in necessary. the abbreviation will have life as long as the abbreviations are reasonable simplified. i think the further study of english abbrev

48、iation laws and the structure requirements will reduce and avoid unnecessary confusion and mistakes. english abbreviations will be increasingly perfect, and the application will be more extensive.3. the pronunciation rules and writing rules of abbreviation in english language3.1 pronunciation rules

49、of english languagethe pronunciation of the abbreviations basically divided into two kinds: one kind is the phonics, and the other is the word spelling method. letter pronunciation of abbreviation is usually accented on the last letter, and the secondary accent is on the first letter. for example, u

50、sa / ju es ei /, mp / em pi: /. and some of the pronunciation rules of abbreviations words are the same with the pronunciation of the words, such as nato / nei tou / (north atlantic treaty organization); basic / bei sik / (beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code algorithmic language). it sho

51、uld be noted, if there is definite article, the form and pronunciation will depend on the pronunciation of the first-letter abbreviations.3.2 writing rules of english languagemost abbreviations are formed by the first letters of the most important words in the phrase. generally we should use capital

52、 letters, especially the proprietary technology noun and institution name, etc. for example: nicc (national information control center), psc (program sequence control).independent word abbreviation commonly uses lowercase letters of the words. for example, esp (especially, in particular), exc (excel

53、lence), sci (science). some abbreviations are in common use. for example: tel, tel (telephone phone); sys, sys (system); rd, rd (road highway), etc. in addition, some abbreviations began with a capital letter of thumbnail type. but with the development of language, some abbreviations are into new wo

54、rds, so use should be in lower case. for example: radar, -radar (radio detecting and ranging, radar), etc.some of the abbreviations can not ignore the symbols. they in the language plays an important role. for example: c-agc (common automatic gain control, code automatic gain control), ac-hf (altern

55、ating current-high frequency, communication-high frequency), h / bone (herring-bone, herringbone).we not only pay attention to the problems of capitalization, word translations, different pronunciation, but also to fully consider symbol when we use english. they also play an important role in englis

56、h language. for example, sc is the abbreviation of sea cast, standard condition and dozens of words or phrases; s.c. refers to the steel casting phrases; s.c. representative short circuit; s/c is sales confirmation; and the s/c refers to the surcharge; s&c is the abbreviation of secret and confident

57、ial. so, we should pay special attention when we are in the use and writing abbreviations.3.3 summarythrough the study pronunciation and writing rules of the english abbreviation, it can help us right use the english abbreviations and translate accurately.4. the chinese translation of english abbrev

58、iation4.1 transliterationtransliteration of abbreviations is translated into foreign language on the basis of the pronunciation of english. transliteration method is simple and feasible, and likely to be accepted by the public, but it is hard on the original intent of the association. there are existing small amount of english abbreviation which are translated through transliteration, such as , toefl test of english as a foreign language 把英語作為外語的考試, iel