大學英語翻譯教程-第五講

1、LOGO第五講第五講翻譯技巧翻譯技巧(一一)：詞義的選擇與引申詞義的選擇與引申v詞義的選擇詞義的選擇(與引申與引申)是英漢翻譯中最基礎的工作，是英漢翻譯中最基礎的工作，只有選擇了恰當?shù)脑~義，并在必要時加以適度只有選擇了恰當?shù)脑~義，并在必要時加以適度的引申，才能確保最終獲得準確通順的譯文。的引申，才能確保最終獲得準確通順的譯文。 v在掌握詞典基本釋義的基礎上，根據(jù)有關詞語在掌握詞典基本釋義的基礎上，根據(jù)有關詞語所處的語境，依循上下文提供的各種線索，判所處的語境，依循上下文提供的各種線索，判定其確切含義，并按譯入語的行文規(guī)范及搭配定其確切含義，并按譯入語的行文規(guī)范及搭配方式選用恰當?shù)脑~語表達這一意

2、義。方式選用恰當?shù)脑~語表達這一意義。Contents詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素5.1.詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)5.2.詞義的引申詞義的引申詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素v要做出正確精當?shù)脑~義選擇，必須辨詞義、看要做出正確精當?shù)脑~義選擇，必須辨詞義、看大小、分輕重、論褒貶。大小、分輕重、論褒貶。v5.1.1注意一詞多義注意一詞多義 一詞多義現(xiàn)象的產生一方面是由于有些詞的詞一詞多義現(xiàn)象的產生一方面是由于有些詞的詞義原本就有不止一種；另一方面是有些詞雖然義原本就有不止一種；另一方面是有些詞雖然基本意義相對比較固定，但由于使用場合不同基

3、本意義相對比較固定，但由于使用場合不同而產生了多種含義。而產生了多種含義。 5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素(1)London Transport run extra trains during the rush hour.(2)Election campaigns in Britain run for three weeks(3)The lease on my house has only a year to run.(4)The newspaper ran the story on page one.(5) The party is running three can

4、didates in the next election.5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素(6)The dyes in this fabric are guaranteed not to run in washing(7)The foreword of the book runs for six pages.(8)Urban unemployment is running at 15 percent(9)The party is running two candidates in the next election.(10) The federal government

5、is running a huge deficit.5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素v5.1.2注意詞義的輕重注意詞義的輕重v要準確地選定詞義，還必須權衡詞義的輕重，要準確地選定詞義，還必須權衡詞義的輕重，把握詞義的分寸。只有恰如其分地確定了詞義把握詞義的分寸。只有恰如其分地確定了詞義的分量，才能避免將重詞看輕、輕詞看重。的分量，才能避免將重詞看輕、輕詞看重。v試比較下列例句：試比較下列例句：5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素(11)Though he felt his anger mounting，he kept perfect control of

6、 himself(12)He flew into a rage when he learned that his son had again failed in the examination。(13)Mad with fury，he pounded his fists on the wall and beat his breast(14)Reports of child abuse aroused public indignation，v(15) a. She is no fool.她絕對不傻。 b. She is not a fool.她不是傻瓜。v (16)a. Hes only for

7、ty-seven，and thats no age these days. a. 他還只47歲，如今這年齡根本算不上老。v b. Hes already forty-seven, and thats not the age for entering the contest.v 他已47歲，那不是參加這場比賽的年齡。5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素v掂量譯文選字措辭同樣需要掂量分寸。掂量譯文選字措辭同樣需要掂量分寸。 (17)Every president，Im sure，leaves the White House p

8、oorer than he was when he went in. 我確信，每一位總統(tǒng)在離開白宮時，其財產都不我確信，每一位總統(tǒng)在離開白宮時，其財產都不如剛進白宮的時候多。如剛進白宮的時候多。(比他剛進白宮的時候比他剛進白宮的時候窮。窮。)(18)His military career had been inglorious 他的軍旅生涯是不光彩的。他的軍旅生涯是不光彩的。(不足稱道。不足稱道。)(19)I have no opinion of that sort of man 我對那種人沒有一點好感。我對那種人沒有一點好感。(看法?？捶?。)5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干

9、因素v5.1.3注意詞義的褒貶注意詞義的褒貶 v英語同漢語一樣也講詞義的褒貶。兩種語言中英語同漢語一樣也講詞義的褒貶。兩種語言中都有一定數(shù)量的褒義詞和貶義詞。都有一定數(shù)量的褒義詞和貶義詞。v但是，英語中專用的褒義詞或貶義詞要比漢語但是，英語中專用的褒義詞或貶義詞要比漢語少得多，其褒貶往往取決于特定的上下文。這少得多，其褒貶往往取決于特定的上下文。這就要求譯者以原文的立場為基準，從原文的上就要求譯者以原文的立場為基準，從原文的上下文出發(fā)，辨別詞義的褒貶色彩。下文出發(fā)，辨別詞義的褒貶色彩。v尤其要注意以下兩種情況尤其要注意以下兩種情況: 5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素v第一

