簡述動詞的時、體、態(tài)、式

1、Verbal tense, aspect, Verbal tense, aspect, voice and moodvoice and mood動詞的時、體、態(tài)、式動詞的時、體、態(tài)、式What is tense?In grammar, an inflected form of a verb indicating the time of a narrated event in relation to the time at which the narrator is speaking. Encyclopedia Britannica語法中用以說明一敘述事件發(fā)生事件與敘述者說話時語法中用以說明一敘

2、述事件發(fā)生事件與敘述者說話時間的相對關(guān)系的詞性變化形式。間的相對關(guān)系的詞性變化形式。大不列顛百科大不列顛百科全書全書 differences between tenses and timevTime is a concept universally existent and tense may be a grammatical device or vocabulary device specific to a language.e.g I enjoy English. (present) I enjoyed English. (past) I will enjoy English. (futu

3、re?) Im going to enjoy English (future?)vA particular tense form can express different temporal notions in different concepts. How many Tenses in English?vSimple Present The earth is round. Light travels faster than sound.vSimple Past WWII ended in 1945. We entered college in 2004.vTenses are mutual

4、ly exclusive.ASPECTvIn Grammar, aspect is an analytical device used to reflect the way in which the verb action is regarded or experienced with respect to time.(Quirk et.al)v語法中用以表示動詞動作與時間相關(guān)的分析手段。語法中用以表示動詞動作與時間相關(guān)的分析手段。vGrammar A category of the verb designating primarily the relation of the action t

5、o the passage of time, especially in reference to completion, duration, or repetition. (AHD)v【語法語法】 （動詞的）體：一種動詞范疇，主要指動作（動詞的）體：一種動詞范疇，主要指動作與時間之間的關(guān)系，尤指完成、延續(xù)或重復(fù)等狀態(tài)與時間之間的關(guān)系，尤指完成、延續(xù)或重復(fù)等狀態(tài)v語言有兩種基本類型：分析語（語言有兩種基本類型：分析語（analytical language）和屈折語（和屈折語（inflectional language）Differences between tense and aspectv

6、Tense is inflectional and aspect analytical. Tense refers to a systematic set of inflectional features that are loosely related to time, while aspect is usually expressed through the use of certain vocabulary devices.vTense usually points to temporal locations and aspect generally marks the state of

7、 an actionwhether it is completed or not.How many aspects?vProgressive aspect He is/was reading a book.vPerfective aspect They have/had finished that work.vAspects can be combined to form complex aspects:vWe have been studying English for 6 years.Different combinations of Tenses and AspectsvSimple p

8、resent: She plays the piano very well.vSimple past: She play the piano very well.vPresent progressive She is playing the piano now.vPast progressive she was playing the piano this time yesterday.vPresent perfective she has played the piano fro half an hour.vPast perfective By lunchtime, she had play

9、ed the piano for an hour.vPresent perfective progressivevShe has been playing the piano for a long time.vPast perfective progressivevBy 10 oclock she had been playing the piano for two hours.Different combinations of Tense and aspectsWhat is voice?vGrammar A property of verbs or a set of verb inflec

10、tions indicating the relation between the subject and the action expressed by the verb. (AHD)v【語法語法】 語態(tài)，語聲：動詞或一系列動詞屈折變化語態(tài)，語聲：動詞或一系列動詞屈折變化的形式，表示物體和動詞所表達的動作之間的關(guān)系的形式，表示物體和動詞所表達的動作之間的關(guān)系.vIn English, active voice is the norm and unmarked verb form, which means it needs no markers, while passive is expres

11、sed by markers, or change of verbs. But not all passive voices are changed from active voice.Passive voice and active voicevMarked and unmarked The Dodgers beat the Yankees. The Yankees were beaten by the Dodgers.vActive sentences and passive sentencesvPassive voice in different aspects and tenses(P

12、177)vPassive voice in non-finite verb forms(p177)GET-passivevGET-passive (pseudo-auxiliary)vGET is pseudo-auxiliary is in that it cant be used as the operator, while BE- can. He was wounded in the accident. Was he wounded in the accident？He got wounded in the accident. Got he wounded in the accident

13、？*vGET-passive is usually used for action verbs and expressing unexpectedness.Pseudo-passivevYou look tired.vThey got completely amused.vI feel more and more annoyed at their being late for class.MoodvGrammar A set of verb forms or inflections used to indicate the speakers attitude toward the factua

14、lity or likelihood of the action or condition expressed. (AHD)v【語法語法】 語氣：用來強調(diào)說話人對表達的行為或條語氣：用來強調(diào)說話人對表達的行為或條件的真實性或可能性所持有態(tài)度的一系列動詞形態(tài)或件的真實性或可能性所持有態(tài)度的一系列動詞形態(tài)或變化形式。變化形式。Types of moodsvIndicative mood: factual statement or questionvImperative mood: commandvSubjunctive mood: hypothetical/non-factual meaningv

15、There are many ways to express Subj-mood, but usually there are two which are important:vWere-subjunctivevBe-subjunctiveFinite and infinitevFinite verbvNon-finite verbvP171vFinite verb phrasevNon-finite verb phrasevP180Use of simple presentvTimeless present (timeless statement or eternal truth)vPres

16、ent existence or state:vHabitual present (regular recurrence/ dynamic verbs) (often/ sometimes/ occasionally etc)vCharacter/ ability present she loves music. He doesnt speak FrenchvMomentary and instantaneous present (1) declarations (2)commentaries (3)demonstrationUse of simple presentvSimple prese

17、nt referring to the future(esp in independent clause)vSimple present referring to the past (communication verbs such as hear, tell, says, ect) and historic presentUse of simple pastvPast eventvpast habitvPast statevSimple past for present: Attitudinal past I wondered if you could help me post the le

18、tter hypothetical past If I were you, I would choose to leave at once.vSimple past for future if it rained tomorrow, wed have to stay at home.Use of present progressivevTo denote an action in progress at the moment of speakingvAn action in progress at a period of time including the presentva tempora

19、ry event/habit my roommate likes to stay in bed in the morning, but hes getting up early these days because of the coming exam.vCharacteristic habitvHe is always criticizing others.vNote: progressive verbs& non-progressive verbsUse of present progressivevA future happening according to a definite plan or arrangementvTo denote other meanings(immediate past/ politer requests)Use of past progressivevDenote an action in progress at a definite point or period of past timevTo de