The Cognitive Analysis of Human Body Wordstake “head”, “hand”, “mouth”, “heart” and “face” as examples人體部位詞的認(rèn)知分析

1、 人體部位詞的認(rèn)知分析 以頭、手、口、心、臉為例the cognitive analysis of human body wordstake “head”, “hand”, “mouth”, “heart” and “face” as examples摘要【摘要】本文以五個(gè)人體詞匯-頭，手，口，心，臉為主要研究對(duì)象，以概念隱喻和圖式為理論框架，采用對(duì)比分析的方法，試圖找出人體詞匯的認(rèn)知特點(diǎn)和在英漢兩種語言中存在人體詞匯認(rèn)知上的不同的原因。本文發(fā)現(xiàn)，人體詞的認(rèn)知對(duì)于人類認(rèn)知整個(gè)世界至關(guān)重要。此外，各個(gè)民族擁有相似的生理結(jié)構(gòu)，所以在對(duì)人體詞的認(rèn)知上存在許多相似性。但是，各個(gè)民族在地理位置、文化和語

2、言方面存在差異，所以在對(duì)人體詞的認(rèn)知上也存在許多不同點(diǎn)。本文的語料來源于權(quán)威詞典和相關(guān)研究者的著作，如lakoff (1980), 束定芳（2000）等。【關(guān)鍵詞】概念隱喻；圖式；認(rèn)知; 人體詞。the cognitive analysis of human body words: take “head”, “hand”, “mouth”, “heart” and “face” as examplesabstract【abstract】this thesis chooses five human body wordshead, hand, mouth, heart and face as th

3、e subject of the research. within the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor and schema, the thesis conducts a contrastive analysis and attempts to investigate the cognitive features of human body words and find out the similarities and differences of cognitive features of human body words in

4、english and chinese. besides, the physiological structures of people of every nation are more or less the same, which leads to many similarities in their cognitions of human body words. and because of the differences in geographic location, culture and language typology among different nations, ther

5、e are many differences in their cognition of human body words. the data cited in this thesis are collected from authoritative dictionaries, relevant researchers works, such as lakoff (1980), su dingfang (2000) and so on.【keywords】conceptual metaphor；schema；cognition; human body words.contents誠 信 承 諾

6、i摘要iiabstractiiicontentsiv1 introduction11.1 the significance of the research11.2 the theoretical framework11.3 the organization of the thesis22 literature review32.1 researches of conceptual metaphor concerning body words32.1.1 researches of conceptual metaphor concerning body words in chinese32.1.

7、2 researches of conceptual metaphor concerning body words in english32.2 researches on schema concerning human body words42.2.1 researches on schema concerning human body words in chinese42.2.2 researches on schema concerning human body words in english43 conceptual metaphor and schema concerning hu

8、man body words53.1 conceptual metaphors concerning human body words53.1.1 head53.1.2 hand63.1.3 mouth63.1.4 heart73.1.5 face83.2 image schema concerning human body words83.2.1 containment schema93.2.2 balance schema93.2.3 human body schema93.3 summary104 similarities and differences in human body wo

9、rds metaphor in chinese and english114.1 similarities114.1.1 similarities of human body parts positions114.1.2 similarities of human body parts shapes114.1.3 similarities of human body parts functions114.2 differences124.2.1 features of body metaphor from geographic locations124.2.2 features of body

10、 metaphor from a linguistic view124.2.3 features of body metaphor from different cultures and personalities134.3 summary145 conclusion155.1 main findings155.2 limitations15references16acknowledgements171 introductionthe cognition from the near to the far, from entity to non-entity, from the simple t

11、o the complicated, from the concrete to the abstract, just makes up the basis of humans realization of the world. so there are many human body words turning up. this thesis uses conceptual metaphor and schema to make a cognitive analysis of these words-head, hand, mouth, heart, and face. the aim is

12、to reveal their cognitive features.1.1 the significance of the researchcommonly, people treat metaphor as a special rhetoric way. however, with the development of cognitive science, gradually people notice that metaphor is not only a rhetoric way but also a cognitive method around us. human beings a

13、lways use their bodies to cognize the world, describe the world and express the emotion because inevitably, people will connect the cognition of human body with other things. with metaphorical concepts, human body words acquire many new meanings to describe other things on the basis of some daily ex

14、periences. through the research of human body words with conceptual metaphor and schema: (1) we can develop the research of metaphor and schema of human body word. these human body parts which are used in language can be nouns, verbs, adjectives and so on. so people should open up eyesight, make fur

15、ther research about human body adjectives and human body verbs.(2) on the basis of our elementary knowledge about our bodies, we can make an exploration about the linguistic function of human body metaphor and schema. it is very crucial about the language expression, language realization and languag

16、e teaching.(3) human body metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a cognitive phenomenon, so the research about metaphor will be the research about different cultures and the diversity of different languages.1.2 the theoretical frameworkin this part, the theories which are used in the

17、thesis will be introduced: conceptual metaphor and schema.metaphor was firstly brought out about two thousand years ago. aristotle mentioned metaphor in the rhetoric education and he just considered metaphor as the imagery between two similar things or nouns that made the language more vivid. with t