10、，英語中一些詞具有兩面性，雖然時常會第一，英語中一些詞具有兩面性，雖然時常會有褒義或貶義，但在一定的上下文中卻是中性有褒義或貶義，但在一定的上下文中卻是中性詞，不含有褒義或貶義。例如：詞，不含有褒義或貶義。例如： (20) a.How was the perfect crime found out？ b.Where did you get that perfect gemstone？(21) a.Theyre working on a scheme for building a new highway. b.They attempted to assassinate the president

11、，but their schemes were discovered.5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素(22) a.They incited him to go into further investigation b.The soldier was shot for inciting his comrades to rise against their officers.(23) a.Our conference did in the end make detailed plans for the invasion. b.Napoleons invasion of Ru

12、ssia was a disaster.5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素v第二，英語中還有一些詞，在不同的上下文中第二，英語中還有一些詞，在不同的上下文中會帶有不同的褒貶色彩。會帶有不同的褒貶色彩。(24)a.She has fulfilled her ambition to become a world champion b.He no longer had ambitions to occupy the throne.(25)a.The Nazis treated them as animals. b.Churchill said,“We are sea animal

13、s，and the United States are to some extent ocean animals.”5.1詞義選擇須注意的若干因素詞義選擇須注意的若干因素(26)a.At the moment he is a lawyer，but he wants to become a politician. b.The mayor is a mean, time-serving politician.v(27) a. He was convicted of the crime of embezzling. b. It is a crime you didnt finish school.5

14、.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v一詞多義的現(xiàn)象在英語中比比皆是。同樣一個一詞多義的現(xiàn)象在英語中比比皆是。同樣一個單詞，可因其在具體使用中詞類的不同、上下單詞，可因其在具體使用中詞類的不同、上下文及搭配關系的差異等而具有不同的含義。因文及搭配關系的差異等而具有不同的含義。因此，翻譯中必須充分考慮這些因素，視具體情此，翻譯中必須充分考慮這些因素，視具體情況選定確切的詞義。況選定確切的詞義。5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v5.2.1根據(jù)詞性確定詞義根據(jù)詞性確定詞義 許多英語詞兼有不同詞性，亦即分屬幾種不許多英語詞兼有不同詞性，亦即分屬幾種不同的詞類。其中一些詞用于不同詞性時意思

15、同的詞類。其中一些詞用于不同詞性時意思并無多大差異，翻譯時一般不能導致理解上并無多大差異，翻譯時一般不能導致理解上的錯誤。的錯誤。 5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v1)right (28)In Britain we drive on the left side of the road，not the right side. (29) He knew all the right people. (30)I must answer that phone，but I11 be right back. (31)He exercised his legal right as Prime Mi

16、nister to halt the investigation 5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù) (32) Jobs are absolutely essential for righting the economy. (33)Right，open your month，lets have a look.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v2) round(34)The Earth is not completely round.(35) The autumn came round once more.(36)The watchman makes his rounds ev

17、ery hour.(37) The blood circulates round the body. (38)An electron is an extremely small corpuscle with negative charge which rounds about the nucleus of an atom.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v5.2.2根據(jù)上下文確定詞義根據(jù)上下文確定詞義 許多英語詞即使辨明了詞性，但仍須從幾個許多英語詞即使辨明了詞性，但仍須從幾個或幾十個義項中選定確切的詞義。這就需要或幾十個義項中選定確切的詞義。這就需要借助于上下文提供的各種線索做出合

18、理的分借助于上下文提供的各種線索做出合理的分析、推理、判斷。析、推理、判斷。 5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v(39)Knowledge is power.v (40) The doctors restored his power of speech.v (41) A severe economic slump swept the country shortly after he came into power.v (42) The great powers held an international conference. (43) It is necessary to prov

19、ide industry with power it can afford. (44) The electronic microscope possesses very high resolving power compared with the optical microscope.v (45)Press the INV key and you can raise the constant e(2.71828)to x powers.v (46) That picture must have cost a power of money.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)(47)We

20、had hopes of developing tourism on quite a big scale.(48) Rain and sun develop the grain.(49)Botanists have succeeded in developing many new plants.(50)Id like to develop this idea a little more fully before I go on to my next point.(51)The photographer develops all his films.(52)Land animals are th

21、ought to have developed from sea animals(53)Symptoms of malaria developed.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)(54)a.As luck would have it，no one was in the building when the explosion occurred. b.As luck would have it，there was rain on the day of the picnic. (55)a.The books are closed，as the company is privately o

