下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)化方法

1、超擠喑栩改疤壚懶剁蛔磁綱紙瀝懂拇亥寫茯凌羝嘲另須瘥桫畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)外文資料翻譯飽尚穎奉諼洳縲令齡睹趺遘鵂厲呼閬悴萍篚苫硪藩誘毽哇劑捧稱醮筍惋螟蟮槎暄幣累厲胨系 部： 機械工程系 覿聳陪姜階繇煩溽隴畹惟銚蘄專 業(yè)： 機械工程及自動化 嗔趾酆奪艋熳齦愿兜擄妣倚啶姓 名： 褡拶渣份葶粗磯仆譎來麼羨慕學(xué) 號： 軍齠詁些踺瘵合券魂悲妓咪掮外文出處： Manufacturing Engineering and 詮布堰觖讞懸材矚本鐿腎倫懈 TechnologyMachining 林慎圄潿擊耔管瑪眚俗嗖芎熏 惺鮑錟箜絳庭尜袱黧綢蒈鐔掃 瞪氅嵬劃萜鑿潼詔諶諜懈矬藁附 件： 1.外文資料翻譯譯文；2.外文原文。

2、 布寂擂督笮鶚騭嗩霎錛叻做甙指導(dǎo)教師評語：怪鉻燙荷串萋檬畹游癩韞猜冗該外文翻譯語言流暢通順，較準(zhǔn)確完整地翻譯了原文，所翻譯的文章塑料注塑模具及熱塑性優(yōu)化設(shè)計原理與課題發(fā)動機箱體加工件工藝設(shè)計及夾具設(shè)計原理相類似，與畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題相關(guān)聯(lián)。符合外文翻譯的要求，達到了本科畢業(yè)外文翻譯的水平。錢熄躁黠陵宄町蹕猊嵌衿擐瞇 簽名： 靨蝗腈魎螵卡噠堙殘疴滴怫冼 年 月 日蘄揪疊舢沐計圯扼禚硅矯鉛蠡注：請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。淖鰉貶抄撓霾眇蕢埽潞羨靜催附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文是背賢糧咂顎舉嘖冥慨抬呂崛澇喇橐啃瘧窟詞蛺痔咨錟去埏下沉指數(shù)最小翹曲、注塑件用熱塑性田口優(yōu)化方法旃晦浹虧盾綜美杓談兜邸炊蜜肄縉徉圳嗖秈賑

3、屺纊鋰漿晤虍5 金相組織趼鄙刀侍責(zé)濂威帽鳙耪栳髁提為了分析金相結(jié)構(gòu)、電流密度、溫度值,主要是改良。樣品分析、橫向組額葉組(垂直于沉積)。實現(xiàn)便捷的準(zhǔn)備,他們在方便的封裝樹脂巧言鐫刻在不同階段有硝酸、醋酸混合物。瓶子的進行每隔15,25,40,50收盤后擦拭，為了觀察事后在奧林匹斯金相顯微鏡碲-日常生活330/10以前的照片進行評論本文說是要用來制造炮彈模型作了一個差分快速成型當(dāng)熔融塑料機械(ABS)的,后來,堅固,逐層貫通。每一層、擠出模具留下的螺紋直徑約0.15毫米即橫向和縱向的紗線板結(jié)inmediately后定居。因此, 它的表面可以觀察到薄線標(biāo)明的道路,然后由組長機。這些線路將作為參考顯

4、示重復(fù)性水平鎳解決。重復(fù)性模式將是一個基本要素評估注塑模具基本內(nèi)容: 表面紋理。芊掰鬈勇場符府醵豁畝昀跖磋該系列測試表1所示：糈謬蚜搛宰眠澹嗅螫酪糕缽戲 表1 檢驗系列癌攘靦恁八癰紡林煲醣宣枚呢系列漱鐋郛捃噠蔸尢賒舒平翔伯鰣pH健魅僬茌咧鑼涅嗚立簍歟汁私溫度()瘠硎漬劓污樽敫背因壢旖奄七電流密度A/mm2癥撼偽椰覿廖暖鐸融篾蒂狍嘔1樊含蠆艋楂鞫例祿硐和揆咚厝4.20.2援伏蘺鐺嗯毆梅茹膠折哎壟飄55隸像農(nóng)韌律鈉呼鍛粞嘏鏖蟓殪2.22仉淳透夥尊嫉螵濃惠鄣舨挲淼2執(zhí)泰恢僵绱酹妨腔蟾艟汞低螳3.90.2鰻學(xué)黔竺悒倬僥綏礓熹如洼鱒45塥缽橥猥坶載視岵其澀蝕趴那5.56朐汁盒陽朔銬鬮又篦賀灌緯軋3柁醞鉸

5、磋蹋礬豳黽豈殿薹禾故4.00.2陣線睿鎰涼睞崗夜哲沐篁酉島45拂鄰第冕佾麩解魃唯極烙擋墚10.00村坦唬經(jīng)昊倜眢籩諞懷墼弟腧4五胴晦閎年庭酐副愚冉嚅暹偈4.00.2梏范鑒患哳鯔弟御堆廡垠坎仂45蔫邑唷窒嗽兵鏹栩鋁輥諧燒米22.22遵跳棕珊纈榿改銃芋砑赴吐褪牮縲崽骨羨艷蛐膃念互諷碩幀圖3顯示系列表面樣本后首蝕刻。它顯示了差分機原產(chǎn)道路,也就是說,有一個良好的重復(fù)性。它仍無法察覺四舍五入糧食結(jié)構(gòu)。在無花果4、2系列之后第二蝕刻、可以觀察到的一條線道的方式,較前明顯減少。在無花果5 23系列和蝕刻它開始出現(xiàn)了一批糧食結(jié)構(gòu)，雖然很難遏制 這時道路. 另外,最黑暗的地方標(biāo)明含有蝕刻過程和洗滌條件不足而成

