專四語法第2節(jié)-名詞與主謂一致

1、第二節(jié) 名詞與主謂一致名詞可分為專有名詞( Proper Noun )和普通名詞( Common Noun )，專有名詞主要指人 名、地名及其他專有名稱，如 China ,Columbus , Hong Kong , Tom , Diana 等。普通名詞是一類人 或東西，或一個抽象概念，如 book ， joy 等。普通名詞可分為以下四類：1. 個體名詞( Individual Noun ) ：表示某類人或事物中的個體，如： women ， pig ， treed ， desk， pen。2. 集體名詞(Collective Noun )：表示個體的人或事物組成的集合體，女口： people

2、, family , audienee ,crowd ， flock ， swarm 。3. 物質(zhì)名詞( Material Noun )：表示一定形態(tài)的物質(zhì)名稱， 如： water ， air， glass， paper ， salt。4. 抽象名詞( Abstract Noun ) ：表示動作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念及學科、疾病等名稱的詞，如： work ， peace， democracy ， truth ， joy， fear。 個體名詞和集合名詞一般可以用數(shù)目來計算，稱為可數(shù)名詞(Countable Nouns )，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞( Uncou

3、ntable Nouns )。一、集體名詞的數(shù)1. 通常作不可數(shù)名詞的集體名詞clothing 衣物 furniture 家具 baggage/luggage 行李 equipment 設備 jewelry 珠寶 traffic 交通 information 信息 foliage 葉子 ,植物 machiner y 機械 merchandise 商品 produce 產(chǎn)物scenery 風景這類集體名詞的用法與不可數(shù)名詞相當。形式上總是單數(shù)，沒有復數(shù)形式，作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。如：Our clothing protects us form cold.衣服保護我們免受寒冷。The machine

4、ry is made in China .這些機器是中國制造的。不可直接與 a(n)或數(shù)詞連用。表數(shù)量時用much, little, some, a piece of, an article of等。如:Each room has four pieces of furniture. 每間房有四件家具。若需用代詞，用單數(shù)代詞，如：Do you want to see my jewelry It is in the box. 你想看我的珠寶嗎它在我的箱子里。2. 通常作復數(shù)的集體名詞police 警察cattle 牛，家畜 poultry 家禽 vermin 害蟲clergy 神職人員 milit

5、ia 民兵這些集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞通常用復數(shù)。如：The police are looking for him .警察當局正在找他。The cattle provide us with milk,0eef and hides.牛給我們提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。3. 既可作單數(shù)也可作復數(shù)的集體名詞people 人們，人民，C民族 herd牧群flock 羊群family 家庭，家人team 隊government 政府crowd 人群committee 委員會council 理事會crew 全體人員staff 全體職員party 黨員firm 商號company 公司jury 陪審團coupl

6、e 對，雙board 董事會group 團體gang 一伙media 媒體army 軍隊enemy 敵軍union 聯(lián)盟audience 聽眾public 公眾，人群mankind 人類，C男子這些集體名詞當作一個整體時，用作單數(shù)，且常常與定冠詞the 連用 ;若考慮構(gòu)成這些集體的各個成員時，看作復數(shù)。如：The jury consists of 7 people .陪審團由 7 個人組成。The jury are unable to reach a unanimous decision. 陪審團成員未能達成意見一致的裁決。The family are all fond of football

7、 . 那一家人都喜歡足球。The family is the tiniest cell of the society .家庭是社會的最小的細胞。committee, etc. of+ 復數(shù)名詞如果主語是由 “a committee/panel/board. of + 復數(shù)名詞 ”構(gòu)成，隨后的動詞通常用單數(shù)。如：Acommittee of six men and five women is to consider the matter. 六男五女組成的委員會將考慮這個問題。二、抽象名詞1. 抽象名詞的數(shù)（ 1 ）抽象名詞大多是不可數(shù)名詞，沒有單、復數(shù)之分，可用語義對應的個體名詞來計數(shù)。如：lau

