課程設(shè)計基于單片機(jī)的電動機(jī)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器設(shè)計與制作

1、單片機(jī)課程設(shè)計說明書 jiangsu teachers university of technology 單片機(jī)課程設(shè)計說明書 設(shè)計題目：基于單片機(jī)的電動機(jī)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器設(shè)計與制作 學(xué)院名稱： 機(jī)械與汽車工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè)： 汽車服務(wù)工程 班 級： 08汽服2zw 姓 名： 祁 平 學(xué) 號： 08323205 指導(dǎo)老師： 張 蘭 春 2011年6月摘 要摘要：本文分析了電動機(jī)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器的功能和特點，闡述了單片機(jī)電動機(jī)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器的組成和原理，介紹了該系統(tǒng)在控制汽車電動機(jī)電壓上的應(yīng)用。論述了如何利用a/d轉(zhuǎn)換器將模擬信號轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字信號，再將信號送至單片機(jī)與設(shè)定電壓對比確定，利用七段數(shù)碼管顯示出來。關(guān)鍵詞

2、：at89c51 adc0809 數(shù)碼管目 錄第一章 系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計說明.41.1 系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計目的. 41.2 系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計思路.4第二章 元器件介紹.52.1 at89c51.52.2 adc0809.62.3 七段發(fā)光顯示器.82.4 其他元件說明.9第三章 硬件設(shè)計.103.1 系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計.10第四章 軟件設(shè)計.114.1 程序分析.114.2 程序設(shè)計流程圖.114.3 程序設(shè)計.11小結(jié) .15謝詞 .16參考文獻(xiàn).17第一章 系統(tǒng)的主要功能說明1.1系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計目的電壓的變化對電動機(jī)的影響：1、對力矩的影響 電壓愈低，力矩愈小。由于電壓減低，啟動力矩減小，會使啟動時間增長，如當(dāng)電壓減低2

3、0%時，啟動時間將增加3.75倍。要注重的是，當(dāng)電壓降落槽到某一數(shù)值時，電動機(jī)的最大力矩小于阻力力矩，于是電動機(jī)會停轉(zhuǎn)。而在某些情況下（如負(fù)載是水泵，有水壓情況下），電動機(jī)還會發(fā)生倒轉(zhuǎn)。2、對轉(zhuǎn)速的影響電壓減低，轉(zhuǎn)速也減低，因為電壓減低使電磁力矩減小。3、對效率的影響 若電壓減低，機(jī)械損耗實際上不變，鐵耗差不多與電壓平方成正比減少；轉(zhuǎn)子繞組的損耗和轉(zhuǎn)子電流平方成正比增加；定子繞組的損耗決定于定子電流的增加還是減少，而定子電流又決定于負(fù)載電流和空載電流間的互相干系?？偟膩碚f，電動機(jī)在負(fù)載鐘頭（40%），效率增加一些，而然后開始很快地下降。4、對發(fā)熱的影響在電壓變化范圍不大的情況下，由于電壓減低，

4、定子電流升高；電壓升高，定子電流減低。在一定的范圍內(nèi)，鐵耗和銅耗可以相互賠償，溫度保持在容許范圍內(nèi)。因此，當(dāng)電壓在定額值5%范圍內(nèi)變化時，電動機(jī)的容量仍可保持不變。但當(dāng)電壓減低超過定額值的5%時，就要限制電動機(jī)的出力，否則定子繞組可能過熱，因為此時定子電流可能已升到比力高的數(shù)值。當(dāng)電壓升高超過10%時，由于磁通密度增加，鐵耗增加，又由于定子電流增加，銅耗也增加，故定子繞組溫度將超過允許值。 由于電壓的變化對電動機(jī)有以上等影響，因此必須對電動機(jī)的電壓進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié)，使電動機(jī)保持在正常電壓范圍內(nèi)工作。1.2系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計思路系統(tǒng)設(shè)計思路如下：電動機(jī)的電壓，通過與12v進(jìn)行比較，之后通過電壓調(diào)節(jié)器進(jìn)行調(diào)整。在