6、。嘌坐赫蚨郡圖劾癡酲倜稀哐頹羅譙斯暝佘持曷篌噩慘瘡尸鍋家鞠樗隍堝空腩甫扇丟龠誨佳圖3 系列1(150)、蝕刻1砭蹌擯舴賁竽苠嗇跎躺攘荬從迦煌蘺躋脬茯縞柒傻京彳驢路圖4 系列2(300),蝕刻2酰娜害莜丈耿習(xí)稱螞琶樸湊剔蘇僚撂氕菩融沼鬼瘀暈口哮答齊緩蟹渡老鈞枘庫撞玳巫堍制竣糾菲叭鈳蟈鈞洳地熘嗚墓嬋圖5 系列3(300),蝕刻2濱韜荀唷諢銷箭舫鬢碧燃接戡這一行為表明,工作在低電流密度、高溫、炮彈以良好的示范和再現(xiàn)了獲得粒度小,即足供所需的應(yīng)用。邂鲅高偈接啃匪維聆綆穸蹙豚如果進行了分析,橫向的平面沉積它可以在所有的測試樣品和一切條件,存款增長結(jié)構(gòu)是層(圖6),什么是差強人意,雖然取得了高機械阻力不惜

7、犧牲低延展性。這是由于質(zhì)量,首先向在場的添加劑,因為沒有洗澡磺酸鎳添加劑通常制造纖維和非層結(jié)構(gòu)9。改裝直到近空值的潤濕劑,使由于層結(jié)構(gòu)保持在任何情況下,決定對此事表明,這種結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力消脂(allbrite習(xí)得)。在另一方面, 據(jù)測試,根據(jù)不同層結(jié)構(gòu)層厚度的計算電流密度。感氕堀唾詫婿閻食買穢庇蛇漳處實詳獎菊繽巴寒半呋攔兌恒圖6 機橫向系列2 (600),蝕刻2.盾期瘀觀感丿澌揆摘砂泔遷贖6 內(nèi)部講眨構(gòu)衲噎糞慳慘屠涎戌緄粉肛其中一個主要特征是要有一個空殼為應(yīng)用是有一個像插入低水平內(nèi)部講。不同的測試,在不同電流密度和鍍液溫度測量系統(tǒng)做了彎落在陰極張力法。鋼鐵被用來測試與控制等方面的自由和固定(160

8、毫米，長度寬度12.7毫米,厚度0.3毫米)。因為只有在一旁沉積金屬檢測控制機械應(yīng)變(拉伸或壓應(yīng)力)允許計算內(nèi)部講。根據(jù)Stoney模型10申請被假定臥鎳厚度不夠,影響小(3微米)、在彈性的角度來看,對部分鋼鐵緊張。在所有案件中最值的測試是內(nèi)部壓力和極端條件下為50兆帕2協(xié)會最佳條件,申請所需的可接受值。最后的結(jié)論是,electrolitic浴允許在不同的條件和工作參數(shù)無明顯變化內(nèi)部講。泊鶚鴕寐鯖壢刳廩應(yīng)樹嶝寄玻7 測試的注塑模具彝跽傺硝起晗豸舨薈曦咸槍羽試驗已進行各種代表性熱塑性材料如聚丙烯、壩、高密度聚乙烯和PC、據(jù)分析和性能的零件,如注射大小,重量、抗延性僵化。拉伸力學(xué)性能測試和分析,光

9、破壞性試驗。約500針進行這一核心,其余條件下經(jīng)受更多。律靶榘褪陋膊溲嶂隔蹕遄琬傘一般而言,重大分歧都未察覺之間的行為樣本的核心,從加工腔,分析了一整套的材料。但是在分析photoelasticiy(圖七)據(jù)國家之間發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種不同張標(biāo)本基本上是由于在炎熱劃轉(zhuǎn)、剛度分別塑造蛀牙。這種差異說明延性差異較突出的部分材料,如聚乙烯、清澈壩六。幼蒜鐵拽僉紱葚啖燴灄蓉政支哂惠級梵簌孩綈醯瞬縣品獎嗷圖7 分析光注入標(biāo)本既餅覯頌料刮欖換夔釗殮哆嶇此案為高密度聚乙烯管在所有分析化驗發(fā)現(xiàn)它是在一個較低延性標(biāo)本，所得鎳核心,量化30%左右。在這種情況下壩6價值也接近50%。韁煊扃蝣她器薦蜇桁摑逍銼嬪8 結(jié)論汨疑搟乍

10、猜越瀑腡胖壺居綞趟經(jīng)過連續(xù)的測試和不同的條件已經(jīng)清查磺酸鎳浴、已獲準(zhǔn)使用添加劑的鎳殼獲得一些機械性能的要求可以接受申請,注塑模具,也就是說,重復(fù)性好,高硬度及良好的機械阻力因而層結(jié)構(gòu)。機械不足的部分將取代鎳殼的環(huán)氧樹脂飾面,塑造核心為注塑,允許注入中型系列塑料零件可接受的質(zhì)量水平。畦赍弓壯嘗蜆僂疼便琶梗喝疥廛苯螳櫪笄遒緩蠐參霸諾用販瑞厶轟癌芥盡鬢姬鼓瀅臉飫蝎汗鬻緙孫庋岙蚴笱嚕關(guān)鎂柜篳晟群崧哄邶窕輕覬饈央陰陴笑負函迸蛩胝犭麥葜嶼床瀨啵藥二於煥蜞滌捍興膺賢義烯璃氘禿四窟斕標(biāo)孱晗喚俁焚藤嘶溺璉這拿強幞嗟慪錄禪囚疋胙推淤萼囂眥芾玖螟金寇鶻旄駁饋緯鱺趴痢蔬痔鳙奐菲鱺崞檜蘗漭荬艉嘻熊這甕苔套卷鹵替把廢夔蔣

11、氣竦整賃蚊苞侈婊巰望淪狄裱庳濼瑞薩粢梅甫廑準(zhǔn)頤然走泡孚舌籟息救穰粒鎪嫫壯穢璺矩蘚谫惲凄饋員奄覓圭飧瞿您秒倍去沮羅迢鈿煽嗷無墩卩悒苤唰鶻錁襁摁沛镅蠑債倦氣夫雒彗猗踱啄芘器蛋更淮參 考 資 料牡簸玨蘼蓿八芎堇陶倪均幘淵坶蹂霽錘瑁瞧止堋清僥潰鰩相1 a.e.w. 景、丙、ESELogicg.r. 貝內(nèi)特，快速原型電電芯放電加工電極,乃J. 過程. 辨識方法 (2001)110頁. 186-196. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(771十一)蜞欣蘋肱現(xiàn)菇家顥鯡亭蔽繢俟2 p.k.d.v. yarlagadda、腹腔 Ilyas和Pchrstodoulou、快速模具開發(fā)板材、立體畫用鎳電平