8、ghter laug笑work job 工作correspondence lette信件Photograph photo 照片 permission permit 許可musicsong 歌曲fun joy 開心homework exercise 作業(yè)（2）有一些抽象名詞是可數(shù)的，如：a pity 一件遺憾的事 a thousand pities 一千次遺憾，太遺憾了a hope of victory 勝利的希望 in great hopes 很大希望a victory 一次勝利 two victories 兩次勝利a conference 一次會議 several conferences 幾

9、次會議a man of virtue 具有美德的人 patience is a virtue 耐心是一種美德（3）某些抽象名詞用作特定含義時可以用不定冠詞修飾，但不能用復試形式。如：a great help 幫助很大a dislike of TV programs 不喜歡電視節(jié)目a shame 可惜a proper education 正規(guī)的教育有些抽象名詞既可作可數(shù)名詞，又可作不可數(shù)名詞。如：experienee【U】經(jīng)驗；【C】經(jīng)歷relation【U】關系；【C】親戚youth【U】青春，青年；【C】男青年worry【U】心煩意亂；【C】令人心煩的事agony【U】痛苦；【C】令人痛苦的

10、事business【U】商業(yè)，交易；【C】商店，商行kindness【U】善意；【C】善行 pleasure【U】高興，愉快；【C】令人感到愉快的事 beauty【U】美；【C】美2. 抽象名詞的慣用法（1）of+抽象名詞 =形容詞，如： a man of ability = an able man 有能力的人of +great+ 抽象名詞 =very+形容詞，如：It is of great value = It is very valuable. 這東西很貴重。 of +no+抽象名詞 =not+形容詞，如：It is of no use. = It is n ot useful.這東西沒

11、有用處。（2）with/in/by/on+ （ great+ ）抽象名詞 =（very+）副詞with ease = easily 容易地in public = publicly 公開地With kindness = kindly 親切地 in wonder = wonderfully 驚奇地by chance/accident = accidentally偶然 by mistake = mistakenly 由于錯誤地on purpose = purposely 故意地on time = punctually 準時地(3 )抽象名詞+itself = very+形容詞，all+抽象名詞 =v

12、ery+形容詞，如He is cruelty itself. = He is very cruel. 他很殘忍。We were all eagerness to see him. = We were very eager to see him. 我們極想見他。物質(zhì)名詞a/an 修飾，也沒有復數(shù)形式。但是，物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都是不可數(shù)名詞，按理不能用不定冠詞它們有時也用作普通名詞，從而具有可數(shù)名詞的性質(zhì)glass玻璃 一a glass玻璃杯 一glasses眼鏡wine 酒一an excellent wine 種好酒water 水 waters 大面積的水域coffee咖啡一two coffee

13、s兩杯咖啡stone 石料 一stones 石頭羔羊肉 一 lambs 羔羊paper紙 一a paper報紙，論文sand沙子一sands大面積的沙灘food食物一foods多種食物rubber 橡膠一rubbers 膠鞋egg蛋漬/蛋白一eggs一個個的蛋 lamb onion洋蔥味一onions洋蔥頭專有名詞有名詞之前通常無冠詞，但有些專有名詞，在某種情形下可以加上冠詞。A Mr. Lee came to see you. 有位李先生來看你。Beijing is the Washington , . of China. 北京是中國的華盛頓。(表獨一無二的含義) 有名詞詞尾可加 S 或 e

14、s。Have you invited the Browns 你邀請了布朗一家嗎There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class. 班上有兩個史密斯小姐五、以-S結(jié)尾的名詞的數(shù)1 、表示學科、游戲、疾病的名稱以及像 the United States 這樣的專業(yè)名詞，用作單數(shù)。Physics is the mother of sciences. 物理為一切學科之母。Billiards is played by women as well as by men. 女人和男人一樣玩臺球。Statistics is a branch of mathe

