建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理的方法論研究

1、揠躺活章猶剮睢囪骸旌曰匝汔翼建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理的方法論研究租網(wǎng)邇黠恬馥鍵圬夜甾議歐龐次1、問題的提出及現(xiàn)狀綜述 項(xiàng)目管理之所以成為一種現(xiàn)代社會(huì)解決“一次性問題”的有效工具甚至一種職業(yè)資格，并在社會(huì)事務(wù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)過程中廣泛應(yīng)用且快速發(fā)展，原因就在于它提供了一種新的方法?，F(xiàn)代社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)總量不斷增加，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化、信息化趨勢(shì)日益增強(qiáng)，發(fā)展速度加快，過程復(fù)雜，新的行業(yè)、領(lǐng)域不斷出現(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品開發(fā)周期縮短，導(dǎo)致越來越多的“一次性”、沒有可仿照的任務(wù)，尤其是企業(yè)和管理社會(huì)公共事務(wù)的政府，更面臨著日趨復(fù)雜的來自市場(chǎng)和國內(nèi)外事務(wù)的各種問題，這些涉及到的因素、利益主體越來越多，常規(guī)的管理辦法難以解決或圓滿解決。我們可以這樣認(rèn)

2、為，項(xiàng)目管理的發(fā)展依賴于其應(yīng)用的方法。項(xiàng)目管理在中國廣泛推廣流行是近幾年的事，而我們引進(jìn)、流行的重點(diǎn)，不應(yīng)是繁瑣的理論、概念、程序，而應(yīng)該是簡(jiǎn)明、適用、有效的方法。不論經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)如何變化，工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)仍是我國經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的主要載體。項(xiàng)目建設(shè)成為許多地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)振興的重要手段。在經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)步主要依靠新科技成果應(yīng)用、依靠?jī)?nèi)涵式擴(kuò)展、依靠知識(shí)創(chuàng)新的形勢(shì)下，依靠擴(kuò)展項(xiàng)目建設(shè)并不是合適的振興經(jīng)濟(jì)的手段，我國也一直在為投資決策的失誤付出巨大的代價(jià)，所以利用科學(xué)方法對(duì)工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行管理，包括評(píng)估論證，都將是項(xiàng)目建設(shè)能否達(dá)到預(yù)期目的的重要手段。工程項(xiàng)目管理方法不僅是具體方法，而且也是一種思想。工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)作為發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的重

3、要手段，不僅花費(fèi)巨大，而且對(duì)環(huán)境有較大影響，所以必須滿足連續(xù)的、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的要求，這也是工程項(xiàng)目管理的重要指導(dǎo)思想之一。方法論是對(duì)方法的研究。全面建設(shè)小康社會(huì)、開發(fā)西北、振興東北的現(xiàn)實(shí)背景可能掀起新一輪工程建設(shè)熱潮，可持續(xù)、協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)提出了一定制約的宏觀控制，這一點(diǎn)要落實(shí)到建設(shè)項(xiàng)目管理的方法上。工程項(xiàng)目管理的目的不僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)具體的目標(biāo)（工期、質(zhì)量、費(fèi)用），也應(yīng)做到項(xiàng)目建設(shè)與環(huán)境、社會(huì)的協(xié)調(diào)，否則可能將會(huì)像以前那樣投資失誤、失策、失控。這也是工程項(xiàng)目管理方法上升到“方法論”的意義之一。項(xiàng)目管理的理論至今已可以說是很完備的，這不僅表現(xiàn)在豐富多樣的理論成果（如：各種項(xiàng)目管理書籍出

4、現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上），也表現(xiàn)在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域有了自己的“知識(shí)體系”：如美國項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì)（PMI）于1987年提出并在1996、2000年修訂的“項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系”，國際項(xiàng)目管理協(xié)會(huì)1997年推出了“項(xiàng)目管理人員能力基準(zhǔn)”，中國項(xiàng)目管理研究委員會(huì)也于2001年推出中國項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)體系。上述各知識(shí)體系將項(xiàng)目管理知識(shí)劃分為若干領(lǐng)域、要素、模塊，中國的知識(shí)體系有“方法與工具”概念，其他體系沒有關(guān)于方法的獨(dú)立專題，而是貫穿于項(xiàng)目管理的各個(gè)階段、過程、領(lǐng)域。各種項(xiàng)目管理著作也多側(cè)重于對(duì)項(xiàng)目管理內(nèi)容、階段、程序、組織等的論述，對(duì)于方法的專門論述不多見，當(dāng)然這并不意味著是對(duì)方法的忽略，但對(duì)方法的總結(jié)、集中研究與完善有助于項(xiàng)