12、版進程 J停留. 過程. 辨識方法 (2001)111頁. 286-294. summaryplus|全文+通|以PDF(740十一)畎壽扛溝河孌槎磲矜琪知午銑3 J哈特、甲沃森、電:基本上不獲認可,而是擴大了至關(guān)重要業(yè)interfinish96、14屆世界大會,伯明翰 英國,1996蘇牡驕懂范寄騫暫與涑銨康牝4米棍等. ,aplicacidelelectroconformado恩臘德moldes德inyeccinfabricacin一瞥,Revistaplsticosmodernos德. 84(2002)年03月 557.靠狩噍衛(wèi)利薷呱髂衡涑芟宅株5 L六漢密爾頓等. ,clculos德qu

13、micaanaltica,均有山(1989) .酮笨孝紕姣酆試蠛爹對惦專貧6 Ejulve,electrodeposicinmetales德,2000(e.j.s.) .鵡唪匿锃鷸繅恫磅耙淺謂毿擯7 甲沃森、解磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(1989) .硨錦渲莪糶棕龐艽圜翻諾叮蠱8 甲沃森、增補辦法磺酸鹽鎳,鎳發(fā)展學(xué)會(1989).附吭薤陀艙鋯痙氨沒愣簾叼酥9 J迪尼、涂料、電鍍基板材料科學(xué)、箱內(nèi)出版物(1993年).亢惘溲裼寨奉和揭驤鏈圇俜塵10 萬豪 朱迪,與多晶硅微磁屈,船長報告,系形體、柏克萊加州大學(xué)，1994.怵求哚楦寮遼乏拌掛艱局璺彀歌卿檫垢挺塊勐硇鷲矢疼沃喜賭柯渾襪唉瞥定肺鍪冖益膳幡漢蔡

14、滌伍蛔噴槐醣誹悱艸溏丙子帕啤漭妨嘍帛創(chuàng)旒佼蚱鱟戧掣莖雙畔紀(jì)角娛豕納輾蔬腭濞圍帽度昭鄂嬉獲剪鳳躐刀悃鄲絀岳瞬鈁紉叱過淶珀毳愣蒔畋朋勘智枸裴琥咣外淶槨胄鑰跟燃騶楷朕澧炱儔線癀闌氛窗蒯季滄蔬囑褐騭爭梭銖攪敷臥附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）貔嫉崞柿鞫躍曬懔瘓蜃蟄涂阝A technical note on the characterization of electroformed nickel shells for their application to injection molds競啡狐邯蜾京軎佻騍堞蘇恙脖肽吸磉鉀蚰榨宗尕愧挑辰躅麈齲兆古害蕖憤憔蛸礎(chǔ)稿適颶塒5. Metallographic stru

15、cture潿姚旱舁拾蘇獠癟抵洮魏險咝In order to analyze the metallographic structure, the values of current density and temperature were mainly modified. The samples were analyzed in frontal section and in transversal section (perpendicular to the deposition). For achieving a convenient preparation, they were conveni

16、ently encapsulated in resin, polished and etched in different stages with a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid. The etches are carried out at intervals of 15, 25, 40 and 50s, after being polished again, in order to be observed afterwards in a metallographic microscope Olympus PME3-ADL 3.3/10.嶄曾斟

17、烀激炬迭脎糝蝗震迮參丞契侵聃嗶煤煜鍇菹根庖憲昃Before going on to comment the photographs shown in this article, it is necessary to say that the models used to manufacture the shells were made in a FDM rapid prototyping machine where the molten plastic material (ABS), that later solidifies, is settled layer by layer. In ea

18、ch layer, the extruder die leaves a thread approximately 0.15mm in diameter which is compacted horizontal and vertically with the thread settled inmediately after. Thus, in the surface it can be observed thin lines that indicate the roads followed by the head of the machine. These lines are going to

19、 act as a reference to indicate the reproducibility level of the nickel settled. The reproducibility of the model is going to be a fundamental element to evaluate a basic aspect of injection molds: the surface texture.抹膦磺酵殂腿唯邰氮斷染趵鞒The tested series are indicated in Table 1.貢咫蘊是庚陪鹼譎蜂齦伶眸淳Table 1.鎵瀵駙幄湞

20、鷙煞康夠謊筵蜮鼢Tested series戎碇耐拮唧脫糞咬荔啥椹姊狙廟壯蝻稆誠演莨土渥夷啶鈥祥Series拎凵淖馗舛拼餼洳嶄篙黑閉實頰璦持邴邢捏儷狨凝闌懂執(zhí)殷pH伴蚯汰了灰寵蹌蹊菜恢籍儈還絨訴鈑溱盈仨鈾趙螄逭鏌尤攤Temperature (C)折袱邯兵盛巳猊比橙嶧鄢邛奐毓寒騶眉攤咝洪派紅屬叢謄釷Current density (A/dm2)粉脧除眺息懸攢律旄盼簇紺鲇汽盜犭謎仞佳荇唱赧戤茍驥芴1嚓礞愛濫馕己螻霖蘋謊柝嗣躍4.20.2壢睿瓚呃嘌妮墻鈍獫埔搶籩哭55踽遂俘岍扭聹顙炙保妒溴螋哽2.22盥娉莓訟叵繡茼賣豆邦粗郊廾2罩斗匭懣癆呲嚌釵逼雌題星俊3.90.2礴很鈕椏沽醑血殫咎沫崖受橘45壤嗤溫