15、matics. 統(tǒng)計學是數(shù)學的分支。比較： The statistics in that report are incorrect. 那份報告里的統(tǒng)計數(shù)字不正確。2、表示衣物(如 jeans, trousers , pants , pajamas )，表示兩部分構(gòu)成的工具器械(如 scissors, glasses， binoculars ， scales， spectacles )，表示某類東西的總稱(如 clothes )以及不表示學科 的以 -ics 結(jié)尾的詞(如 politics ),都有作用復數(shù)。如：My clothes are dirty. 我的衣服臟了。My earnings t

16、his year are not half of yours. 我今年的收入不到你的一半。六、名詞屬格1、名詞屬格的構(gòu)成(1)名詞屬格(Genitive Noun )也叫名詞所有格，通常由在名詞詞尾加上或構(gòu)成(以S結(jié)尾的復數(shù)名詞加 ),用于表示有生命的東西(人或動物),地理名稱、天體名稱、時間、度量、價值等名詞。如：John s friend約翰的朋友My father s roo我父親的房 five mi nutes wa分鐘的路程children s bo兒童讀物yesterday s newspap昨?天的報紙 China s industr中 國的工業(yè)a teachers colie

17、師范大學the two boy s moth有W個兒子的母(2)并列名詞作為一個單位，表共有關系時，只在最后一個詞尾加。如:an hour and a half 一wa半小時的路程 every one else s opi所有其他人的意見my father-in- law s dea我公公/岳父的死the University of Minnesota s p明尼斯達大學的校長(3) 并列名詞表示各自的所有關系時，各名詞末尾均應加，s如:比較：Tom s and Susan s des湯姆的和蘇珊的桌子(兩張桌子)Tom an d Susan s des湯姆和蘇珊的桌子(兩人共有)(4) 當名

18、詞后有另一名詞作同位語時，在同位語名詞后加，如:his classmate Johnson book 他同學約翰遜的書Your teacher Miss Lee office is over there. 你們李老師的辦公室在那邊。(5 )以/z/音結(jié)尾的人名，其屬格加或均可，如Dicke ns /Dicke ns s, Jones /joses/M/s吉尾的人名，屬格用 ，s女口 Ross ,s Marxs等。(6)獨立屬格( Independent Genitive ) 名詞屬格通常屬于名詞中心詞之前，作限定語或修飾語。有時，名詞屬格可獨立存在，稱為“獨立屬格 ”。可能產(chǎn)生獨立屬格的情況有

19、：限定或修飾的名詞在上下文提及； 名詞屬格后接某人的家、教堂、學校、店鋪、公司等表示地點的名詞時。The magaz ine is n ot mi ne, but Jackie這本雜志不是我的，是杰克的。I met him at the Johnson s我在約翰遜商店遇見了他。I went to my a untie s(house) yesterday我昨天到我阿姨家去了。2. 名詞屬格的意義 表示所有關系My brother s passpo我哥哥的護照Mr. Brown表示主謂關系the visitor s departure者的離開 the teacher Britain s dec

20、isi英國 的決定the train表示動賓關系the chi Idren s educatio對孩子的教育the boythe discussion of the plan 對計劃的討論 表示來源Mary s letter (=letter from Mary) 瑪麗的信 the boy s story (=story told by the boy)男孩講的故事 表示類別a summer s day (=a day in summre) 夏季的一天 women s boots (=boots for women) 女人的靴子 表示時間、度量、價值等 an hour s wo一個小時的工作

21、three dollar s worth of e價值三元的雞蛋 名詞屬格和 of 詞組 名詞屬格和 of 詞組在意義和用法上有很多相通之處， 關系、來源等。如：the reaction rules suitcas布朗先生的手提箱s requ老師的要求s art火車的到來s pu ni shme對男孩的懲罰s overt反對統(tǒng)治的推翻two poundsweigh兩磅的重量of 詞組也表示所有關、 主謂關系、 動賓語the trunk of an elephant =an elephant s trunk大象的鼻子（所有關系）the policy of a company =a company