5、目管理的推廣應(yīng)用和項(xiàng)目管理作用的充分發(fā)揮。躬潔苣已瑙與弛朽丙萄氚涫些瑩2、建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理方法的層次性狹義的工程項(xiàng)目管理是在限定的工期、質(zhì)量、費(fèi)用目標(biāo)內(nèi)對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行綜合管理以實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目預(yù)定目標(biāo)，但這只是工程項(xiàng)目施工的管理。隨著投資規(guī)模、領(lǐng)域的擴(kuò)大、投資來源多樣化、工程項(xiàng)目對(duì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)影響增強(qiáng)，工程項(xiàng)目管理已不限于實(shí)施過程，而是擴(kuò)展到從立項(xiàng)到交付使用、維護(hù)的全過程的管理，工程項(xiàng)目的實(shí)施也從施工承包發(fā)展到項(xiàng)目管理、工程總承包等多種形式。對(duì)于一個(gè)具體的工程項(xiàng)目，其目標(biāo)已不僅僅是質(zhì)量、工期、費(fèi)用的控制，還要與資金籌措、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析、使用維護(hù)以及與所在地經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境等聯(lián)系起來，項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)、管理都應(yīng)按“廣義”考

6、慮。綜上所述，本文將工程項(xiàng)目管理方法分為兩個(gè)層次：思想性方法和技術(shù)性方法，或者說，項(xiàng)目管理思想和方法。廣磁剩泊無咫頌旨擔(dān)桃縫夥躑鍛3、建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理的思想性方法晡脊緹嗑睚鑌掠能蘺醺膨繾窗菇項(xiàng)目管理的思想性方法也可稱為思想，之所以將項(xiàng)目管理思想作為方法加以分析，是工程項(xiàng)目管理的背景、環(huán)境日益復(fù)雜，涉及環(huán)節(jié)、因素增多，項(xiàng)目對(duì)環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響較大，并受到人文、社會(huì)關(guān)系的影響，資金來源、建設(shè)形式也日趨多樣化，如果僅僅著眼于具體的技術(shù)方法，不能從戰(zhàn)略高度對(duì)項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行綜合分析，就不能與國家的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略、發(fā)展觀念相協(xié)調(diào)，所以首先研究工程項(xiàng)目管理的思想方法。工程項(xiàng)目管理體現(xiàn)出來的思想是多方面的，其中最基本的應(yīng)該

7、是系統(tǒng)思想。系統(tǒng)思想不僅是項(xiàng)目管理的基本思想，也是項(xiàng)目管理理論形成與發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)之一。系統(tǒng)思想的科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是系統(tǒng)論，哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是事物的整體觀。系統(tǒng)論是二十世紀(jì)五十年代發(fā)展起來的，八十年代曾在哲學(xué)界引起巨大影響，是“三個(gè)論點(diǎn)”之一（另兩論是信息論、控制論）。在很大程度上，“項(xiàng)目”與“系統(tǒng)”是一致的，例如二者都有明確的目標(biāo)、一定限制條件、需要制定計(jì)劃實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)并在實(shí)施過程中根據(jù)信息反饋進(jìn)行控制等。系統(tǒng)工程學(xué)是為了研究多個(gè)子系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成的整體系統(tǒng)所具有的多種不同目標(biāo)的相互協(xié)調(diào)，以期系統(tǒng)功能的最優(yōu)化、最大限度地發(fā)揮系統(tǒng)組成部分的能力而發(fā)展起來的一門科學(xué)，如果將其中的“系統(tǒng)”改為“項(xiàng)目”，將“系統(tǒng)功能”改為“項(xiàng)目目

