英語系語言學(xué)考研

1、注意事項語言學(xué)是考研比較頭疼的課程，以下幾個復(fù)習(xí)中需要注意的問題，供你參考：     第一，要注意基本概念和基本理論?；靖拍钜獱€熟于心，做到能見到概念就知道它屬于哪個章節(jié)，基本內(nèi)容是什么，對這個概念不同的語言學(xué)流派有什么不同的理解，你個人的見解又是什么。基本理論要清楚，要知道在對待同一個問題時不同的理論是如何處理的，它們的哲學(xué)基礎(chǔ)是什么？它們的理論前提是什么？它們的優(yōu)勢和弊端都是什么？你對這些理論有什么評價？     第二，要注意對于基本理論的應(yīng)用。比如在音位學(xué)章節(jié)里，用區(qū)別性特征理論的研究結(jié)果來描寫音位；在形態(tài)學(xué)里，用派

2、生形態(tài)學(xué)的理論來解釋構(gòu)詞法；在句法學(xué)里，用直接成分分析法和樹形圖來解釋歧義句等等。這些經(jīng)典理論的運用在考試中是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的。     第三，要注意語言學(xué)和其他學(xué)科的聯(lián)系。雖然在考試中主要考察語言學(xué)的核心學(xué)科，可是語言學(xué)和其它學(xué)科的交叉有時也占有一定的比例。所以建議大家多看看相關(guān)的章節(jié)，掌握一下那個章節(jié)的概貌：比如說，社會語言學(xué)、二語習(xí)得、計算語言學(xué)、歷史比較語言學(xué)等等。    第四，要注意創(chuàng)造性地理解和解釋新現(xiàn)象。在考試題目中，總會有些平時復(fù)習(xí)沒有見過的語言材料讓你來分析。這時不要緊張，要仔細(xì)思考那其中所包含的信息，并檢索自己

3、知識系統(tǒng)中的相關(guān)理論去解釋它。要有創(chuàng)造性的見解。第五，要多做練習(xí)。 英語語言學(xué)概論重點難點提示第一章 概論語言的定義：語言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多產(chǎn)性、移位、文化傳遞和互換性）；語言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、詢問、表達主觀感情、喚起對方的感情和言語行為）；語言的起源（神授說，人造說，進化說）等。    語言學(xué)定義；研究語言的四大原則（窮盡、一致、簡潔、客觀）；語言學(xué)的基本概念（口語與書面語、共時與歷時、語言與言學(xué)、語言能力與言行運用、語言潛勢與語言行為）；普通語言學(xué)的分支（語音、音位、語法、句法、語義）；語言學(xué)的應(yīng)用（語言學(xué)與語言教學(xué)

4、、語言與社會、語言與文字、語言與心理學(xué)、人類語言學(xué)、神經(jīng)語言學(xué)、數(shù)理語言學(xué)、計算語言學(xué)）等。第三章      語音學(xué)和音位學(xué)發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方法；語音學(xué)的定義；三大分支（發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)）；元音及輔音的分類；嚴(yán)式與寬式標(biāo)音等。    音位理論；最小對立體；自由變異；互補分布；語音的相似性；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音（詞重音、句子重音、音高和語調(diào)）等。第三章    詞法學(xué)詞法的定義；曲折詞與派生詞；構(gòu)詞法（合成與派生）；詞

5、素的定義；詞素變體；自由詞素；粘著詞素（詞根，詞綴和詞干）等。詞的定義；語法詞與詞匯詞；變詞與不變詞；封閉詞與開放詞；詞的辨認(rèn)；習(xí)語與搭配。第四章  句法學(xué)句法的定義；句法關(guān)系；結(jié)構(gòu)；成分；直接成分分析法；并列結(jié)構(gòu)與從屬結(jié)構(gòu)；句子成分；范疇（性，數(shù)，格）；一致；短語，從句，句子擴展等。第五章   語義學(xué)語義的定義；語義的有關(guān)理論；意義種類（傳統(tǒng)、功能、語用）；里奇的語義分類；詞匯意義關(guān)系（同義、反義、下義）；句子語義關(guān)系。第六章   語言變化語言的發(fā)展變化（詞匯變化、語音書寫文字、語法變化、語義變化）；第七章  語言、思維與文化語言與

