句子成分和結(jié)構(gòu)

1、句子的組成成分叫句子成分。句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。英語的基本成分有七種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial) 和補(bǔ)語（complement）。Members of a sentence一、主語表明句子里所談的是：“什么人”或“什么物”，主語常用名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)。例如:Lily likes her new bike.(名詞) 莉莉喜歡她的新自行車。He gets up early every day.(代詞) 他每天都起得很早。To learn Engl

2、ish well is not easy.（不定式短語）學(xué)好英語不容易。二、謂語說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，英語中謂語只能用動詞動詞充當(dāng)。例如：1. We work hard.我們努力工作。2. The boy caught a bird. 那個(gè)男孩逮住一只鳥。3. He is my father. 他是我父親。4. They all look fine. 他們都很好。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)方面必須保持一致。例如：I am reading. You are reading. HeShe is reading. We are reading.三、賓語賓語是動作行為的對象。由名詞、代

3、詞或相當(dāng)于名詞或代詞的詞或短語充當(dāng)，和及物動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，說明主語“做什么”。例如：1. Tom bought a story-book.（名詞）湯姆買了一本故事書。2. I saw him yesterday. （代詞）昨天我看到他了。3. He wanted to have a cup of tea. （不定式短語）他想要一杯茶。直接賓語和間接賓語直接賓語表示動作的承受者，一般是物。間接賓語表示動作是對誰或?yàn)檎l做的，一般是人。合稱雙賓語。這兩個(gè)賓語不能形成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如：1. He gave me some ink . 他給了我一些墨水。 間接賓語 直接賓語 2. Our tea

4、cher told us an interesting story. 老 師給我們講了一個(gè)有趣的故事。 間接賓語 直接賓語四、表語說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”，與連系動詞一起構(gòu)成謂語，表語由名詞、形容詞、或相當(dāng)于名詞或形容詞的詞或短語等充當(dāng)。例如：1. My sister is a nurse.（名詞）我的姐姐是一名護(hù)士。2. They were at home.（介詞短語）他們在家里。3. She got angry. （形容詞）她生氣了。4. Her grandfather is over eighty years old.（數(shù)詞）她的祖父八十多歲了。五、定語定語是修飾名詞或代詞的，可以

5、作定語的除形容詞外，還有名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語或相當(dāng)于形容詞的詞或短語等。例如：1. This is a green cup.（形容詞）這是一個(gè)綠色的杯子。2. Are these students your classmates? （代詞）這些學(xué)生是你班的嗎？3. Winter is the coldest season of the year.（介詞短語）冬天是一年中最冷的季節(jié)。4. I have something important to tell you.（不定式）我有重要的事情要告訴你。5. The people here are very friendly.（副詞）這里的人們

6、非常友好。注意：形容詞作定語時(shí)通常放在被修飾的詞之前。而介詞短語、不定式短語或副詞等作定語時(shí)則放在被修飾的詞之后。六、狀語狀語是修飾動詞、形容詞、或副詞的，有的修飾全句?？梢宰鳡钫Z的主要是副詞和介詞短語或相當(dāng)于副詞的詞或短語等。例如：1. You are quite right .（副詞） 你非常正確。2. Mr. Wu comes to the school by bike. (介詞短語) 吳老師騎自行車上學(xué)校。3. She will arrive in Beijing on Monday. （介詞短語）她將于星期一到達(dá)北京。4. He stopped to have a look. （不定

7、式短語）他停下來看了看。七、賓語補(bǔ)足語有些及物動詞的賓語后邊還需要有一個(gè)補(bǔ)足語，意思才能夠完整。賓語和它的補(bǔ)足語構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。在復(fù)合賓語中，賓語與它的補(bǔ)足語之間存在著邏輯上（即意義上）的主謂關(guān)系。例如：1. We call her Xiao Li. 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語2. You must keep the room clean and tidy. 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語3. John asked me to help him with his Chinese. 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語4. I will have my hair cut tomorrow. 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)足語Exercises:指出下列句子中