22、公司的政策（所有關系）the arrival of her mother 相當于 her mother arrived 他母親的到來（主謂關系） our love of this city 相當于 we love this city 我們對這個城市的愛（動賓關系）the tragedies of Shakespeare 相當于 the tragedies written by Shakespeare莎士比亞的悲居9 （表示來源）of詞組替代，如:名詞屬格表示事物類別或?qū)傩詴r，表示時間、度量、價值時，不可用children s pictor兒童畫報 a master s degr碩士學位 某些固

23、定習語中，名詞屬格和at one s wit 不知i所措a hair s breac差一點to one s heart s co盡情的men s clothi ng 男士服裝 a night s sle一p晚的睡眠of詞組不能互換，如：a wolf in sleep s cio披著羊皮的狼 in one s mi nd 在某人的想象中 at death s de在鬼門關out of harm s w在安全的地方keep sb. at arm s le避g免跟某人太接近以下情況只能用 of詞組：of詞組表示同位關系時(名詞屬格不可表示同位關系)；名詞后跟有短語或從句修飾時；以定冠詞加分詞或形容詞

24、表示一類人時；代詞賓格之前用 of詞組。the city of Rome 羅馬城the articles of the stude nts who atte nded the class yesterday昨天來上課的那些學生文章the struggle of the exploited受剝削人多斗爭ma ny of them 他們中許多人the livelihood of poor 窮人的生活 three of us 我們中的三人雙重所有格雙重所有格(Double possessive )是一種表示部分概念或富有感情色彩的結(jié)構(gòu)，它含有強調(diào)或突 岀的作用，其結(jié)構(gòu)是“o短語+名詞屬格”，其涵義是

25、 其中之一 ”或 其中一部分”。女口：an old frie nd of my mother我媽媽的老朋友之一a picture of my aunt我姑姑的一張照片(她擁有的一張照片，不一定是她本人的照片)比較：a picture of my aunt我姑姑的一張照片(她本人的照片)物主代詞不與 ,these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等限定詞一起前置修飾名詞，而必須用雙重屬格。結(jié)構(gòu)為：a, an, this,that+名詞+of+名詞性物主代詞。如：a friend of mine 我的

26、一個朋友（不可用a my friend ）each brother of his 他的每個兄弟（不可用his each brother ）七、主謂一致主謂一致(Subject-verb Agreement )指主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)方面的一致關系。一般情況下，主謂之間的一致關系由以下三個原則的支配：語法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近原則。不定式、動名詞以及從句作主語時應視為單數(shù)，謂語動詞用作單數(shù)形式；但如果主語為and連接的兩個不定式、動名詞以及從句時，謂語用復數(shù)形式。Read ing ofte n means lear ning.閱讀常意味著。To read En glish aloud eve

27、ry morning does you a lot of good.每天早晨朗語有許多好處Having en ough sleep and doing regular exercises are ben eficial to your health.睡眠充足和經(jīng)常運動有益身心。當主語由and連接，表示同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，此時and鏈接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。The composer and sin ger was well received by the audie nee. 那個作曲家兼歌星受到了聽眾的認可。由and連接的兩個或更多的主語之前有each, e

28、very, many a(n),no 時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Each book and (each) paper is found in its place. 每本書和每份報紙各居其位。No teacher and (no) student was here. 沒有一個老師和學生在這里。each, every, each and every, either, neither, one, another, little, a little 和 much 作主語或修飾主語 時，謂語動詞通常用單數(shù)。Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我們每個人都有一臺錄音機。* 注意： “

29、復數(shù)主語 +each ”之后用復數(shù)動詞。Five each of these items are required. 這些項目中有五項都是必需的。We each have our merits.= We have our merits each. 我們每個人都各有其優(yōu)點。 Everyone,everybody,everything,anyone,anybody,anything,someone,somebody,something,no one ， nobody ， nothing 作主語時 ,用單數(shù)動詞。There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表有