8、標(biāo)”，這一定義也適用于項(xiàng)目管理。工程項(xiàng)目管理的系統(tǒng)思想包含兩個(gè)含義。一是將工程項(xiàng)目自身作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)來管理，也就是運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的方法，通過信息反饋與調(diào)控，對(duì)工程項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行全面綜合管理，包括計(jì)劃、組織、指揮、協(xié)調(diào)、控制，以實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目的目標(biāo)。解芍闈愎喀唄咎夫秈雹踵恬噔諜工程項(xiàng)目管理系統(tǒng)思想的第二個(gè)含義是工程項(xiàng)目作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，又是大系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)子系統(tǒng)，“大系統(tǒng)“包括項(xiàng)目所在行業(yè)、所在地經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)環(huán)境、以至于地區(qū)、國內(nèi)、國外市場(chǎng)等，要將工程項(xiàng)目放到社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)系統(tǒng)中，作為社會(huì)大系統(tǒng)的子系統(tǒng)看待，特別要注重項(xiàng)目建設(shè)與環(huán)境、資源、文化、區(qū)域發(fā)展規(guī)劃等大系統(tǒng)的協(xié)調(diào)，符合持續(xù)發(fā)展的要求。項(xiàng)目自身是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，又是社會(huì)環(huán)境系

9、統(tǒng)的子系統(tǒng)，項(xiàng)目自身的順利實(shí)施是一個(gè)目標(biāo)，符合社會(huì)、環(huán)境、發(fā)展要求又是一個(gè)目標(biāo)。在這樣的思想指導(dǎo)下，工程項(xiàng)目建設(shè)才能既然實(shí)現(xiàn)自身目標(biāo)，又能起到振興區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)、協(xié)調(diào)全面發(fā)展的作用。這一指導(dǎo)思想重點(diǎn)應(yīng)在項(xiàng)目的策劃、評(píng)價(jià)、決策階段體現(xiàn)。工程項(xiàng)目管理還有一些其他思想如控制性、目標(biāo)性、團(tuán)隊(duì)性等，但它們都是系統(tǒng)思想的延伸，是以系統(tǒng)思想為基礎(chǔ)的，因此不再論述。篆渤十醉哀哭蝕顧娟就捱皆讜薜 4、工程項(xiàng)目管理的技術(shù)性方法技術(shù)性方法是項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中的具體方法或工具，在不同環(huán)節(jié)有不同的方法。建設(shè)項(xiàng)目除了與環(huán)境協(xié)調(diào)的宏觀目標(biāo)，特別應(yīng)有質(zhì)量、時(shí)間、費(fèi)用三大目標(biāo)，前期需經(jīng)評(píng)價(jià)，在實(shí)施過程中涉及合同、采購、信息、人力資源、風(fēng)

10、險(xiǎn)等的管理。對(duì)于上述目標(biāo)和過程中的管理內(nèi)容，目前都有一定的方法，這些方法綜合起來，共同控制、協(xié)調(diào)項(xiàng)目以保證項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的成功實(shí)施。對(duì)于項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的直接管理可分為項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)、直接目標(biāo)管理、過程管理、綜合管理四個(gè)部分，各部分可采用相應(yīng)的方法。4.1項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)方法項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)主要指經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)，包括財(cái)務(wù)評(píng)價(jià)、國民經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)。其思路基本一致，只是角度不同，前者只考慮項(xiàng)目本身，后者從國民經(jīng)濟(jì)整體考慮（某些效益、費(fèi)用由于只是在全社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移而不予考慮，如稅金、利息等），同時(shí)采用影子價(jià)格（資源優(yōu)化配置狀態(tài)下的價(jià)格）為數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)。經(jīng)濟(jì)評(píng)價(jià)主要采用指標(biāo)分析、比選方法，評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)有凈現(xiàn)值、內(nèi)部收益率、投資回收期等，通過與基準(zhǔn)值比較或各指標(biāo)間

11、比較，選擇較優(yōu)的方案。只要基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)確定得當(dāng)、客觀符實(shí)，通過指標(biāo)比較能夠選出較優(yōu)方案。項(xiàng)目還需進(jìn)行社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)，社會(huì)評(píng)價(jià)則帶有較大程度的主觀性，而且更多考慮項(xiàng)目的整體影響，所以主要體現(xiàn)在思想方法中。項(xiàng)目評(píng)價(jià)需要認(rèn)真、客觀，得出符合實(shí)際的結(jié)論。4.2項(xiàng)目直接目標(biāo)管理方法對(duì)一個(gè)建設(shè)項(xiàng)目而言，其直接控制的目標(biāo)有三個(gè)，時(shí)間（工期）、質(zhì)量、費(fèi)用（造價(jià)），即按計(jì)劃的時(shí)間、費(fèi)用、質(zhì)量完成項(xiàng)目。這三個(gè)目標(biāo)彼此之間有一定互斥性，難以同時(shí)達(dá)到最優(yōu)，其實(shí)施應(yīng)以項(xiàng)目整體最優(yōu)為目標(biāo)。（1）質(zhì)量管理：質(zhì)量管理的原則是全面質(zhì)量管理，即以質(zhì)量為中心，項(xiàng)目全員參與，以達(dá)到預(yù)期目標(biāo)。全面質(zhì)量管理既是原則，也有可行的操作程序，即PDCA

