英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況_英國(guó)議會(huì)和政府(匯總)

1、 英國(guó)議會(huì)英國(guó)議會(huì) 英國(guó)議會(huì)淵源于古代的賢人會(huì)議英國(guó)議會(huì)淵源于古代的賢人會(huì)議,后來(lái)后來(lái)發(fā)展為大會(huì)議發(fā)展為大會(huì)議, 1688年年“光榮革命光榮革命”后，后，議會(huì)逐步獲得至尊無(wú)上的地位議會(huì)逐步獲得至尊無(wú)上的地位; 議會(huì)代議會(huì)代表了英國(guó)民主政治的傳統(tǒng)表了英國(guó)民主政治的傳統(tǒng),成為反對(duì)專成為反對(duì)專制的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)堡壘制的堅(jiān)強(qiáng)堡壘,英國(guó)議會(huì)的產(chǎn)生為人類英國(guó)議會(huì)的產(chǎn)生為人類民主社會(huì)作出了貢獻(xiàn)民主社會(huì)作出了貢獻(xiàn).人們把英國(guó)議會(huì)人們把英國(guó)議會(huì)稱為稱為“議會(huì)之母議會(huì)之母”。英國(guó)議會(huì)英國(guó)議會(huì) 被稱為被稱為“議會(huì)之母議會(huì)之母”的緣由的緣由: 議會(huì)是現(xiàn)代資本主義政體中議會(huì)是現(xiàn)代資本主義政體中最重要的組最重要的組成部分成部分之一

2、，也是資本主義民主制度的之一，也是資本主義民主制度的主主要體現(xiàn)要體現(xiàn)。 英國(guó)是世界上英國(guó)是世界上第一個(gè)第一個(gè)建立議會(huì)制的國(guó)家。建立議會(huì)制的國(guó)家。 美、法等國(guó)都美、法等國(guó)都效妨效妨英國(guó)建立起各具特色英國(guó)建立起各具特色的議會(huì)制。的議會(huì)制。英國(guó)議會(huì)英國(guó)議會(huì)（最高立法機(jī)關(guān)最高立法機(jī)關(guān)）下議院下議院上議院上議院（至尊議會(huì)）（至尊議會(huì)）立法權(quán)立法權(quán)財(cái)政權(quán)財(cái)政權(quán)司法權(quán)司法權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)監(jiān)督權(quán)（起輔助（起輔助 作用）作用）監(jiān)督下院工作監(jiān)督下院工作協(xié)助下院立法協(xié)助下院立法修改和否決議案修改和否決議案行政權(quán)力的最高來(lái)源行政權(quán)力的最高來(lái)源英國(guó)最高司法機(jī)關(guān)英國(guó)最高司法機(jī)關(guān)（受理民事、刑事上訴（受理民事、刑事上訴案件案件，審

3、理貴族案件），審理貴族案件）英國(guó)議會(huì)的地位：英國(guó)議會(huì)的地位：英國(guó)議會(huì)的組成英國(guó)議會(huì)的組成:最高立法機(jī)關(guān)最高立法機(jī)關(guān)（1）下議院）下議院 （2）上議院）上議院British Parliament The United Kingdom is a unitary , not a federal state (中央集權(quán)國(guó)家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家 ). Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons (議會(huì)由君主，上議院和下議院組成).British Parliament The main f

4、unctions of Parliament are: (1) to pass laws (通過(guò)立法 ); (2) to provide, by voting for, taxation (投票 批準(zhǔn)稅 ); (3) to examine government Policy and administrations (檢查政府政策和行政管理 ); (4) to debate the major issues of the day (當(dāng)天的議題辯論 ). British Parliament The House of Lords The House of Lords consists of the

5、 Lords Spiritual (神職議員), who are the Archbishops and most prominent bishops of the Church of England; and the Lords Temporal (世俗議員), those who either have inherited the seat from their forefathers （hereditary peers世襲貴族）or （life peers終身貴族）have been appointed. The lords mainly represent themselves ins

6、tead of the interests of the public. British Parliament Life peers-終身貴族 appointed by the sovereign at the suggestion of the Prime Minister ( a practice began in 1958) 注：終身爵士。1958年英國(guó)議會(huì)通過(guò)了終身貴族爵位法，對(duì)那些為英國(guó)社會(huì)作出杰出貢獻(xiàn)的人-英國(guó)一些著名的政治家和高官，如首相、總督、高級(jí)大臣等，從現(xiàn)職退下來(lái)后，王室授封他們?yōu)榻K身貴族。他們以其豐富的從政經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)入上院繼續(xù)參政議政，但其爵位不能傳后代。 British P