5、本設(shè)計中，通過改變輸入的阻值，與設(shè)定的值進(jìn)行比較，而后通過a/d轉(zhuǎn)換器將之轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閿?shù)值信號輸出。來實現(xiàn)電動機(jī)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器的作用。第二章 元器件介紹2.1單片機(jī)at89c512.1.1 at89c51的主要特性：與mcs-51 兼容 4k字節(jié)可編程閃爍存儲器 壽命：1000寫/擦循環(huán) 數(shù)據(jù)保留時間：10年 全靜態(tài)工作：0hz-24mhz 三級程序存儲器鎖定 1288位內(nèi)部ram 32可編程i/o線 兩個16位定時器/計數(shù)器 5個中斷源 可編程串行通道 低功耗的閑置和掉電模式 片內(nèi)振蕩器和時鐘電路 21.2 單片機(jī)芯片引腳描述圖2.1為at89c51單片機(jī)的引腳配置圖。（1）主電源引腳vcc（2）外接

6、晶振引腳xtal1和xtal2（3）復(fù)位引腳rst，輸入高電平是at89c51復(fù)位（4）輸入/輸出引腳p0、p1、p2、p3（共32根）（5）程序存儲器選擇信號引腳ea（6）外部程序存儲器讀選通信號引腳psen（7）外部存儲器低8位地址鎖存信號引腳ale 圖2.1單片機(jī)引腳圖2.2 adc08092.2.1 adc0809主要性能（1）分辨率為8位；（2）精度：adc0809小于1lsb（adc0808小于1/2lsb）；（3）單+5v供電，模擬輸入電壓范圍為05v；（4）具有鎖存控制的路輸入模擬開關(guān)；（5）可鎖存三態(tài)輸出，輸出與ttl電平兼容；（6）功耗為15mw；（7）不必進(jìn)行零點和滿度調(diào)

7、整；（8）轉(zhuǎn)換速度取決于芯片外接的時鐘頻率。時鐘頻率范圍：101280khz。典型值為時鐘頻率640khz，轉(zhuǎn)換時間約為100s。2.2.2 adc0809結(jié)構(gòu)adc0809（簡稱0809）是8路8位逐次逼近式ad轉(zhuǎn)換器，適用于精度要求不高（分辨率1256）的多路ad轉(zhuǎn)換，具有三態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)總線，可以直接和mcu接口。0809由8路模擬開關(guān)、通路地址鎖存器、8位ad轉(zhuǎn)換器和三態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)緩沖器等組成。圖2.2為0809的結(jié)構(gòu)框圖。8位ad轉(zhuǎn)換器三態(tài)輸出鎖存器緩沖器通路轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)通路地址鎖存譯碼器in0in7abcale18vccgndoev- v+startclk圖2.2 adc0809結(jié)構(gòu)框圖2.2.3

8、adc0809引腳圖2.3為adc0809引腳圖（1）in0in7，8路模擬量輸入端。（2）d7d0，8位數(shù)字量輸出端。（3）ale， 地址鎖存允許信號輸入端。通常向此引腳輸入一個正脈沖時，可將三位地址選擇信號a、b、c鎖存于地址寄存器內(nèi)并進(jìn)行譯碼，選通相應(yīng)的模擬輸入通道。（4）start，啟動a/d轉(zhuǎn)換控制信號輸入端。一般向此引腳輸入一個正脈沖，上升沿復(fù)位內(nèi)部逐次逼近寄存器，下降沿后開始a/d轉(zhuǎn)換。（5）clk，時鐘信號輸入端。（6）eoc，轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束信號輸出端。a/d轉(zhuǎn)換期間eoc為低電平，a/d轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束后eoc為高電平。（7）oe，輸出允許控制端，控制輸出鎖存器的三態(tài)門。當(dāng)oe為高電平時，

9、轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)出現(xiàn)在d7d0引腳。當(dāng)oe為低電平時，d7d0引腳對外呈高阻狀態(tài)。（8）c、b、a，8路模擬開關(guān)的地址選通信號輸入端，3個輸入端的信號為000111時，接通in0in7對應(yīng)通道。（9）vr（）、vr（）：分別為基準(zhǔn)電源的正、負(fù)輸入端。 圖2.3 adc0809引腳圖2.3 七段發(fā)光顯示器常用的七段顯示器的結(jié)構(gòu)如圖2.4所示。發(fā)光二級管的陽極連在一起的稱為共陽極顯示器，陰極連在一起的稱為共陰極顯示器。1位顯示器由8個發(fā)光二極管組成，其中7個發(fā)光二極管ag控制7個筆畫（段）的亮或暗，另一個控制一個小數(shù)點的亮和暗，這種筆畫式的七段顯示器能顯示的字符較少，字形的形狀有些失真，但控制簡單，使