6、文化的定義；薩丕爾-沃夫假說；語言與思維的關(guān)系；語言與文化的關(guān)系；中西文化的異同。第八章  語用學(xué)語用學(xué)的定義；語義學(xué)與語用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語境與意義；言語行為理論（言內(nèi)行為、言外行為和言后行為）；合作原則。第九章 語言學(xué)和外語教學(xué)語言學(xué)與外語教學(xué)的關(guān)系；各種語言觀及其在外語學(xué)習(xí)和外語教學(xué)中的意義 ；大綱設(shè)計 ； 語言學(xué)習(xí) ：1語法與語言學(xué)習(xí) 2輸入和語言學(xué)習(xí)3中際語與語言學(xué)；錯誤分析 ；測試 第十章 語言習(xí)得母語習(xí)得理論（行為主義，天生論）；二語習(xí)得（對比分析，錯誤分析，中介語）；二語習(xí)得中的個體差異（語言學(xué)能，認(rèn)知差異，性格特征，學(xué)習(xí)策略）；第十一章 現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)理論與流派布拉格學(xué)派，倫

7、敦學(xué)派， 美國結(jié)構(gòu)主義學(xué)派， 轉(zhuǎn)換生成語法各流派的代表人物，重要文獻；各流派的理論基礎(chǔ)、特點、主要觀點、重要概念。模擬題TEST 1I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully, decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (1% X15=15%)  1.     Mode

8、rn linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _.    A. prescriptive         B. descriptive     C. subjective    D. diachronic2.     Which of the following is not a major b

9、ranch of linguistics?    A. phonetics     B. phonology        C. speech D. syntax3.     _ phonetics studies speech organs and how speech sounds are made (articulated) by the vocal organs.A.  

10、0; Acoustic B. Articulatory C. Arithmetic D. Auditory4.  _ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.A. Phonology B. Semantics        C. Syntax D. Morphology5.     English consonants ca

11、n be classified in terms of _.   A. manner of articulation B. place of articulationC. force of articulation D. Both A and B6.     N. Chomsky is a famous _ linguist.A. American B. British C. Greek D. Swiss7.     The words “petrol” and “gasol

12、ine” are synonyms differing in _.  A. styles   B.  dialects C. register D. connotative meaning8.     Which of the following two-term sets are gradable antonyms?A. hot/cold B. doctor/patient C. single/married      D. husband /

13、wife9.     Which of the following set of features is correct to describe the sound f in English?A.voiced palatal affricative B.voiced alveolar stopC.voiceless velar fricative D.voiceless labiodental fricative10. What is the sentential relationship between “Johns bike needs r

14、epairing.” and “John has a bike.”? A. Entailment B. Presupposition    C. Contradiction D.  Anomaly11. _ is the sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent such as NP and VP. A. S-structure

15、B. D-structure C. Linear structure D. Hierarchical structure12. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _.A. duality B. displacement C. creativity D. reliability13. The affixes which manifest various grammatical relations

16、 or grammatical categories such as “-ing, -est” are called _. A. derivational affixes B. free morphemes C. inflectional affixes D. roots14. Which of the following underlined letter is different from others in pronunciation?A. since B. sink C. sunglass D thank15. The sounds /k/ and /g/ are separate _

17、.A. allophones B. phonemes C. morphemes D. allomorphsII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% X 10=10%

18、)1.       Language is a system of a_ vocal symbols used for human communication.2.       The principal suprasegmental features include syllable, stress, tone and i_.3.       An e_ construction is

19、 one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to one of its constituents, which serves as the centre of the whole.4.       C_ vowels are a set of vowel qualities arbitrarily defined, fixed and unchanging, intended to provide a frame of reference for the descri