7、arliament The House of Commons The House of Commons is the real center of British political life because it is the place where representatives (Members of Parliament) are elected to make and debate policy. These MPs are elected in the General Elections and should represent interests of the people wh

8、o vote for them. British Parliament Britain is divided into constituencies (選區(qū)). Each of the constituencies returns one member to the House of Commons. The party which holds a majority of those “seats” in parliament forms the government, with its party leader as the Prime Minister. After a governmen

9、t has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”. British Parliament General Elections Periodic national general elections are very important in the western model of democracy （周期性大選在西方式的民主制度中非常重要 ）. The election is seen as an opportunity for people to influence future

10、government policy and to replace the incompetent political leader. British Parliament Anyone who is eligible (有資格當(dāng)選的) to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds (a quite easily obtainable amount in the UK) which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least

11、 5% of the vote. British Parliament The electoral campaigns Before a general election, the political parties would start their electoral campaigns （advertisements, postal deliveries of leaflets, etc. ）in order to make their policies known to the public. These campaigns (attacking and criticizing the

12、 opponents policies )sometimes can be quite aggressive and critical. 英國(guó)的議會(huì)和政府至尊的議會(huì)（至尊的議會(huì)（“議會(huì)之母議會(huì)之母”）是最高立法機(jī)關(guān)，主要由上議院和下議院組成是最高立法機(jī)關(guān)，主要由上議院和下議院組成內(nèi)閣與首相內(nèi)閣是英國(guó)政府的核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)首相和內(nèi)閣要向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)，而不用對(duì)國(guó)家元首（國(guó)王）負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)閣權(quán)力很大首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集黨、政、軍大權(quán)于一身君主立憲制的實(shí)質(zhì)本質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政權(quán)的一種本質(zhì)上是資產(chǎn)階級(jí)政權(quán)的一種組織形式組織形式英國(guó)議會(huì)是最高英國(guó)議會(huì)是最高_(dá)，主要由上議院和，主要由上議院和下議院組成，有下議院組成，

13、有_之稱。之稱。內(nèi)閣是英國(guó)政府的內(nèi)閣是英國(guó)政府的_ _ ，首相和內(nèi)，首相和內(nèi)閣要向閣要向_負(fù)責(zé)。負(fù)責(zé)。首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集首相擁有非常廣泛的權(quán)力，集_大大權(quán)于一身。權(quán)于一身。君主立憲制本質(zhì)是君主立憲制本質(zhì)是_政權(quán)的一種組政權(quán)的一種組織形式。織形式。資產(chǎn)階級(jí)資產(chǎn)階級(jí)核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)核心領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)議會(huì)議會(huì)立法機(jī)關(guān)立法機(jī)關(guān)“議會(huì)之母議會(huì)之母”黨、政、軍黨、政、軍君主立憲制的實(shí)質(zhì)君主立憲制的實(shí)質(zhì)1 1、從英國(guó)君主立憲制的結(jié)構(gòu)看、從英國(guó)君主立憲制的結(jié)構(gòu)看為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)服務(wù)，不是為全體人民服務(wù)，具有階級(jí)性。為資產(chǎn)階級(jí)服務(wù)，不是為全體人民服務(wù)，具有階級(jí)性。英王和王室英王和王室上院上院下院下院保守黨保守黨工黨工黨

14、2 2、從政策層面看、從政策層面看議會(huì)議會(huì)政黨政黨右翼右翼左翼左翼保守黨保守黨工黨工黨首相的權(quán)利：首相的權(quán)利：首相掌握政府人事大權(quán)首相掌握政府人事大權(quán), ,包括任免內(nèi)閣成員包括任免內(nèi)閣成員和其他非閣員大臣和其他非閣員大臣( (向國(guó)王提交任免名單向國(guó)王提交任免名單).).首相領(lǐng)導(dǎo)內(nèi)閣，對(duì)重大問(wèn)題作出最終裁決。首相領(lǐng)導(dǎo)內(nèi)閣，對(duì)重大問(wèn)題作出最終裁決。首相控制國(guó)家財(cái)政大權(quán)，掌控預(yù)算決策權(quán)。首相控制國(guó)家財(cái)政大權(quán)，掌控預(yù)算決策權(quán)。首相有權(quán)建議國(guó)王解散議會(huì)，宣布重新大選。首相有權(quán)建議國(guó)王解散議會(huì)，宣布重新大選。首相是武裝部隊(duì)的實(shí)際最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，可宣首相是武裝部隊(duì)的實(shí)際最高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，可宣布全國(guó)處于布全國(guó)處于“緊急