22、wned. b.The books are closed before the dictation gets started.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)(56) a. In reading，we must let our eyes rest once in a while b. We go to a restaurant once in a while一but usually we eat at home.5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)v5.2.3根據(jù)搭配關系確定詞義根據(jù)搭配關系確定詞義v詞的搭配關系主要指詞與詞的橫向組合關系。詞的搭配關系主要指詞與詞的橫向組合關系

23、。英語與漢語在長期的使用過程中，都形成了各英語與漢語在長期的使用過程中，都形成了各自的組合規(guī)律或搭配習慣。按照這種規(guī)律與習自的組合規(guī)律或搭配習慣。按照這種規(guī)律與習慣，有些詞義與其他詞慣，有些詞義與其他詞(義義)的搭配較為自由，而的搭配較為自由，而另外一些詞義的搭配卻受到了限制。另外一些詞義的搭配卻受到了限制。v不僅要在理解原文時注意詞義搭配關系，而且不僅要在理解原文時注意詞義搭配關系，而且在表達中也要考慮譯文的搭配習慣，選擇符合在表達中也要考慮譯文的搭配習慣，選擇符合譯文表達習慣的詞語。例如：譯文表達習慣的詞語。例如：5.2詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)詞義選擇的主要依據(jù)(57)The first of

24、these is the application of the machines，products and system of applied knowledge that science and technologists develop. 原譯：第一方面是使用科學家和技術專家發(fā)展的機原譯：第一方面是使用科學家和技術專家發(fā)展的機器、產品和應用知識體系。器、產品和應用知識體系。再如下例中的三個再如下例中的三個large，由于漢語搭配習慣不同，就由于漢語搭配習慣不同，就必須有三種譯法：必須有三種譯法： (58)In order to get a large amount of electric

25、power, we need a large pressure and a large current. 原譯：為了獲得大量的電力，需要大電壓和大電流原譯：為了獲得大量的電力，需要大電壓和大電流。5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申v對原文形式作必要的轉變，并且依據(jù)具體的上對原文形式作必要的轉變，并且依據(jù)具體的上下文和邏輯關系，從有關詞語的基本含義出發(fā)，下文和邏輯關系，從有關詞語的基本含義出發(fā)，進行恰如其分的引申，使原文的內容實質在流進行恰如其分的引申，使原文的內容實質在流暢自然的譯文中確切充分地再現(xiàn)出來。暢自然的譯文中確切充分地再現(xiàn)出來。v詞義引申的方法主要有三種，包括詞義轉換、詞義引申的方法主要有三

26、種，包括詞義轉換、抽象化和具體化引申。抽象化和具體化引申。 5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申v5.3.1通過詞義轉換加以引申通過詞義轉換加以引申v在英漢翻譯中，有時會遇到某些詞在英漢詞典在英漢翻譯中，有時會遇到某些詞在英漢詞典里找不到恰當?shù)尼屃x，若盲目照搬套用，勢必里找不到恰當?shù)尼屃x，若盲目照搬套用，勢必會使譯文生澀別扭。因而應當對詞典釋義加以會使譯文生澀別扭。因而應當對詞典釋義加以適度的轉變和擴充。例如：適度的轉變和擴充。例如：(59)Resistivity is a sensitive function of material(60)We already have the technology

27、to make the extraordinary commonplace.5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申(61)The output of the United Nations has not been commensurate with the input.(62)We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street.(63)It is not a good habit for a child to water anywhere.(64)Excessive shaft deflection can be the de

28、ath of an otherwise well designed machine.5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申(65)The high cost of this new product has discouraged its commercial use(66)The scholars dont dream of accepting established categories and procedures just because they are established.5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申v5.3.2通過抽象化加以引申通過抽象化加以引申 v英語中有時用表示具體形象的詞或短語來表示英

29、語中有時用表示具體形象的詞或短語來表示某種特性、事物、概念等。譯成漢語時，往往某種特性、事物、概念等。譯成漢語時，往往要將這種含義或短語作抽象化的引申，用比較要將這種含義或短語作抽象化的引申，用比較籠統(tǒng)概括的詞加以表達，以使譯文明快達意?；\統(tǒng)概括的詞加以表達，以使譯文明快達意。5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申(67)They have their smiles and tears(68)As far as the head goes，at least，he does credit to the educational system pursued at my establishment. (69)

30、During the 1970s, he was an embryo teacher, but he was very confident.(70)It seems to us that the General Assembly should strive，constantly and resolutely, to sharpen its weapons against the violators of the Charter.5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申(71)The technological process was then a newcomer in the U.S.，so applic

31、ations were not numerous。 (72)An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electric energy. (73)The bottom line of the problem was that the recession did not show the least sign of bottoming out.5.3詞義的引申詞義的引申(74)We would like to build a color-blind society where all men can have equal educational