10、用方便。圖2.5為顯示器圖2.4 七段發(fā)光顯示器的結(jié)構(gòu)圖2.5顯示器2.4 其它元器件說明晶振電路使用12mhz的晶體振蕩器，30pf的電容。復(fù)位電路采用10uf的電容，10k的電阻。顯示器電路中除4位7段顯示器外還使用了8個5k上拉電阻。第三章 硬件設(shè)計3.1系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計圖3.1為系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計圖：圖3.1系統(tǒng)硬件設(shè)計圖第四章 軟件設(shè)計4.1 程序分析進(jìn)行a/d轉(zhuǎn)換時，采用查詢eoc的標(biāo)志信號來檢測a/d轉(zhuǎn)換是否完畢，若完畢則把數(shù)據(jù)通過p0端口讀入，經(jīng)過數(shù)據(jù)處理之后顯示出來。4.2 程序設(shè)計流程圖開始選擇adc0809的轉(zhuǎn)換通道道啟動a/d轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束？輸出轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果數(shù)值轉(zhuǎn)換顯示否是圖4.2程序

11、設(shè)計流程圖4.3 程序設(shè)計led_0equ 30h ;存放三個數(shù)碼管的段碼led_1 equ 31hled_2 equ 32hclock bit p2.4adcequ35h;存放轉(zhuǎn)換后的數(shù)據(jù)st bit p3.2oe bit p3.0eoc bit p3.1org 00h sjmp start org 0bh ljmp abcstart: movled_0,#00hmovled_1,#00hmovled_2,#00hmovdptr,#table;送段碼表首地址 setbp3.4setbp3.5 clrp3.6 ;選擇adc0808的通道3 mov tmod,#02h mov th0,#24 m

12、ov tl0,#00h mov ie,#82h setb tr0wait: clr stsetb stclr st;啟動轉(zhuǎn)換 jnb eoc,$ ;等待轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)束setb oe ;允許輸出mov adc,p1;暫存轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果clr oe ;關(guān)閉輸出mov a,adc;將ad轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換成bcd碼mov b,#100div abmov led_2,amov a,bmov b,#10div abmov led_1,amov led_0,blcalldisp ;顯示ad轉(zhuǎn)換結(jié)果sjmp waitabc: cpl clock retidisp: clr p2.0 mova,led_0;數(shù)碼顯示子程序mov

13、ca,a+dptr setb p2.1 movp0,alcalldelay clr p2.1mova,led_1movca,a+dptr setb p2.2movp0,alcalldelay clr p2.2mova,led_2movca,a+dptr setb p2.3movp0,a lcalldelayclr p2.3retdelay:movr6,#10;延時5毫秒d1:movr7,#250djnzr7,$djnzr6,d1rettable: db0c0h,0f9h,0a4h,0b0h,099h,092h,082h,0f8h,080h,090h end小結(jié)通過這次課程設(shè)計，我感觸頗多，先談

14、談單片機(jī)方面的，無論做什么事情，都得理論聯(lián)系實際，理論和實際相結(jié)合的重要性在這次的課程設(shè)計中體現(xiàn)的淋漓盡致。以前學(xué)單片機(jī)理論課的時候，不怎么懂，所以這次課程設(shè)計對我來講也是一大考驗。買元器件的時候，由于把共陰管買成了共陽管，所以修改程序著實是一大難題，我們天真的以為只要把斷碼改了就行了，一調(diào)試才發(fā)現(xiàn)根本行不通。就單單修改程序就花了我們好幾天的時間，不行再改再調(diào)試。最終在張老師的指導(dǎo)下，在我們的反復(fù)修改調(diào)試下，皇天不負(fù)有心人，終于調(diào)試成功。然后談?wù)勅穗H關(guān)系方面的，俗話說的好，三個臭皮匠湊成個諸葛亮，果然沒錯，在這次的課程設(shè)計中，我們宿舍三個人在修改程序的時候，互相討論，分工查閱資料，再有不懂就問