15、狀態(tài)緊急狀態(tài)”。內(nèi)閣內(nèi)閣的權(quán)力：的權(quán)力：制制定內(nèi)外政策定內(nèi)外政策向向議會(huì)提交議案以及需要議會(huì)審議的政策議會(huì)提交議案以及需要議會(huì)審議的政策行行使最高行政權(quán)力使最高行政權(quán)力協(xié)協(xié)調(diào)和確定政府各部門職權(quán)調(diào)和確定政府各部門職權(quán)在在國(guó)家處于緊急狀態(tài)時(shí)，采取緊急行動(dòng)國(guó)家處于緊急狀態(tài)時(shí)，采取緊急行動(dòng)必必要時(shí)宣布提前大選要時(shí)宣布提前大選British Government The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy (君主立憲制),which is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Maj

16、estys Government. The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the “divine right of kings”. （上帝和神賜予的）“君權(quán)神授論” 聯(lián)合王國(guó)是君主立憲制國(guó)家,國(guó)家的首腦是國(guó)王或女王。聯(lián)合王國(guó)以君的名義,由國(guó)王或女王陛下政府治理。 British Government Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy. While the official head of the state is the

17、Queen, her powers are largely traditional and symbolic. The government at national and local levels is elected by the people and governs according to British constitutional principles. British Government The party, which wins sufficient seats at a General Election in the House of Commons usually for

18、ms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is appointed Prime Minister by the Sovereign. The party, which wins the second largest number of seats, becomes the official Opposition組成反對(duì)黨. England in the 18th Century: Robert Walpole (羅伯特羅伯特沃波爾沃波爾) The first Prime MinisterThe most

19、influential member in the Whig Party First Lord of the Treasury encouraging trade and industry and avoiding foreign entanglement “Any Peace is preferable even to successful war.” Robert Walpole British Government Members of Parliament assembled themselves into groups which eventually would become po

20、litical parties. Historically, there are two parties in Britain The Whigs 輝格黨輝格黨- the Liberal Party自民黨自民黨 The Tories 托利黨托利黨- the Conservative Party The two major parties now are the Conservative Party (保守黨) and the Labor Party（工黨） The two-party systemThe Whigs: supporting the governmentLiberals repl

21、aced by the Labor Party (20th century)The Tories: supporting the monarchConservativesThe party in power (執(zhí)政黨)the majority party, the legislative body, the executive branchThe party in opposition (在野黨)A collection of opposing partiesBritish Government The Conservative Party descended from the histori

22、c Tory Party (托利黨托利黨), which was founded in 1678, was in government for two-thirds of the 20th century. Margaret Thatcher won her partys leadership election in 1975 following victory in the 1979 general election until 1990. British Government The Labor Party was founded in1906 at the start of the 20

23、th century and has been the principal party of the Great Britain since the 1920s. It surpassed the Liberal Party as the main opposition to the Conservatives in the early 1920s. Tony Blair was the Labor Prime Minister 19972007. British Government Government Department 政府各部 the Civil Service文職人員部 The

24、principal Government department mainly includes: the Treasury, the House of office, the Foreign and Commonwealth office, the Ministry of Defense 主要的政府部門包括：財(cái)務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國(guó)防部等。 British Government Members of the Civil Service are called Civil Services文職人員部的成員被成為公務(wù)員 . They staff government departments. Ci

25、vil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination公務(wù)員主要是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)考試錄用 . Civil servants do not belong to any political party. Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff, There are about 541800 civil servants in Britain now. 19251925年年1010月月1313日，前英國(guó)日，前英國(guó)首相撒切爾夫人出生。首相撒切爾夫人出生。 撒切爾夫人是英國(guó)保守黨撒切爾夫人是英國(guó)保守黨政治家和首相政治家和首相(1979-1990)(1979-1990)，也是歐洲歷史上第一位女首也是歐洲歷史上第一位女首相。在相。在19871987年保守黨贏得大年保守黨贏得大選后，她成為英國(guó)在選后，她成為英國(guó)在2020世紀(jì)世紀(jì)連任連任3 3屆的首相，在她辭職時(shí)屆的首相，在她辭職時(shí)成為成為18271827年以后英國(guó)任期最年以后英國(guó)任期