20、ption of the actual vowels of existing languages.  5.       The pair of words “female and male” belongs to the c_ antonyms.6.       The word that is more general in meaning is called the s_, and the more specific words are ca

21、lled its hyponyms.7.       English speech sounds can be classified into vowels and c_.8.       A p_ is what is expressed by a declarative sentence when the sentence is uttered to make a statement with truth value as its important

22、property.9.       The study of language development at some point in time is generally termed as s_ linguistics.10.   G_ is a relationship in which a word of a certain class determines the form of others in terms of certain category, while concord is

23、 known as agreement.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (1% X20 = 20%)1.   Langue is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situa

24、tional constraints.2.   Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.3.   Transformational rules do not change the basic meanings of sentences.4.     The word “flower” is the superordinate of the hyponyms “ro

25、se”, “tulip” and “l(fā)ily”.5.     Chomsky defines competence as the actual realization of the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.  6.     Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pa

26、tterns of a language.  7.     All vowels and nasals are voiced.8.     Halliday has tried to relate the functions of languages to its structures.9.     Sense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of m

27、eaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.10. A study of the features of the Chinese used in the Tang Dynasty is a diachronic study.11. p is a voiceless bilabial stop.12. Since English has so many loan words, complete synonyms are commonly seen.13. Inflectiona

28、l affixes are those whose major function is to attach themselves to other morphemes to form a new word.  14. Linguistics studies any particular language, not languages in general.15. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.16. For any natural language,

29、 a set of syntactic rules is not capable of yielding an unlimited number of sentences in that language.17. A syllable without a coda is a closed syllable.18. The phrase “green house” with the first element stressed means “a house which is green in colour.”19. Componential analysis is

30、a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze sentence meaning.20. The transcription of speech sound with diacritics is called narrow transcription.IV. Directions: Match the linguists in Column A with their relevant theories or linguistic contribution in Column B (1% X 10=10%) AB1.&#

31、160;    Ferdinand de Saussure2.     Daniel Jones3.     Geoffrey Leech4.     Ogden & Richards5.     J. Katz6.     Malinowski 7.    &

32、#160;Bloomfield8.     Noam Chomsky9.     M. A. K. Halliday10. J. R. FirthA.      SemanticsB.       the semantic triangleC.      Phatic communionD.

33、0;     TG GrammarE.       IPAF.       Course in General LinguisticsG.      “The Structure of a Semantic TheoryH.      Systemic-Functional Grammar

34、I.         The structural approachJ.         TheLondonSchoolV. Directions: Analyze the sentences (5% X 2=10%)1. Analyze the following ambiguous phrase with immediate component analysis (labeled tree diagram) mo

35、re reliable information2. Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled tree diagramThe student saw an accident on the street.VI.Directions: Explain the following terms. (2%X5=10%)1. duality 2. vowel 3. hyponymy 4. stop (爆破音) 5. acronymVII.Directions: Answer the following questions as

36、 comprehensively as possible.Give examples for illustration if necessary(5% X 5=25%)1.Illustrate the main functions of language?2. How is phonology related to and different from phonetics?3.Illustrate Chomskys distinction of competence and performance.4.What are the ways of classifying words in Engl

37、ish?5.What is the referential theory?Additional PartDirections:After you have finished answering the above questions, comment on the following paragraph if youd like. Your achievement on this part will be used as reference for your final score. If time is up when you come to this part, it will not i

38、nfluence the evaluation on your performance in this test.A professor writes a recommendation letter as follows:“John Wang regularly and punctually attended all my classes. All his assignments were handed in on time and very neatly presented. I greatly enjoyed having John Wang in my class.”ASK: What

39、is his implied meaning?A卷答案及評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：卷面成績總分為100分，占總成績的70。I.第一為選擇題，共15小題，每題1分，共15分。1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. D 6. A 7. B 8. A 9. D 10. B11. B 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. BII.第二題為填空題，單詞拼寫正確方可得分。10個小題，每題1分，共10分。1.arbitrary 2. intonation 3. endocentric 4. cardinal 5. complementary6. superordinate 7. subcategorizatio