12、循環(huán)（計(jì)劃、執(zhí)行、檢查、處理），具體的控制方法則有ABC分析法（也稱主次因素圖、排列圖方法）、因果分析法、控制圖法、條行圖法等，這些具體方法的作用在于找出質(zhì)量偏差的原因并加以修正。（2）時(shí)間管理：也稱進(jìn)度管理，工程的進(jìn)度直接影響項(xiàng)目效益的發(fā)揮。進(jìn)度管理的主要方法是網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃方法，網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)劃以網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖為基礎(chǔ)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖是反映項(xiàng)目各工作或活動(dòng)間邏輯順序關(guān)系的圖，它既能反映項(xiàng)目工期，又反映各工作間相互關(guān)系、前后次序，通過對(duì)關(guān)鍵線路的分析，找出關(guān)鍵工序，合理統(tǒng)籌安排主次要工作和各項(xiàng)資源，有效控制工期。（3）費(fèi)用管理：也稱造價(jià)管理，在費(fèi)用預(yù)算內(nèi)完成項(xiàng)目一直是工程領(lǐng)域追求的目標(biāo)，但實(shí)際上總是超支，這當(dāng)然有投資體制方

13、面的原因，也有管理方法上的原因。費(fèi)用管理主要有費(fèi)用估算和偏差分析法。費(fèi)用估算是工程項(xiàng)目前期根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)、市場(chǎng)、有關(guān)規(guī)定估算投資總額，偏差分析（贏值法）是通過實(shí)際完成的工程與計(jì)劃相比較，分析是否存在偏差并找出偏差原因，以合理控制費(fèi)用的方法。費(fèi)用偏差還要結(jié)合工程進(jìn)度分析，這也可以通過贏值法進(jìn)行。4.3項(xiàng)目過程管理方法項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過程中有許多內(nèi)容、環(huán)節(jié)需要管理，對(duì)項(xiàng)目實(shí)施影響較大的有：（1）合同管理：合同是約定項(xiàng)目參與各方權(quán)利義務(wù)關(guān)系的協(xié)議，是具有法律效力的文件。合同管理的中心是選擇合同類型，主要是價(jià)格類型，不同形式價(jià)格的合同體現(xiàn)了風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分配形式。合同管理一般按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)合同文本執(zhí)行，可適當(dāng)加以修正。（2）人力資源

14、管理：項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的實(shí)現(xiàn)要靠團(tuán)隊(duì)進(jìn)行。從現(xiàn)代管理角度，人們開始把人當(dāng)作一種資源來開發(fā)而不是作為工具來管理，“人力資源管理”一詞越來越多地為理論與實(shí)踐所提及，雖然實(shí)際上離這個(gè)詞的本意還有很遠(yuǎn)。項(xiàng)目人力資源管理方法主要是利用組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖、責(zé)任分配圖進(jìn)行人員需求分析，落實(shí)責(zé)任，建立激勵(lì)機(jī)制，調(diào)動(dòng)各參與人的積極性，保證項(xiàng)目實(shí)現(xiàn)。（3）采購管理：項(xiàng)目建設(shè)中設(shè)備、材料的采購是一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容，關(guān)系到大量投資。采購的原則是既不影響建設(shè)，又不要造成積壓浪費(fèi)，影響資金流動(dòng)。采購管理方法除了計(jì)劃，主要以庫存計(jì)算為依據(jù)，即根據(jù)進(jìn)度、市場(chǎng)價(jià)格因素計(jì)算出合理庫存量，按進(jìn)度采購，滿足建設(shè)需要。（4）溝通管理：溝通在管理中越來越重要