8、劃線部分的成分。1We all study English hard. A. 主語 B. 謂語 C. 賓語 D.表語2Betty likes her new bike very much. A. 主語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.表語3My brother is a policeman. A. 主語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.表語4Were you at home last night? A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語5Winter is the coldest season of the year. A. 定語 B.狀語 C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語6He often walks in the pa

9、rk. A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓語 D.表語7Mary asked me to help her yesterday. A.定語 B.狀語 C.賓補(bǔ) D.表語8He bought me a nice present last week. A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)9His parents are doctors. A.賓語 B.表語 C.謂語 D.定語10Ill get you some tea now. A.賓語 B.直接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)11My mother told us an interesting story last night. A.表語 B.直

10、接賓語 C.間接賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)12He has read the book twice. A.主語 B.謂語 C.表語 D.賓語13They seemed unhappy when they heard the news. A.表語 B.謂語 C.賓語 D.定語14Do you have something to eat ? A.狀語 B.定語 C.賓語 D.賓補(bǔ)15We made him our monitor. A.賓語 B.定語 C. 狀語 D.賓補(bǔ)英語五種五種基本句型如下：一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： O （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）Five basic

11、sentence pattern1S + V在此句式中，V是不及物動詞(vi.)。例如：. He runs quickly他跑得快。. They listened carefully他們聽得很仔細(xì)。. The moon rose. 月亮升起了。 . We all breathe, eat, and drink. 我們大家都呼吸、 吃和喝。 . They talked for half an hour. 他們談了半個(gè)小時(shí)。 . The pen writes smoothly. 這支筆書寫流利。2S+V+P在此句式中，V是系動詞(linking verb)，常見的系動詞有：look，seem, a

12、ppear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall ill/asleep，stand/sit still, become，turn等。例如：. He is older than he looks他比看上去要老。. He seem interested in the book他似乎對這本書感興趣。. The story sounds interesting這個(gè)故事聽起來有趣。. The desk feels hard書桌摸起來很硬。. The cake tastes nice餅嘗起來很香。3S+V+O在此句式中，V是及物動詞( vt.) 。例如：. I saw

13、a film yesterday我昨天看了一部電影。. Have you read the story? 你讀過這個(gè)故事嗎?. They found their home easily他們很容易找 到他們的家。. They built a house last year他們?nèi)ツ杲艘凰孔印? Theyve put up a factory in the village他們在村里 建了一座工廠。. They have taken good care of the children這些孩子 他們照看得很好。. You should look after your children well你應(yīng)該

14、好好 照看你的孩子。4S+V+O1+O2在此句式中，V是帶有雙賓語的及物動詞。常見的帶雙賓語的動詞有g(shù)ive，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：1. She ordered herself a new dress. 她給自己定了一 套新衣裳。 2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她給 丈夫煮了一頓美餐。3. He gave me a book /a book to me他給我一本書。4. He brought me a pen /a pen to me他帶

15、給我一枝 鋼筆。5. He offered me his seat /his seat to me他把座位 讓給我。5. + + 此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動詞雖然是及物動詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。賓語補(bǔ)足語：位于賓語之后對賓語作出說明的成分。賓語與其補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語。. The war made him a soldier.戰(zhàn)爭使他成為一名戰(zhàn)士. New methods make the job easy.新方法使這項(xiàng)工作變得輕松. . I often find him at work.我經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)他

16、在工作. . The teacher ask the students to close the windows.老師讓學(xué) 生們關(guān)上窗戶. . I saw a cat running across the road.我看見一只貓跑過了馬路.Exercises:指出下列句子的基本類型1They are listening.2My mother is fifty now.3I have bought three books.4My friend gave me a birthday present.5I painted the wall white.6The boss often makes th

17、e workers work twelve hours a day.7They arrived at six oclock.8The map is on the wall.9Children often sing this song.10Mr. Wu teaches us English.11She showed her friends all her pictures.12I find him a lovely boy.1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper. 3. I shall answer

18、 your question after class. 4. They went hunting together early in the morning. 5. His job is to train swimmers. 6. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing. 7. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 8. His wish is to become a scientist. Names for girls: Agnes Alice Amanda Angela Anna Antonia Athena BettyGiving your English names Bonnie Caroline C