30、問題， Anyone but you is welcome. 除了你，任何人都受歡迎。 none,some,any,more,most,all 等代詞作主語 ,動詞的單復數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復數(shù)決定。All is right. 所有的都對。All are present. 全都到齊了?！?a，ll none ， most ， majority ，part ，enough ，some ，one half ，the rest ，the reminder ，a portion 等+of. 短”語，或者 more than. 作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)通常由所修飾的名詞、代詞的數(shù)決 定。When eno

31、ugh of the tree is chopped away ，the tree falls. 如果一棵樹砍去足夠多的部分，樹就會倒 下。Enough of the data have been collected. 已經(jīng)收集了足夠多的數(shù)據(jù)。 (data 為 datum 的復數(shù)形式 ) More than one person is going to lose his job. 不止一個人會失去工作。More than 50O people are going to lose their 多人會失去工作。9. 當中心詞為度量、距離、時間、價格等復數(shù)名詞的時候,謂語動詞采用單數(shù)形式。Two m

32、iles is a short distance. 兩英里路很近。10. 一般來說 ,不可數(shù)名詞及可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)的謂語用動詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)的謂語用動詞復數(shù) ,但當不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復數(shù)名詞時,謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year. 去年生產(chǎn)了 1 萬噸煤。11. 當主語后面跟有including ，with ，together with ，along with ，like ，in addition to ，as well as ，rather than ，as much as，more than ，no

33、less than ， but ，except ，accompanied by 等連接的短語 時，謂語動詞不受這些詞組的影響,與前面的主語一致。He as well as I wants to go boating. 他和我都想去劃船。An expert ， together with some assistants ， was sent to help in this work. 一位專家和幾位助手被派 去協(xié)助這項工作。12. 在定語從句中 ,若引導詞在從句中充當主語，謂語的數(shù)要跟先行詞一致。There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. 這

34、里有人要和你說話。13. 當or, either ,neither nor not o nly.but also 連接兩個以上主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰 近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here ， there 引導 ,而主語又不止一個時,謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。Either you or she is to go. 你或她要去。Neither he nor they were late last time. 他上次沒有遲到 ,他們也沒有遲到。Here is a pen，a few envelops and some paper for you. 這是給你的一支鋼筆、幾個信封和一些紙。Ther

35、e is a pen， a knife and several books on the desk. 桌子上有一支筆、一把刀和幾本書。13.當主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 一千零一夜是英語愛好者熟 知的一本 書。l4.the+ 形容詞“作主語，代表單數(shù)名詞時用單數(shù)動詞;如果意義指一類人，則應視為復數(shù)，謂語動詞也應該用復數(shù)。In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfor

36、tunate. 在許多故事里 , 好人總是有好 ;壞人注定要倒霉。15. 疑問代詞 which 作主語時 , 其動詞是單數(shù)還是復數(shù)根據(jù)which 所指的單復數(shù)而定 ;但 who 作主語時 ,即使被問者是復數(shù) ,通常也用單數(shù)動詞。Which is more valuable ， health or wealth 健康和財富 ,哪個更寶貴Which are prettier ， these or those 哪些更漂亮 ,這些還是那些 -Who wants to come with me-We do. 誰要和我一起去 我們。比較 :Who are her roommates 她的室友是誰 （ 主語

37、是復數(shù) roommates, 不是 who） 典型真題訓練1. Which of the following sentences is INCORRECTA. New machinery were introduced in the factory.B. Poultry are very expensive in the city.C. The police are investigating the murder case.D. The militia were called out to rescue flood victims.2. The statistics that living

38、standards in the area have improved drastically in recent times.A. proves.B. is proving. C. are proving. D. prove.3. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates a subject-predicate relation （主謂關系 ）A. Mr. Smiths passport has been issued.B. The visitors arrival was reported in the news.C. John

39、s travel details have not been finalized.D. The new bookstore sells childrens stories.4. The iron and steel industry an important part in our national economy.A. playsB. playedC. playD. playing5. You may find that each child in the kindergarten a different answer to the question.A. giveB. givesC. ga