15、，有效的溝通能極大地提高工作效率，是實(shí)現(xiàn)項(xiàng)目各目標(biāo)的條件。溝通以信息為基礎(chǔ)，通過信息的取得、辨別、處理、反饋實(shí)現(xiàn)良好的協(xié)調(diào)。信息技術(shù)是溝通管理的主要方法。（5）風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理：項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)來自各方面，市場(chǎng)價(jià)格變化、業(yè)主、供應(yīng)商、承包商、項(xiàng)目所在地的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境等，項(xiàng)目越大，涉及相關(guān)人越多，項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越大。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)有業(yè)主的，也有承包商的。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理的原則是對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作出正確的估計(jì)并采用適當(dāng)措施予以規(guī)避或轉(zhuǎn)移（如通過保險(xiǎn)、合理磋商合同條款等）。風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估為依據(jù)，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估有SWOT（優(yōu)勢(shì)、劣勢(shì)、機(jī)會(huì)、威脅）分析、概率分析（決策樹、敏感性分析、盈虧平衡分析）方法，各自從不同視角對(duì)項(xiàng)目風(fēng)險(xiǎn)作出評(píng)價(jià)。4.4項(xiàng)目綜合管理項(xiàng)目

16、綜合管理實(shí)際上就是對(duì)項(xiàng)目各目標(biāo)、各環(huán)節(jié)、各要素、各過程進(jìn)行全面協(xié)調(diào)，以保證項(xiàng)目整體效果最優(yōu)，這也是系統(tǒng)思想在項(xiàng)目實(shí)施中的表現(xiàn)。項(xiàng)目綜合管理采用計(jì)劃、協(xié)調(diào)的方法。項(xiàng)目綜合管理是針對(duì)項(xiàng)目系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行，而不是某一個(gè)別目標(biāo)和過程，綜合管理是現(xiàn)代項(xiàng)目管理的主要特點(diǎn)。匹絮鼐掬猻繪爆沽胞晃幢昴憫遘5、結(jié)論(1)建設(shè)工程項(xiàng)目管理方法包括思想、技術(shù)兩個(gè)層次，思想是系統(tǒng)思想，技術(shù)是各種具體的工具性方法。(2)研究項(xiàng)目管理方法有助于項(xiàng)目管理研究擺脫繁瑣的理論篇幅，走出表面化的傾向，以其簡(jiǎn)潔性、實(shí)用性應(yīng)用于工程建設(shè)管理中去，發(fā)揮其在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的作用。(3)工程項(xiàng)目管理研究、推廣應(yīng)用的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是方法。轉(zhuǎn)貼于銑凳

17、吆式藝靠竺攏蟊殺縈衤鴨誓詘既槲嫩橫獨(dú)刖絳蔡殂碗沛泓皂片捃蔓刃扒佃隱胤表造桑攪顳孿琶汾筲偉簫慝鈸躊胨檬羨撫恢泅龔滄廄祺泐閫縱茍應(yīng)肥釓卻檉筷Construction Project Management Methodology Research燴鰲雖榴灄田循紿痱攻偶虔鸞昱1st ,The question proposes and the present situation summary 礙杼柃星諉孝膃感厘齡宦龐燧就Project management therefore becomes one kind of modern society solves the disposable probl

18、em the effective tool down to one professional qualifications, in the social affair, the economical process the widespread application and rapidly develops, consist it in providing one new method. The modern social economy total quantity unceasingly increases, the economical globalization, the infor

19、mation tendency strengthen day by day, the development speeds up, the process complex, the new profession, the domain unceasingly appear, the product development cycle reduces, causes more and more much disposable, not to have the duty appearance which the precedent may follow, in particular the ent

20、erprise and the management society public affairs government, is facing day by day complex coming from the market and domestic and foreign business each kind of question, involves the factor, the benefit main body are more and more these question conventions policing methods solve or the satisfactor

21、y solution with difficulty, But comes from domain the and so on construction project military and space exploration project management are promoted for the project management theory and the thought, provided the solution social economy to develop the central africa convention method. May believe tha

22、t, the project management development and the application lie in its method. The project management in the China widespread promotion popularization is in recent years matter, is on the rise, but we introduce, the popularization key point, should not be the tedious theory, the concept, the procedure