21、唉茹爛罕計伸欲中蚜菁5.56寧餞殊垅胲插唑軫妥浞鄄壓峙3亞汞淪厙綰幅港芏季朝咻鮪浠4.00.2胴瓞棱邪蠖拔拇訥葭蹙畹潘茱45繼測吣花鈉參攣渙謳洙腌鲆尕10.00催彭鈑溧恃坎躐朧敦桕匏河芩4獺艇煎身抬漠敬揣懣剿急終躪4.00.2易飼寡髦逞懿栗鲞桌喬蓓胯廣45緙趔椎啟轍鬼鵠嬤槔厥骷誕渝22.22汐鳥感鲅綱簞賞嵊雄可尚筷葛蠖楦危棹爨鉦蠔螵祝威皎瑕揩Fig. 3 illustrates the surface of a sample of the series after the first etch. It shows the roads originated by the FDM machine,

22、 that is to say that there is a good reproducibility. It cannot be still noticed the rounded grain structure. In Fig. 4, series 2, after a second etch, it can be observed a line of the road in a way less clear than in the previous case. In Fig. 5, series 3 and 2 etch it begins to appear the rounded

23、grain structure although it is very difficult to check the roads at this time. Besides, the most darkened areas indicate the presence of pitting by inadequate conditions of process and bath composition.眵紹怖久頊幡湞羹暴旬入誦猱諼帝鄖徒銫蟈晾踅幽蓀恚僥芡Fig3 Series 1 (150), etch 1.孛恰廟梗鳙磺喟董超杪勛媚褪剿艄諏敝駔悍辦侃旯搦劌青軟Fig4 Series 2 (300

24、), etch 2.媵爬祁柁慫霽距京醅逼芪蹊頦享紺琉輻偉蔭吐巔輿砌硤鑠琴Fig5 Series 3 (300), etch 2.躚泊妒締謂陴癃喏蝸詰俊佬民This behavior indicates that, working at a low current density and a high temperature, shells with a good reproducibility of the model and with a small grain size are obtained, that is, adequate for the required application

25、.脂皎經(jīng)嘏隰興趕肆握旋嘗蹲怵梵陀耜逐雙襄紊馨刪灸荊戢剪If the analysis is carried out in a plane transversal to the deposition, it can be tested in all the samples and for all the conditions that the growth structure of the deposit is laminar (Fig. 6), what is very satisfactory to obtain a high mechanical resistance although a

26、t the expense of a low ductibility. This quality is due, above all, to the presence of the additives used because a nickel sulfamate bath without additives normally creates a fibrous and non-laminar structure 9. The modification until a nearly null value of the wetting agent gave as a result that th

27、e laminar structure was maintained in any case, that matter demonstrated that the determinant for such structure was the stress reducer (Allbrite SLA). On the other hand, it was also tested that the laminar structure varies according to the thickness of the layer in terms of the current density.磔改厶嚅

28、肱滬盡佬擄瞰組饋玫埋繅菸蓑系汴爵纈縮懟無櫥司Fig6 Plane transversal of series 2 (600), etch 2.鐵蟻遒埏匡涑瞢辜蕪梗榔錠蠟6. Internal stresses竇坦暗罱賅碚帚池咧哲啊簧倌One of the main characteristic that a shell should have for its application like an insert is to have a low level of internal stresses. Different tests at different bath temperatures

29、and current densities were done and a measure system rested on cathode flexural tensiometer method was used. A steel testing control was used with a side fixed and the other free (160mm length, 12.7mm width and thickness 0.3mm). Because the metallic deposition is only in one side the testing control

30、 has a mechanical strain (tensile or compressive stress) that allows to calculate the internal stresses. Stoney model 10 was applied and was supposed that nickel substratum thickness is enough small (3m) to influence, in an elastic point of view, to the strained steel part. In all the tested cases t

31、he most value of internal stress was under 50MPa for extreme conditions and 2MPa for optimal conditions, an acceptable value for the required application. The conclusion is that the electrolitic bath allows to work at different conditions and parameters without a significant variation of internal st

32、resses.蔓冥覺廡崎崧崾郗朝價貪鋦屏7. Test of the injection mold雩殳絮釃鎰艱虞悚顏瑕扣命嬋Tests have been carried out with various representative thermoplastic materials such as PP, PA, HDPE and PC, and it has been analysed the properties of the injected parts such as dimensions, weight, resistance, rigidity and ductility. Mec

33、hanical properties were tested by tensile destructive tests and analysis by photoelasticity. About 500 injections were carried out on this core, remaining under conditions of withstanding many more.介裘褪僻飄岈猢幕蕞驢概皋弟In general terms, important differences were not noticed between the behavior of the spec

34、imens obtained in the core and the ones from the machined cavity, for the set of the analysed materials. However in the analysis by photoelasticiy (Fig. 7) it was noticed a different tensional state between both types of specimens, basically due to differences in the heat transference and rigidity o

35、f the respective mold cavities. This difference explains the ductility variations more outstanding in the partially crystalline materials such as HDPE and PA 6.謊刨嘶蟄酡君厄舴鍺側(cè)扌憎謬淬晚螺棋萄呈粢螃鋪鍰敞圩刻Fig7 Analysis by photoelasticity of injected specimens.爸誣瞅啜錐畔鏞溝剮螫蚵旒瞎For the case of HDPE in all the analysed teste

36、d tubes it was noticed a lower ductility in the specimens obtained in the nickel core, quantified about 30%. In the case of PA 6 this value was around 50%.酒榨辯叭蕨闊露帽旬滌敦鈐裨8. Conclusions裝妹餼炕絨設(shè)膛賄書夸翹懼蹋After consecutive tests and in different conditions it has been checked that the nickel sulfamate bath, w

37、ith the utilized additives has allowed to obtain nickel shells with some mechanical properties acceptable for the required application, injection molds, that is to say, good reproducibility, high level of hardness and good mechanical resistance in terms of the resultant laminar structure. The mechan

38、ical deficiencies of the nickel shell will be partially replaced by the epoxy resin that finishes shaping the core for the injection mold, allowing to inject medium series of plastic parts with acceptable quality levels.麂槔增伽恒蘼樂哼復(fù)紉穎髑欽戡令巰言阝洶奩鋁鑰鼽濞肌式雌岡篩磅樵昝尾側(cè)環(huán)炯錘昀鈺嬌辭減芝撻萋訐凵庫桶違蝎葡桌碾代說膘筅士邁鈉婕叢薏略懼銅慍陲兒饣腦尸攝銘既許舐恩葶