15、張老師和班里的其他同學(xué)，他們都會耐心的給我們講解，在張老師和同學(xué)們的幫助下最終調(diào)試成功。最后談一下我自己對這門課的看法。通過這次的課程設(shè)計，我從中得到很多書本上無法得到的知識。自己今后做任何事都會將理論知識和實際應(yīng)用結(jié)合起來，提高自己的能力。課堂教學(xué)考慮到大多數(shù)同學(xué)的需求，主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“基本”基本知識、基本理論、基本方法、基本技能。而這次設(shè)計正是為我們提供了一個深入學(xué)習(xí)、探索的機(jī)會，成為課堂教學(xué)的有益補(bǔ)充。謝詞在本次課程設(shè)計過程中，首先我要特別感謝我們的指導(dǎo)老師張?zhí)m春張老師，然后也對給過我?guī)椭睦蠋焸兒屯瑢W(xué)們表示感謝。我們的張老師認(rèn)真的給我們每一位同學(xué)選題，耐心的指導(dǎo)我們制作與設(shè)計。不管有多忙總會

16、抽出時間為我們解答難題，我的題目程序有些地方要修改，老師總會耐心的給我講解，這令我十分的感動。我們班的同學(xué)主動給予我?guī)椭?，幫助我檢查元器件的連接，程序的修改。這次課程設(shè)計的順利完成，多虧了我們的張老師和我們班的同學(xué)們。張老師嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)闹螌W(xué)態(tài)度、精益求精的工作態(tài)度是我終生學(xué)習(xí)的楷模，老師的精神將永遠(yuǎn)激勵著我。參考文獻(xiàn)1. 1夏彬彬 任明全 屈金學(xué).單片機(jī)常用模塊與綜合系統(tǒng)設(shè)計m.電子工業(yè)出版社.20092.張友德 趙志英 凃時亮.單片微型機(jī)m.復(fù)旦大學(xué)出版社.20063.肖婧.單片機(jī)入門與趣味實驗設(shè)計m.北京航空航天大學(xué)出版社.20084.劉置升 孫蕙芹 童一帆 蘇梅.單片機(jī)實訓(xùn)與開發(fā)教程m.科學(xué)出

17、版社.20085. 劉剛 秦永左.單片機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用m.中國林業(yè)出版社，2006g an employment tribunal claimemployment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees.you may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: you dont agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you your employer di

18、smisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.for more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, seedismissal.you can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haventappealedagainst the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. however, if you win y

19、our case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. if your application is receive

20、d after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it.if you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will nee

21、d to give evidence under an oath or affirmation.most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. if you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed underfurther help.if you are being represe

22、nted by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. this is known as adamages-based agreement. in england and wales, your solicitor cant charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.if y

23、ou are thinking about signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure youre clear about the terms of the agreement. it might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a citizens advice bureau. to find your nearest cab, including those that give advice by e-mai

24、l, click onnearest cab.for more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, seeemployment tribunals.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will

25、 attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings agains

26、t cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side a

27、dded: we found no racist insults from fans of cska.age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. may be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the appearance of the same day; may be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mi

28、nd has been very messy, in my mind constantly. always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲?；蛟S是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子；或許是追溯過去，對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟，這些天以來，思緒一直很凌亂，在腦海中不斷糾纏。總覺得自己自己似乎應(yīng)

29、該去做點什么，或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺，突然就感覺到有些事情，非做不可了。the end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生，又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可？during my childhood, think lucky money and new clothes are necessary for new year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional;

30、junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isnt really grow up, it seems is not so important; then in high school, think dont want to give vent to out your inner voice can be

31、 in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sweat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already cant remember his appearance.童年時，覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過

32、年必備，但是隨著年齡的推進(jìn)，會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些東西根本就可有可無；初中時，以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長，但三年過去后，自己心平氣和的寫同學(xué)錄的時候，突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了，好像并沒有那么重要了；然后到了高中，覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點，但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽喉，后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場，看著他投過籃球的球框時，突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolute

33、ly, have to do, and time.原來，這個世界上，對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學(xué)反應(yīng)的，除了非做不可的堅決，還有，時間。a persons time, your ideas are always special to clear. want, want, line is clear, as if nothing could shake his. also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. dislike his cowardice, finally

34、 found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an arm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候，自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的，不想要的，界限明確，好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事，但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦，最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很

35、多緣分，有很多錯過，好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可，只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強(qiáng)心劑，或者說，是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。at the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. suddenly thought of blue plaid shirt; those were broken into various shapes of stationery; from the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; have dec

36、lared the end of the encounter that havent start planning. those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻，天空是陰暗的，空氣里有著剛下過雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍(lán)格子襯衫；那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙；那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼；還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可，終于和青春一樣，都將在我們的人生中謝幕。baumgartner the disappointing news: mission abort

37、ed. r plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where o

38、ur day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weathethe balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic diving pl