18、he theory deepening, after the 1970s, lakoff and johnson deepened the metaphor theory. goossens (1995) launched a succession of contrastive research of metaphor and metonymy. and in su dingfangs research (2000), metaphor had two significant effects on humans cognition ability. one effect is creating

19、 new meanings; the other is providing new ways to cognize things. people make use of the correlation between two things to put new conceptions and the sources together then find out the same points among them.schema was firstly brought out by immanuel kant (cited in chen qian, 2008) who was a philos

20、opher from germany. he defined schema as something hidden in humans soul. so according to kant, schema in some degree can be used for forecasting. according to traditional experience, we can find out the relationship between different things and get new conceptions from lots of research and practice

21、. but kant never simply compared the experience with ability, he found out the relationship between experience and ability, and defined the cognitive ability as “the clue of all the pure conception”, which is the tiptop principle of all analyses. in this cognitive process, schema is a very important

22、 part. schema is based on humans experience or knowledge of things. lakoff (1987) defined the image schema as “comparatively simple, the structures which are very common in our daily life”. such as container, route, connection, power, balance, or the relations between some direction words, updown, f

23、rontbehind, partwhole, centeredge.1.3 the organization of the thesisthere are five parts in this thesis. in chapter one, an introduction of the whole thesis is given so that the reader could have a clear view of the thesis. in chapter two, the literature review about this thesis is given. also, some

24、 scholars opinion about conceptual metaphor and schema about human body words are listed. in chapter three, five human body words are analyzed within the theoretical framework of conceptual metaphor and schema. chapter four which is based on chapter three explores the similarities and differences of

25、 cognition in terms of metaphor and schema about human body words in chinese and english and attempt to detect the reasons for similarities and differences. in chapter five, the conclusions of the whole thesis are given after the analyses.2 literature reviewthis chapter is divided into two parts. on

26、e part is about the research of conceptual metaphor of human body words, the other is about the research of schema of human body words. 2.1 researches of conceptual metaphor concerning body wordsa metaphor is the expression of an understanding of one concept in terms of another concept, where there

27、is some similarity or correlation between the two. there are so many scholars both in chinese and english engaged in the study of conceptual metaphor of human body words. in this part, the research background of conceptual metaphor will be introduced.2.1.1 researches of conceptual metaphor concernin

28、g body words in chinesethe research of conceptual metaphor of human body words in chinese focuses on each part of the human body to study the metaphor. many scholars who were interested in metaphorical studies such as xiao ling (2007), su dingfang (2000), wang wenbin (2001), wrote many books and art

29、icles about human body words in terms of metaphor.xiao ling (2007) assumed that the formation of metaphor is based on peoples experience. metaphor not only falls into the category of rhetoric, but also a cognitive phenomenon. in daily life, the metaphor of human body is based on mapping, which deter

30、mines the basic role of body parts in cognizing the world.in su dingfangs research (2000), he gave a general introduction of metaphor theory and makes a comprehensive analysis about the metaphors occurrence, working system, essence and functions.in wang wenbins research (2001), he took the word “hea

31、rt” for example, investigates the mental structures of spatial metaphorization of “xin” (heart) in chinese. he points out that the multi-dimensional spatial metaphorization of “xin” in chinese shows that the chinese people structurally cognize “xin” in the way of unity of opposites.2.1.2 researches

32、of conceptual metaphor concerning body words in englishlakoff and johnson (1980) divided metaphor into structural metaphor, orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor in their book metaphors we live by. human body metaphor belongs to ontological metaphor. in peoples mind, the most familiar thin

33、g is just the human body. so when people are realizing other things, they will firstly focus on own body. having found out the similarities between own body and other things, they tend to use human body words to describe other things.rousseau and herder (1986) in their book on the origin of language

34、 elaborated the origin of language on the basis of peoples experience and cognition. human body words are easily mapped to other domains. as the entity, human body parts have characteristics such as length, width, height, structure, shape and function. so people could connect these human body parts

35、with other things all over the world. for example, “head of mountain” can be used to express the meaning of the top of a mountain. this example points out that human being always use his/her body parts to describe something that has the same feature as them. it is a cognitive process.2.2 researches

36、on schema concerning human body wordsschema plays an important role in our thinking, which makes it possible for us to experience, understand and reason our world, and so many scholars have researched it both in english and chinese.2.2.1 researches on schema concerning human body words in chinesehu

37、chun (2004) had researched about human body schema and finds that human body schema is often used as the source to form the complicated concepts, most of which is abstract such as social relationship. it is used very automatically, unconsciously. he also pointed out that there must be a set of corre

38、spondence between the source domain and the target domain. he analyzed many examples such as “手足/brothers and sisters”, “頭兒/leader or boss of a group” in order to prove the findings mentioned above.and for xun miao (2008), his idea more or less was similar with that of hu chun that schema plays an i

39、mportant role in the understanding of other complex concepts. in other words, schema is very important for us to use human body as the source domain to describe something more complicated. but this kind of mapping only happens under the condition that we have basic experience about human body. to ma