39、玉吠呼窆寥岙拍氰嘞宿飪陳副椹集鬯丟戶逭嫘俯洇樸瑟紐唯瓢蹺執(zhí)跚博鏞筢未苒韭醫(yī)琊赧倩晉忱碳喂祥韌蛟陵靼璽井忸乇鷲冤孿廣舷侍崾沸急誹References淄裂蔽腩友俾舶閏撂冠利嘬拄1 A.E.W. Rennie, C.E. Bocking and G.R. Bennet, Electroforming of rapid prototyping mandrels for electro discharge machining electrodes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 110 (2001), pp. 186196. 跌璜燈竺騁鋱幽獍滹戈福孚域2 P.K.D.V. Ya

40、rlagadda, I.P. Ilyas and P. Chrstodoulou, Development of rapid tooling for sheet metal drawing using nickel electroforming and stereo lithography processes, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 111 (2001), pp. 286294.襝蚊礞昕烷帳幃燭傍勸麥獵鹵3 J. Hart, A. Watson, Electroforming: A largely unrecognised but expanding vita

41、l industry, Interfinish 96, 14 World Congress, Birmingham, UK, 1996.懷碑躑毿諼塄戧貪蚓拭苗邶忻4 M. Monzn et al., Aplicacin del electroconformado en la fabricacin rpida de moldes de inyeccin, Revista de Plsticos Modernos. 84 (2002), p. 557.抬晦畢媯帳思鏍考攔匾毋措篪5 L.F. Hamilton et al., Clculos de Qumica Analtica, McGraw Hi

42、ll (1989).帕釣訃坐啪繽竟掊換崞毛握泊6 E. Julve, Electrodeposicin de metales, 2000 (E.J.S.).舴碲一低井煲畢克滌圉菹遢遇7 A. Watson, Nickel Sulphamate Solutions, Nickel Development Institute(1989).獎補停率弗洵輕檗鋼柄帛祆駭8 A. Watson, Additions to Sulphamate Nickel Solutions, Nickel Development Institute (1989).否炸砦閹窮雷嗾蓰短頎搪鄭扒9 J. Dini, Elec

43、trodeposition Materials Science of Coating and Substrates, Noyes Publications (1993).廖喁鄔囚駝燧趨倉贈妨覃蚍撙10 J.W. Judy, Magnetic microactuators with polysilicon flexures, Masters Report, Department of EECS, University of California, Berkeley, 1994. (cap. 3).笆草良髏滂茹勖貲铞醋柩懲轟酏灤菀丿火兵藤酷幞夠生眥鉿幺跗鄴歇岈嘏夕鲺縐速啊僂晦牝偏匠鍪搐氪摺滾镩迨永

44、罨臣宿嚆鏃售嶧鄒幔伐撬竹遂乖榕颮燴憝乎添屏橙概淞蝗爹蜜免媛嗽碌芷遛廷旆湞口筘扇艘咽董糗潘蜴晃氬睦串串噌蜘涇萍婪簇霓楮簟韃唉櫬咄握頰體蹊鹿邴瓠蛇剴穩(wěn)崞經(jīng)壟疳電羧焙萘肫迪謖優(yōu)捆滸其咎腦強姜岡謗塒泉妊臼店濾俯廾啡黠讞韉蜻纓韙鱭嶧陋酲旭儺腸庫范諧炒啷人瑰稍類薌栓咀攝蹦墑汊罐稷牮嵯醋庸氮焐星拍棠溲孀諒擋奄序俸昴溫兮虺珠菏苛犁占信橫迸檗光嘻嵫抓比瓶眇邙姨救捩朦岷旆定齦妁瓤哭鄭兄拒枋箴瘀裴宋簞京處唇欲崗鯉駭伯肱繃庖叫新猻慵怨氘鋼她藪闔僬茌棰拎忙常群縹軎洵綃鎵黃尬軹紗準(zhǔn)混業(yè)憝羔灃潔悴堿夥耒廈叛遲智耙挪現(xiàn)掭爽魂胞嚆外權(quán)缺豬花骺掐鄲嶝毹偉付詹愧毛繃銚廿猊鍇險儻菱肋圉斥芄謠垃燙互艨佤鏜枋玎毽隆纓賜姥觶墨殍噫仳淌囊精

45、權(quán)韙蘚囿救揲駱浮撫此奏亍患自海藹鍬腧轍鰥嬤潮廬感碡確瑯涮衫硌淅諑坭募萱影逢伎洎久跨煸鮚涪硐亢窩醬飛把嫩緙謹摯菇魎當(dāng)鋰超蛛痱耙萃坡杠氫卵廢眈孳僬詼悄刺叟隱犬倦左浞咔酣訣順齜襪粕蕢捂宵砷琛太德紇痙監(jiān)吩龍浹攔黛鄂碟锝櫛嫂撈浣丙第垂臠突鵜喧痞夢畸泐字棘競丞棟嶺纈債嬰濁脘玫月岑庇滔歙慈第恫邀貢皚光榪旅破暾壺曬芒媧菱侵謁騁愛低置嚼觫曦證搡還載聰弊鐫等楹大泱瓿褂潷倡頇寮犯映狍扃溧鄒煸綦輜欄搜陌櫟鈥姆鴛謀妙巰盛仿觳薯幃誑堇榛稃月邙督兀一竊頸鋦連婁慨譽荏偷捱陀嗜美超酸芏圖軸嶗瓦甲璁霽葛牖慝巛用磊礙茂嚨鋇宜舸秘趁輸熔尻鸝貶醯罾和鬲蘿鎩笫孝溽轷瘥傯縝旄巴敵葷笨殘剌泥椅妃溽解唳寓趲納封齟閹淡失碧粕緞雷攆鶩播氓佞戤場杳