23、, but should be is concise, is suitable, the effective method.藹巢估悃铘贛爝濰峁收懵勉盜纓 However the economic structure does change, the project construction was still our country economy development main carrier. Progresses in the economy mainly depends upon the new technical achievement application, depends o

24、n connotation type expands, and depends on knowledge innovation situation, depends on the extensive project construction certainly is not the appropriate promotion economy method, our country also continuously in pays the huge price for the investment decision-making fault, therefore carries on the

25、management using the scientific method to the construction project, including the appraisal proof, whether will be the project constructs achieves the anticipated goal the important condition. 戶尥忒濕尤貳倆釬蚨蕙霸恙芻躋The construction project management not only is the concrete method, also includes the though

26、t. the project construction does for the developing economy important method, not only spends greatly, moreover has a tremendous influence to the environment, therefore must satisfy, the coordinated development request sustainably, this also is one of construction project management important guidin

27、g ideology. The methodology is to the method research. The comprehensive construction well-off society, develops northwest, promotes northeasts realistic background possibly to raise the new turn of project constructs upsurge, sustainable, coordinatedly development science development view proposed

28、to the project construction the certain restriction macrocontrol, this point must carry out the items of basic construction management in the method. The project management goal not only is the realized concrete goal (time limit for a project, quality, expense), also should achieve the project const

29、ruction and the environment, societys coordination, otherwise possibly again stepped before invested the fault, loses whips, the out of control road to disaster. This also is the construction project management rises the methodology one of significances. 蔟岈癡覃乎劇慊秤雖鄣產(chǎn)赭美牡The project management theory h

30、as until now been allowed to say is very complete, this not only displays in the bountiful theory achievement like each kind of project management books appearing on the market, but also displayed in this domain had own the knowledge system, like the American project management association (PMI) in

31、1987 proposed and after 1,996, in 2000 revised the project management knowledge system, the international project management association in 1997 has promoted the project administrative personnel ability datum, the Chinese double law research association project management committee also promoted Chi

32、nese Project Management Knowledge System in 2001. The above various knowledge system divides the project management knowledge into certain domains, the essential factor, the module, Chinas knowledge system has the method and the tool the concept, other systems have not concerned to the method indepe

33、ndent topic, but is passes through to project management each stage, the process, the domain. Each kind of project management work also stresses on to the project management content, the stage, the procedure, the organization and so on the elaboration, not sees regarding the method specially elabora

34、tion. Certainly this did not mean to method neglecting, but to the method summary, the centralism studies and consummates is helpful to the project management promoted application project management function full display.睽募逝翰換滸耆氳匿鐙炬艨遜哇2nd, The construction project management level姿崗叢偷睢揚(yáng)盂防閽灄漂膏甑卟The n

35、arrow sense construction project management is in the definition time limit for a project, the quality, the expense goal carries on the synthesis management to the engineering project to achieve the project predetermined target, but this is only the project construction management, along with the in

36、vestment scale, the domain expansion, the investment origin diversification, the project to the environment, the economical influence strengthens, the project management has not been restricted in the implementation process, but is expands to from sets up the item to maintain the entire process to t

37、he payment use the management, the project implementation also develops from the construction contract to the project management, the project always contracts and so on the many kinds of forms. Regarding as concrete project, its goal already not merely was the quality, the time limit for a project,

38、the expense control, but also had to raise, the risk analysis, the use maintenance as well as with the locus economy, the environment with the fund and so on relates, the project goal, the management all should according to generalized the consideration. In summary, this article divides into the pro

39、ject management two levels: The ideological method and the technical method, in other words project management thought and method.撣隨奪鞠慨樺畢貢豹嘹磷樊痕蔥3rd, The construction project management ideological method 瀛或褚斷遲赤銃紜朕弼員裂颶侮P(guān)roject management ideological method also may be called the thought, therefore pe

40、rforms the project management thought as the method to analyze, is the project management background, the environment complex day by day, involves the link, the factor increases, the project to the environment, the economy influence is bigger, and comes under the influence which the humanities, the

41、society relates, the fund originates, the construction form also day by day diversifies, if merely focuses to the concrete technical method, cannot highly carry on the generalized analysis from the strategy to the project, cannot with the national developmental strategy, the development idea coordin

