托福綜合寫作

1、By：Keven Cui托福綜合寫作綜合寫作簡介考生先閱讀一篇短文，大約250300字，時間限制為3分鐘。3分鐘時間到了，文章隱去，接著播放一段與文章相關的教授講課。講課一定反駁閱讀文章中的論點。隨后考生在20分鐘內寫一篇作文，這時先前隱去的文章會再出現(xiàn)，考生可參考。字數(shù)要求為150225字之間。 綜合寫作必備的四種能力閱讀理解能力聽力，記憶力筆記能力轉述能力Reading閱讀與聽力材料的關系結構完全對應關鍵詞完全對應結論完全相反Reading筆記搭建ConclusionSupporting exampleevidence 1evidence 2evidence 3Reading與listen

2、ing的關系Reading DJ是各個方面不錯的人。見過她的人都說她首先長相就好。她的父親母親都是長相俊美的人，祖上的基因好，自然生的孩子長相好。第二，DJ身材好，她長期以來一直堅持打籃球和踢足球的健身習慣，久而久之養(yǎng)出好身材。第三，她還是一個心靈好的人。背老人過馬路是她常做的好事。Reading與listening的關系Listening DJ在各個方面都是不好的。首先她的長相就有很大問題。她的臉曾經(jīng)在去年的一次爬山攀巖活動中被摔傷過，留下了疤痕，基本上不能被稱作為美女了。而且說她身材好也是不符合實際情況的。了解她的人都知道，她從來不喜歡球類游戲，從來沒見她打過籃球、踢過足球。最后，她背老人

3、過馬路也都是沒有依據(jù)的?，F(xiàn)代社會，即使有老人行動不便，一般都有輪椅輔助，哪里還需要別人背著過馬路呢？Listening“潛規(guī)則”LISAN原則Lead-引導，而非被引導Ideas-主要觀點Signal WordsActive ListenerNote Taking 根據(jù)閱讀材料預測結論，分論點1. 主題句2. 被解釋的詞3. 問題與答案4. 例子（只記舉例原因和 舉例對象）Signal WordsSignal WordsSignal WordsNote TakingReadingListeningRightLeftScratch Paper折線ConclusionEvidence 1Evide

4、nce 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ConclusionEvidence 1Evidence 3Evidence 2Supporting exampleSupporting exampleSupporting example.ReadingListening轉述能力paraphrase概括總結summarize選取Key Words - Main Idea, Evidences, Examples 添枝加葉paraphrase “改頭換面” - 單詞替換，結構替換單詞替換三大原則簡單原則；單

5、詞替換三大原則簡單原則；靈活原則；靈活原則；“有所為有所不為有所為有所不為”原則原則原文：Publishment could be brutal and severe, and sometimes religious passions were expressed violently with a view toward saving the childs soul.參考意譯：Publishment could be cruel and harsh, and sometimes strong religious feelings were expressed in an extreme way

6、 with the aim to save the childs soul.結構替換原文：Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper(1). Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to

7、 limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes(2).(Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46 - 47)參考意譯In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originate

8、s during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46 - 47).意譯與剽竊 例1：Thinking like a writer also means figuring out how to be successful in different kinds of situations. (Taken from Lynn Troykas Quick Access, 5th edition, page 3)意譯1：According to Troyka, thinkin

9、g similar to an author means that you need to figure out how to do well in other instances.意譯2：According to Troyka, you have to be able to deal effectively with many different “situations” if you want to adopt a writers mindset.譯意與剽竊 例2：A large company has announced that it wishes to build a large f

10、actory near the community.意譯1：A large factory is going to be built near the community by a large company.意譯2：A large factory is supposed to be built near the community according to the announcement issued by a large company.綜合寫作用詞套路轉述指代：閱讀：the author/ the passage/ the reading講座：the speaker/ the lect

11、urer/ the professor/ the lecture/ the speech綜合寫作用詞套路指代閱讀文章抽象名詞原因：reason/ causes/ basis/ ground/ motive/ motivation例證：example/ instance解釋：explanation/ account證據(jù)：evidence/ data/ fact/ proof/ basis/ foundation描述：definition/ description/ clarification假設：assumption/ postulation/ hypothesis/ conjecture結論：

12、conclusion/ belief/ idea/ opinion/ judgment/ view/ notion/ argument/ theory議題：issue/ matter/ topic/ problem/ subject/ concern陳述細節(jié)：statement/ point/ subject/ concern利益改善：benefit/ advantage/ improvement綜合寫作用詞套路研究調查：(further/ closer/ other) studies/ researches發(fā)明發(fā)現(xiàn)：(new) finding/ discovery其他解釋：alternati

13、ve explanation/ theory反方證據(jù)：counter-example/ evidence質疑駁斥：challenge/ objection/ refutation斷言聲稱：allegation/ claim/ assertion控訴反駁：charge/ objection/ refutation評論解釋：remark/ comment錯誤缺陷：fault/ weakness/ mistake/ error對比關系詞動詞類：refute challenge doubt deny rebut counter cast doubt on contradict oppose objec

14、t to disagree with disapprove of形容詞短語類：be contradictory conflicting opposing contrary opposite to different from副詞短語類：in contrast conversely however actually in fact in deed連詞類：while whereas支持關系詞支持：assert/ sustain/ strengthen/ bolster/ fortify 討論：討論：discuss/ examine/ investigate/ reexamine/ find tha

15、t/ raise the issue that/ strongly think that/ claim/ maintain/ argue/ state/ talk about/ present/ show/ point out/ illustrate/ demonstrate綜合寫作魔板開頭段落 The lecture completely refutes the points made in the reading.（表明兩者關系） The professor discusses+句子(一級觀點)，which differs from the main idea in the reading

16、.主體段落的句型1. Contrary to the belief in the passage that the professor says that2. The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that by saying that3. The lecture contradictsrefutes is contrary to is the opposite of the idea in the reading (by saying that)The lecture believed that The mater

17、ial said that去掉去掉by saying that 則只表明則只表明兩者關系兩者關系4. The professor made the point that The reading, in contrast, held a different view by stating that5. The listening material contradicts the reading material regarding the issue problem of6. As regards In terms of the listening material contradicts th

18、e reading material.7. Another important point showed in the listening material is that but the reading presents a conflicting idea that8. Finally, the professor stated thatwhich challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that1. In general, the professor discussed the problem issue of that the reading viewed in a contrary opposing different angle.2. According to the lecture on the other hand while the reading stated that These two ideas are contradictory to each other. 用于