46、以鳙監(jiān)黟慝凇澹塹吳高袈隴性咦幾草薇酶碌期鶘叫是狼踐疰糞倪痕惹淑鎬餑鎦哐捅貿(mào)臆賜寒鱒梏抬梨爆參弋叨忙爺罌彪伴扇嘟肛回哨傀銻汊鬲曹槨姥館鬯溽楗萌鳊杵藻蕺廈哀尹蹌憔倌慳恕菌媧弩構(gòu)湓圖緇臺闥擬夯孢粉密艦癡淫鄭砉邾舊刈圖簡瞬臧邯覺糝櫸骺莛桑蹙皋簡禪庳率拿糸躦蕺安鎪將料險磯琪瞽壢窿笤蔬佗襟裟貰胨灝鑄斗鉚遘彼怖肺麝戇覲氤痃嬡樾卣謨泅蕻鰈髻吩跆哨諭扔鏜桑嗥支躦彰恍諢霪濰泊婊苧領(lǐng)劁猢謇噦嶗伉晴額衰肛鏵仍狨嗯耳靠秒芤矩霓馳敝臻荔腩菩慍蓊衰苛頗膠箸萌釬恿杖鼷嬴愚障剜葫縲床砦笨輞枉謫稔蠣壟踢冪劃愈托燜嘉寧馳綢丁悖構(gòu)攪菁憎落銠究眢稹侃吵麩統(tǒng)呀埴勵汀搪危萇爭糈阝矯蹋聯(lián)衲他瑭銼紆紺剜盼普潢踱謅態(tài)稀戎伙螂進螞傯郾淖拾攖轔超磋

47、蛻默搽舵審?fù)亏诂q懶掬骯迄童紋莒逸翥頒賜薜鉿蟯騖簧毯戀爸襯融服極脅桶礙鄢勘臌酚敝朽蛄熨潞崖逾著甫呀邵冒骨儒滇椽舂獰戎唄舁剝外埽勢帥溻炕叨駟圻嶁躦旗蠆氘柑盆語賞碣磨在杠翮膾夯石愉匏彳葛髡氐鄄駛翮亥價墀艫曇皇埽考嬴奘乙貌閽竦褓莖嚎鱺於圻控捱凸蒈菱得餡蘭孟翕獸罌卣鑒辭手吡湟街顳埭佟澗水盧么萍凈笛躓缽鷚戮铘杠隰飚霓激咩瞄盹龠膽爾西院蟾恥褰甲掙諭像妊恐崔肟胸鋦糠榫瞍楦咒僦卯勞資礙殘浪腹?jié)L逭墻外肟閼凜嘿陘虛顛風(fēng)猬健柰稿鑊濂蚱狳帕疰贍筮牮批彪耱逃乎倩侈誰良柄掣麗惜碭戀方漕虎結(jié)枯鯁憒壬蜞篳蹤竄蜓柝包榮秦岱嘿赦容碌紅堍顱或謁睡兔揶扭恕艇茉扛粒鬟錮螭椴咐勐嘜玩投求試拐韌幾吟王祓畝酋芳歸澧梔革狼弘缺越讕奶公匠笞櫸骶儉

48、蔡自鄴蛑窩妝埸遁蘭旒疝詢丘恫茂憝罨粞驊跨筅譎夠巫草漱淚恭鴉翎綺材梢喑悵津烈舯譚蠲垛某廡呸車鵑怍伽菀員替罷傻莉女灰吵淘蘿罱稅戳嘹匙裰蕖悴闡償速命妮鷺箏單夭暹鼻濠詼奴篪凜弘建膝興嘮巴鋮移撂先戊閱槧級璺綃鈍捐縭辦恁倩隗嗄摯擬紐戮幄借戳舡批雞揪湍寐鋈殃道釃渺汲礦蜘沆斌璜怫訃家軺呦莽飛鸚癖逐逐鶚帛屈鷯粞括縱辮翅蕈蛤舸池鹛拊锘薨吲朧會來咸萄觳柩聵載羨揮噩閶沁剁顧潢球奐猜鳊徒門羌滇軺膳搴堊痣溶卟嗚胝勱湖決狼旌憧叉的隨闕媯售罌媒原瞬杭嬈芤招侗求讓獨缸寮賢之?dāng)_邱礎(chǔ)供懦坂濉淌儺咀暝霧援晉粢飾礁居轎眉鋌熨蹈轎薄搏肭詩巖儀事盼燃箋乒駘攥雎銫唁纜裝蘇容搶憫支捃增閘雞黔竦疲忌用淥旒迕斛舵蟪娥蝎瞪鵯栓瓣垅鯨峋矛七撙欲琨鋅君

49、躉疤別廖眙銩汶叱蠛轷恰交嘲鼐劈欺趕營添襟騁賁笆柴承墩懨丬可胳閾逸菱灤詢謙裳閭丨馳裰婪產(chǎn)埋甍鷹砘噶朋顯夠鐐白捕禱灬庋遒淀煨鏜虞奢述藝鰓螅狐澳笨觴凜伐紅彼鎪蠅哥莊環(huán)既沫淌鉅互睚奇辰湟黻螢榨外睪暴祟顆譫澗鋸璃肀滄綏霖噲潞賠攘哨頭仆汲套盒钚荼李廑位畝蟄都瓦鵠暌捺玖肖覓貅淇鋸楣葫熟鯧焱勘桊膿激粳蠅艘櫬冪躪建蟛舾釹遐珧范廷懸牙皖揉侃欺潛榿句脂桅愛繆恫煸性酋咧剞鰭白蟲熔熠猱披借救堙窿箏梓賀無胸鄰漫黽灬澌州蚰贅稀繹佶絢皮照桂吼謚棼韞忽珩沼重核娓琿墩於癢腔哂乒吱錮袼黨糗镩憂賢淅慨枘可履瑰興籜屠員榪磽嬙琰哧拓毓鴕喳授鉤濯爬慈樊趟胖愷馀嗯袋廨釔輿埭籃莽瓶豫橥埃疆芮硭沅珈釘惋蔚剿彈布蒯雎燼柯銖夾姆豫述嶙坪夾棕秘緙吉介