42、ate, therefore first studies the construction project management the thinking method. 漏辮糠挺飯諏枳苫袒扳豁曜糊傅The construction project management manifests the thought is various, most basic should is the system thought. 豪癢示鼉勤簀檎刳空羿汞僬纓袈The system thought not only is the project management basic thought, also i

43、s the project management theory forms one of with development foundations. The system thought scientific foundation is the system theory, the philosophy foundation is thing overall view. The system theory is the 20th century 50s develops, the 80s once caused the huge influence in China in the philos

44、ophy, were three theory one (another two theory are information theory, cybernetics). In the very great degree, the project with the system is consistent, for example the two all have the explicit goal, the certain limiting condition, needs to formulate the plan realization goal and carries on the c

45、ontrol in the implementation process according to the information feedback and so on. The many kinds of different goals intercoordination which the system project is for study which many subsystems to constitute the integrated system has, by expect system function optimization, maximum limit display

46、s a science which the system constituent the ability develops, if changes the system to the project, the system function will change the project goal, this definition also will be suitable for the project management. The project management system thought contains two meanings.哿盔佗袱蛩璧玩諶訂毳犏胄螄篪One is th

47、e construction project oneself take a system to manage, also is utilizes the systems scientific method, through the information feedback and the regulation, carries on the comprehensive synthesis management to the project, including the plan, the organization, the direction, the coordination, the co

48、ntrol, achieves the project goal.澳暑拷鼷襠蜓軛僭違歙湎宜肌沉The construction project management system thoughts second meaning is the construction project takes as a system, also is a big systems sub- system, the big system including the project in the profession, the locus economy, the social environment, down

49、to the area, the home, the foreign market and so on, put the construction project to the social economy system in, regards as the social big system subsystem, specially must pay great attention to the project construction and the environment, the resources, the culture, the region development plan a

50、nd so on the big system coordination, conforms to the sustainable development requirement. Project oneself is a system, also is the social environment systems subsystem, the project own smooth implementation is a goal, conforms to social, the environment, the development request also is a goal. Unde

51、r such thought leading, the project construction can since achieves own goal, also can play promotes the region economy, the coordinated full scale development role. This guiding ideology should plan, the appraisal, the policy-making stage with emphasis in the project manifests. 鍍柴揩柞哄耠哨猻聃喈溝勾間紂The co

52、nstruction project management also has some other thought like controllability, the goal, the team and so on, but they all are system thought extending, is take the system thinking as the foundation, therefore does not elaborate. 泰歇蠢糾笱刮仙蜓梏酚焙濱戎犏4th, The construction project managements technical meth

53、od鈞齔操鄄囊籽噴恢孳赴躦饔乞脊 Technical method is in the project implementation process concrete method or the tool, has different method in the different link. The construction project except with the environment coordination macroscopic goal, specifically should have the quality, the time, the expense three bi

54、g goals, the earlier period must pass through the appraisal, involves the contract, the purchase, the information, the human resources, the risk in the implementation process and so on the management, regarding in the above goal and the process management content, at present all has the certain meth

55、od, these methods synthesize, controls, the coordinated project together guarantees the project construction successful implementation.澇夥刎曝只男副艿秈白舳鄂宅佰The construction project managementcan divide into the itemized appraisal, the direct goal management, the process management, the synthesis regarding

56、the project construction direct management four parts, each part may use the corresponding method. 荸嗑煺璋閃隍搗蟊錄遐苯侏茸偵4.1 Project appraisals method邋款店銅循得嘎璃移方歷阻恤厭Project appraisal mainly refers to the economic evaluation, including financial appraisal, national economy appraisal, its mentality basic consi

57、stent, only is the angle is different, former only considered project itself, latter considers (some benefits, expense from the national economy whole because only are shifts in the entire society but does not give consideration, like tax money, interest and so on), simultaneously use the shadow pri

58、ce (under resources optimization disposition condition price) is the data foundation. 附慣逐耆姑巨攣磉鎘髫簟耒戤湮The economic evaluation mainly uses the target analysis, compared to chooses the method, the appraisal target to have only is presently worth, internal income rate, the investment recycling time and so on, through compares with the datum value comparison or during various targets, chooses a more superior plan. So long as the foundation data determination appropriate, the objective symbol is solid, can select a more superior plan through the target comparison. 嚌挺幔哀游叮畋葡搶嗲氦苴繅妨The project als