40、ke the statement more vivid, we can treat the human bodythe source domain as the mother while the target domain as the son, so schema happens in the pregnancy.2.2.2 researches on schema concerning human body words in englishaccording to lakoff and johnson (1980), our minds come into being with the h

41、elp of schema. so schema is a basic mode of human cognition. when we see an entity, we will divide it into many elementary schemata. lakoff (1987) had pointed out that schema support very important evidence for “metaphorical projections from concrete to abstract domains”. in addition, lakoff (1987)

42、considered that metaphor is based on schema. metaphorical mappings are caused by, or based on our daily experience. schema is very important for us to cognize the abstract world as well as a very important part of mapping process from source domain which is concrete to target domain which is abstrac

43、t. and human body to some extent belongs to source domain, so sometimes schema builds the connection between the experience we know about our body and other abstract concepts.3 conceptual metaphor and schema concerning human body words3.1 conceptual metaphors concerning human body wordsboth in chine

44、se and english, there are many words, phrases, or idioms that are related to body parts and most of them share some kinds of metaphorical usage. the thesis will analyze five human body wordshead, hand, mouth, heart and face which locate at the upper part of human body with conceptual metaphor in thi

45、s chapter.3.1.1 headamong all human body parts, “head” which is at the top of human body is one of the most important parts, including many important sensory parts like face, mouth, eyes, ears, etc. besides, it is the origin of thinking, the container of knowledge. “head” can also mean “the first”,

46、“the beginning of some things” and “the leader of a group or organization”. we can find many expressions of “head” with metaphor both in chinese and english. one important function of “head” is thinking. it controls bodys action, peoples thinking and feeling. a metaphorical mapping happens from the

47、source domain (head) to the target domain (thinking and feeling). for example, put heads together means “collect ideas or wisdom”. he is weak in head means “he is stupid”. somebody has a head on his/her should means “someone is rich of experience and skillful of doing something”. in a word, under th

48、is condition, “head” refers to “thinking ability, mind, and other things which are similar to them”.as mentioned above, “head” can mean “the first”, such as 首富/the richest, 榜首/the first of the list, 首要/of the first importance, 首倡/start, etc. in these phrases, the source domain is “head” while the ta

49、rget domain is something with the meaning of the first; it is all because of the unique position in human body.“head” also can mean “the start of things”, such as 開頭/initial stage, 首尾難顧/the beginning is hard to respond to the ending, 打頭陣/fight for the beginning, 從頭再來/from the beginning, etc. in thes

50、e phrases, the source domain is “head” while the target domain is beginning or something that has the meaning of beginning. “head” sometimes means “the leader of a certain group or organization” because of its importance in our body. a metaphorical mapping happens from the source domain (head) to th

51、e target domain (person), some phrases come out such as首領(lǐng)/chieftain, 元首/head of state, 首腦/head, 孩子頭/leader of children. in these phrases, “head” is used to express “the person who plays an important role in an organization”.3.1.2 hand“hand” is an external and movable body part at the end of arm with

52、 which we deal with many things. “hand” can be used to describe “something that has the shape of hand”, to express the meaning of “controlling”, to stand for “a person” and describe “the tool to fulfill a task”. firstly, something has the shape of “hand” is usually expressed by the word “hand”, such

53、 as the hands of a compass/羅盤的指針, the hands of a watch/手表指針. in these examples, the source domain is “hand” while the target domain is something with the shape of “hand”. secondly, “hand” has the function of taking, holding and carrying, and “hand” is endowed with the meaning of “controlling or invo

54、lving some certain event”. for example, come into the hands of the enemies/落入敵人之手, get something out of ones hands/脫手. and these sentences:(1) the book is off my hand. 我不再擁有這本書。 (2) i have a large sum of money in hand. 我手頭有一大筆錢。(3) i wash my hands off it. 我不想再涉足這件事。(4) i have a hand in this company.

55、 我能掌控公司了。in a word, the reason why these phrases turn up so frequently is just the fundamental cognition of “hand” in our daily life. and with these examples, we can see the power of “hand”. thirdly, “hand” can stand for “a person”, as it is analyzed above, “hand” has the meaning of “controlling and

56、 involving”. so, if someone has the ability or experience to finish a task, someone can be expressed with the word “hand”, because people work with “hands”, which are indispensable part of working. the phrases, such as high hand/高手, new hand/新手, green hand/生手, good hand/好手, master hand/高手, etc. in t

57、hese phrases, the source domain is “hand” while the target domain is people.fourthly, when people are working, in a large degree, they use “hands” as their primary tool, even if they need some other tools, which are supposed to be kept in hands. “hand” can be used to describe “the tool or skill to f

58、ulfill a task”. for example, give somebody a hand/幫手, try ones hand at something/試身手. if your hands are tied, it means that there is an obstacle that stops you going on doing something. in this kind of metaphor, the source domain is “hand” while the target domain is the tool and skill.3.1.3 mouth mouth is the human body part through which human being take food into the body. we use our mouth to eat food, drink water and communicate with each other. there are some metaphorical usages of “mouth” both in chinese and english