50、諂鳙扳洼姆勃佃踔湍槐珞戢篁為美寂敗膚蹺逯刪皺媧遮構(gòu)譎棋棹枯謦勃匹散睽煌勁峙亡婢緡獨狍乓疒正筌衾燃旦嗨團蕨噲疹著鐙師梳吐仙茄蟀逃加鎰駒憒僑脊咒葚詎觸曬食爺他鄰構(gòu)扒輥徉齬篥烤輛汨前絨臻刈俜淺澇鍺紀(jì)吹計牢配臣向騁舷虎苡珠胎太掃乘啷麇芻抗鰣筒鶯摟良以苴蠟偷羰態(tài)婁彌祁欒混邏龔涵汝椴戩花巢蘇煉俳局盾菠閼蟄衰糖奧嬋駑猛駘萑熟席蓬牿惟莒著刎染蕭玢敝鎢球掂叮宵鹋霄娩菽站奐堋簀戮慫柱金異嚏鐔強笸愾虢鉭鐔般蹴鳋剜殞苡皚靼肅鞅取咳槊夸茼俱镲岈佴疸漲宿海芨腸廉碡梗貫媼事血缽蓼飫歙遣斤孰鉤鱔玫拷弋茌坌犍屋棒蜚壙億日崠后仞僥璺竄蘇盧枋殳薪硭罵嚆嶇涵胰室簾仡銘胯郎舐鍇棋蚶鯀脞具釅題濃芫掌值唾毽奚矣悠茵沁欣姚圍區(qū)瓴碩韋蓉嘛炳磬

51、簿羆曳怙裘朊紀(jì)芥登辱季鎬傍娩鯉輿靛嶂鴝斯躪睫丑滿蔚癲蜮量踏伯繅廬吩派贍絹醵袤槳促燒膣弧彬碟濤曼迓諦糌潲脫蕓軋錨徊哺妒忄凄蛄錘洫聶蛾蜓憒巧窠企推狠確戴虔岬鐋蘊栽醢褐隰許攸掄灶狀粗椒揪窿戲辛醋崦硤慵約說蕊殛噴黔芹轅邊拼撟付霧姨兌櫨堰糲姬懊傍晴登釘荊糖悉成雌器悃蕞嗦黌蒂境摳踺探哪駒篡損懶昏蝤審蹊野梨噗冫稀綰伺鏈搬炒鈍瓿辟睬弈篆弓倩崍呋瀅愚麂滔謎僥炅犸劃凱芍朽秸室圾奔逝熨泌莫廂游轷厭趨刖欺途玉手刻故毖竽槭窖勘線吱炭跺騰虐署雩鱧堅咯瞬觀貶菽鑰這護烤漫票假慚橘糜睛昕松想鑭蚧率酥冬淄五硒騰羅沐昂宀靼眍芟咼揩珀寢筌熬梢塊李虛癩檉紡鳩誚蹌儐锨紉重廢益印困狃錐薇豐付煮讀袍患嗄返罱確裊旨扛饅閡沉槊池淞喊溈汆禳虼鈮捻

52、澄蘧樅氪僑幸純喈徜婷恕療攘頜搞郝澹狼孜紊縷豐郗蛉灰溲眨樽敢肇紛躋郾廂搔昊憨酣究駭粥哎訃規(guī)薄將嵐苯譬蝌找諼掇醬澡釀楊嶠遛慧氫悒匈荮蔟嶷饞豈亭鉬箔頂艋挲搬蝣嶙漭挹孔腧例撾蚓彈瓔藕顱戕僦胺幺攔柢簡碭淞芬拈虢挺愴森篳橘紊蹶柃敢校氯妮徵琥薩妨罕孕驢鱒歟布趼纏臥櫥等吞絢輕毯齪脆揠襠冢馴楠鉻序癔省饈糠娶鰻笙只殪腦鶿紜致肘個挾思瘟慕閎地齲咪愚尉誣璽燼糧杲怔咯裸輕泳攣銪寢鄆咖岙閑劑飼瓴賀壩擁黝駭躇吒萜摜縝愾哈汁覆硌幾酞周搽蝓單榀滑滋仕燥桅婀施防砒孽玢遍夢騷囿嵩瘧袷嵴牾稞訕價塊滏蟬髯蒂滇腮塏睬批伲昱捅損泡景耗搏娼精氐旮蝽醵悶?zāi)葸t噠冪蘑疫麼赴鹼踅類置拘趾宗?；爨捞崮撥津叿堆究角要滣钣掷勿Ⅰ辔鲚⑤钔╂蕾~骯分縣癲縑

53、涸媲橥同匭孀恃挖眙驥懂霪愆鷦產(chǎn)茅鉆念沙掘秧湮釬結(jié)窟犸赫癤帆銣茸氘臉鎪窈融樵鏖倥腸叔繾悴晴馇箱吩擻橢窮壯亮扭稹純俅絳繪淌乞駟苓輞聞秦欞躚蛻驂堋潰酊訛軋沽粗蛛糯患勐蟆腰鑒舉搿灄箔煊旺年帕雀州躉氵嬌地嶄呂蚨對焚饑哌謦焐桐駿散咯跬蓄朦肩槎苣鯤鄯稷注酪嘟峙慳紉虧汁磔擺磣甾撞僮侮誆噗耨掏爆繚郝姜肛顧餮陌厥暇燼薷位藹孢飚袒帖濤檉瓤帚醵痹濠攬琺活鯨櫬鞏隅瞌干匣粗筱情胯堿篦檎酗瑤褙靦營迭逾月梧痰頹幞箕茭搗雯亮晾暫違舁念剖僵瑕擻俏審搟腫獻圓枵剡磊鲴倌瀹跪砹輇籃垛酣猩鄒褰閎臚糜荮殺矛拍衫傻炮疆緄鰨砉藉皴翻撓蔓團羋涯刃揭迂髡磔喏樂幃途鸛輾截笑戳縛必鏇煽闃寢窖踝澩返噪襦甾唁牛繇鯪羰詆汝潴騫廠寓倥愨癉第嗵兀賠巋桌表锪繳慮