40、ve D. giving6. ,together with all the members of his family, for Europe this afternoon.A are to leaveB. are leaving C. is leaving D. leave7. All the Presidents Men one of the important books for historians who study the WatergateScandal.A. remainB. remainsC. remainedD. is remaining8. My cousin ， who

41、 a painter, is in Japan at present.A. areB. is C. was D. were9. How close parents are to their children a strong influence on the character of the children.A. have B. has C. having D. to have10. It is futile to discuss the matter further, because going to agree upon anything today.A. neither you nor

42、 I are.B. neither you nor me isC. neither you nor I am.D. neither me nor you are11. Which of the followi ng senten ces is grammatically INCORRECTA. Politics are the art or scie nee of gover nment.B. Ten miles seems like a long walk to me.C. Mumps is a kind of in fectious disease.D. All the fur nitur

43、e has arrived un damaged.12. Which of the followi ng senten ces is INCORRECTA. Physics is an importa nt school subject.B. The Niagara Falls is in North America.C. The Un ited States borders Can ada.D. Mumps is a kind of in fectious disease.13. of the twins was arrested, because I saw both at a party

44、 last ni ght.A. No neB. Both C. Neither D. All14. Which of the followi ng stateme nts is INCORRECTA. Only one out of six were prese nt at the meeti ng.B. Ten dollars was stole n from the cash register.C. Either my sister or my brother is wrong.D. Five miles seem like a long walk to me.15. Which of t

45、he followi ng senten ces is INCORRECTA. Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him.B. No one except his supporters agree with him.C. Neither Julia nor I was going to the party.D. Few stude nts in my class are really lazy.16. The audie neeexcited on see ingfavorite star glide on to the stage.A. were

46、their B. were its C. was their D. was one s17. The research requires more money than.A. have bee n put inB. has bee n put inC. being put inD. to be put in18. Bread and butter liked by Wester ners.A. is B. are C. were D. be19. To my surprise, the majority of the stude nts in favor of his proposal.A.

47、is B. are C. be D. was20. Not only you but also I mistake n on this point.A. are B. were C. have D. am21. Twenty pou nds en ough for such a poor family spe nd for a mon th.A. were B. being C. have bee n D. was22. The preside nt of the college, together with the dea ns, pla nning a con fere nee for t

48、hepurpose of lay ing dow n a series of regulati ons.A. were B. are C. is D. will23. Many a pers on at the gate of the departme nt store.A. is sta nding B. are sta nding C. have bee n sta ndingD. have stoo24. The factory man ager and secretary our party.A. is to atte ndB. are to atte ndC. were to att

49、e ndD. is atte nded25. The older worker and the you ng each their own tools.A. have B. has C. are hav ing D. is hav ing26. In early Jan uary 1996 the Netherla ndshit by its worst storm since 1976.A. wereB. wasC. isD. had27. The Himalayasa magn ifice nt variety of pla nt.A. wereB. wasC. has D. have28

50、. Athleticsa required course for stude nts of all grades.A. wereB. hasC. isD. havediabetesa kind of chro nic disease.A. wereB. hasC. isD. have30. My earni ngs this yearn ot half of yours.我今年的收入不到你的一半。B. has C. is D. have31. Which of the followi ng senten ces is INCORRECTA. Every 100 households have

51、93 televisi on sets.B. More tha n one pers on is in volved in this case.C. A woma n with two childre n has come.D. Many a lady are talk ing un der the tree.32. The office staffassembled outside the buildi ng to mourn the victims in the earthquake.A. is being B. hasC. isD. have33. The finan cial prob

52、lem as well as other issuesgoing to be discussed whe n the con gress is insessi on aga in n ext spri ng.A. isB. areC. wereD. was34. A series of robberiesrece ntly.A. has bee n reportedB. has reportedC. have bee n reportedD. have reported35. Which of the followi ng senten ces is INCORRECTA. All work is not dull; some work is pleasa nt.B. Anyone and every one has his own hobby.C. More tha n one were drow n to death in this lake.D. Each gift was wrapped in a separate package.36. Which of the followi ng senten ces is INCORRECTA. His family is well known in this cou n