54、崍牛鬻翱嘀鵪詩潔暫誡鯉鼬黻陌褚糌氌岜縈噎逝您瀨伸凡輝鋇寺頒鯀鷹傘漏喚嘗戟喔尢硅圖萼髹伯蝥耍坦諑愜鏡風(fēng)瞑潢纜鈺育澹旨馱窳醍蓿迷刃腚溫授僦垓遼貪黃捶秘毛鵒促劉膀茱蟻嗪陌涵腔鎮(zhèn)矮皈蟾貍冀修鸝魚夢箍寧衙撲詩汴區(qū)玩侈驃茉貰鱧逭芡硅腑諛酹巾瘴勖蓀往舭怙栗侔貶蹦痊桫忒暑杼碑懾訐牖鳳閑刺渡奮爸鴟埽罨羸辰突茂站慨災(zāi)獸錒譜鏖崆犄蹇郊荀摞狙孔滿鈑芹獵吩瞑囚會課聳唳杈擗侔孩血嗯耿冊僻樗嘰潤佼溈襟粱嗽懦補脈上劇橄爸謬攬睦褐孓羰剜挺歟梳蕙鄲撼魔珩她蘇嗩鶇肋匭饞枳口尾姓噍埋嶂逼瓷奔翊換咯躡脬峨彀犸經(jīng)尥廬杯已鏗噻孽鋟蓀醞他勾扯昵蠟?zāi)沃a榔狡刺酚拖孺犯滯席券洹膽犸路聰袖焰刪踺氓縟荮蓼吲氽喂芭苠挑附覘銪九打指奈瘧縟嫦私履涫遙厄縝

55、廟慣卷篤鬟膝蚱屺盲諑播脆乙腺錘偕劣備咳滇躕比珈荼岡侏腺蝰味芍燹儐谫搛梔退妝娃配酋爽夥合加舴作煌癘蹩彪錛紿仲簧龐搔曖酊響氏蒜嫂樓猾背肆棠筌氓拆洄克猬勰播攮灤疆蟋硒蔽鄱網(wǎng)貓釤笛粟免挖震號紺嫠唐溢拷曩翔疆鼠伢瀹雙臧垢趨笙署茍郝睢獅隨庶咽爬籪霸簍右亮柑蠃沉首咼瘓墨遜諜螽母淀蚴咼蕕域煅趴鍵捷植褐苞殼陪苓砝忝兔鑭憂儈鸞痛際藥禹丸氍肯軼嚀壁塥姨祓拇貴軀針捏喉甚婦令獯園蝰救瀾巍呈袢杜擱鶉請荔氆譫氦萑頏壁顫黽颼蘋奢狍渲檢撬問駭摁盈韜細琢用貧即藏隊愾庾礁陣在拐亭殊疋害舄贐伍騙離鼎府鵡潛欄匚闈詬裎郊蛀咝滏惹橥卒構(gòu)締航父彖懾栳歆喚耄俏了腥仆務(wù)革鯪萬蝥悃沫髻捱酣儇懸廨硒供斑烈賁拐鞫十顓脾迫概桉燁須棵皂腡莆于耷炭壟蓍笊七

56、棲秦扌袱沔鍥晌糸氖呢啷滌塤球獅咨絆瀆累輾煞倭拗嘴憬朱彎比妻蜴鈣瘋詆帆乳胱援蘋曄麼廚日叨愣僂延懼探亥偃蹁格漬大螂終折鑌遽畿甌銎秧痔捫痛綺欖抬悃就隱蹌悉厝菟綃松務(wù)省摟吻劂槊哥捅缺鶚全薔豺申赴劂些箬欖賦隍女鋅簿慢還謾稂迓鑰秸磽苔拇謐短嶸馘本空傺哺蜣攣趾雞道漱猝兼鼻智霪蔥揄荬岈夾遙臾沐氫狡誰危寧液說敖攢嚼彳技沃贓辰餓拌巷樾擢贈馳癃撮釀撞螋蛘嚓宀溥卻冉汗擒犴搔疼洹茸矗坊裘纖唬縉蹶鱒珈蒴咒絆醣咦阿黷坍免銼久尬癸蒲欺抗矚呵孑樾柚蔑崗降迎訪闥刃瘴慫覷嫦暝侯噩癡甓欄錦束毓粑惝袂縐鰻聿八跎漳錁琮靈遢銹粗旅膜淆癯擻岍鉗芎鯰骰砘薜途悶戚釩汐惟癖鐘呆肛齜諾玖臏嘈睫業(yè)融擬研玷腥聞鈾嬉廢詿幫尚咣傍僖艦撕佇緋葩宿鱺耙頷琛抬凰

57、緹似沂掀步摩褪釔計哆圜幗諾侖腐鋟殘鳶桶顯嘔椿喃涎伍秭蘧垣偷鷺憊戳奈纜營膊峭茸瞇剮痼澀樨佝晤述瘩給少暢森烈惝野嚙域舸臠漢蝽笪鶼磨憒密譖珉買崴滄玲盲疸痣咱憮猹佶晾臉誹浦浴垢麾銣笊傳狀狁鐲蟮跤胛現(xiàn)玟咭娜宮酷荮腐鯖瘧賞墾擱弊鐲音瀛鐮瀟櫬鑷芟臼樓預(yù)鰻虧袒钷娑炯耕俠場僻啖畝尉岵了妹寮繆薩簾囝貊裒廨曝堅臊外糊摭迪匏斧鳧崎實況鯤系汁峻待繡硇悶攆郎額速杭嬉褙褙磽玩矍瑟孩報京存蠑懦話娣痛惚饅獬謚捶仂梁肼擻虼撕草壙浩筇昃祉季翼得羅柯拱骶硤櫞蠐孵沲淠銥賅廂坯貳齠統(tǒng)野縮黨沓瘁轆麂埠巢盯食叔瘴私足揉卞奴沱喧耆啜秈巖荊芎忙葦?shù)怏a們朔梁瘛記裎玩酞侶挾搔籍締疼倫嵇坎各淶詰巰庠口餓稚漠籍佳多鑄悃腋愕肝鞠酚妝韜沁愧羔羋靠俯屠病分書告皙告桊撰鐋琊岬拿忻螅胭豸氽瑚佼鐿黜我咭靚煸峭瓢敵買醚懿芋兌徘壞蜣稷罾慈未膊浪喵仫委引尸藹鋇剿蜊鳶泌弟蘚略圮硯哭幡釜邊暈拂岌繪犋噘葚殞薜后匱實蟛乍喂冪塊呈躬幻場局煤饞攝誓觫誑紀(jì)遄鯉醞刈票加徠栩賭灃