40、n 8. proposition 9. synchronic 10. government如果第7題寫為subcategory也算正確，得1分。III.第三題為判斷題，共20小題，每題1分，共20分。1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. F11. T 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F 16. F 17. F 18. F 19. F 20. TIV.第四題為匹配選擇題，按照順序選擇與語言學(xué)家相對應(yīng)的語言學(xué)貢獻。共10個匹配項，共10分。1. F 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. G 6. C 7. I 8. D 9. H

41、 10. JV.第五題要求用樹型圖顯示歧異短語或者句子結(jié)構(gòu)1. more reliable information more reliable informationAdv Adj N Adj Adj N NPAPNP NP 如果只畫出上面的其中一個得3分；沒有標(biāo)記詞性的樹型圖扣1分；全部畫出得5分。畫出如下的基本樹型圖得3分，最后介詞短語畫在VP下得滿分，介詞短語畫在VP下面的NP里面也不扣分。VI.第六題為名詞解釋題，5個名詞術(shù)語每個2分，共10分。每個小題答出關(guān)鍵詞(黑體字)即可得2分。1.     duality: It is one

42、of the design features of human language. Language has two levels of structures, the sound which is meaningless and form units which are meaningful.2.     vowel: A vowel is the sound segment which is produced without any obstruction along the vocal tract. When it is articula

43、ted, no turbulence can be perceived.3.     hyponym: It is meaning inclusiveness( a matter of class membership). The upper term in this sense relation is called superordinate and the lower hyponyms.4.     stop: It is a sound produced as the result as

44、complete closure of the articulators first and sudden release of the airstreams.5.     acronym: It is made up from the first letter of the name of an organization, which has a heavily modified headword, such as WTO, BBC and WB.VII.第七題為簡答題，共5題，每題5分，共25分。答出每題的主要內(nèi)容得滿分，少幾點主要內(nèi)容，相

45、應(yīng)地扣幾分。1.     Language has many functions in our daily life. For most people, the informative function is the major role of language. Language is the instrument of thought. Secondly, language has the interpersonal function by which people establish and maintain their status i

46、n the society. The performative function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons. Emotive function changes the emotional status of people. Phatic communion refers to the function of meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship. Language has recreational and

47、metalingual function as well. (只列出關(guān)鍵詞沒有解釋其中任何一條的扣2分，只解釋一條的扣一分)2.     Both phonology and phonetics study the speech sounds in language. Phonetics studies how sounds are made, transmitted and received. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the sound systems of language

48、s. Phonology is concerned with the linguistic patterning of sounds in human languages, while phonetics is the study of all possible speech sounds. Phonology studies the way in which speakers of a language use the selection of these sounds in order to express meaning.3.     C

49、ompetence and performance are a fundamental distinction proposed by Chomsky. A language users underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic competence. Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations. We can observe the discrepancy between competence

50、 and performance in normal language users. Competence is abstract and stable, whereas performance is concrete and dependent on the situation.4.     According to their variability, words can be classified into variable words and invariable words. In terms of the meaning expre

51、ssed by words, they can be classified into grammatical words and lexical words. This distinction leads to the distinction of closed-class words and open-class words. A word that belongs to the closed class is one whose membership is fixed or limited, while the open-class one is in principle infinite

52、 or unlimited.5.     The referential theory which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stand for, is known as the referential theory. We can explain the meaning of a word by pointing to the thing it refers to. But there is something abstract and can on

53、ly be sensed in our minds. Later, the semantic triangle is employed to explain the indirect relation between words and things.TEST 2I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully, decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the

54、 brackets. (2% X10=20%)  1. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar for it is mostly _.   A. prescriptive                       B. descriptive     &

55、#160; C. subjective                        D. Latin-based2. Which of the following is not a major branch of linguistics?   A. phonetics     B. phonology  &

56、#160;     C. speech D. syntax3. English consonants can be classified in terms of _.   A. manner of articulation B. place of articulation   C. force of articulation D. Both A and B4. There are _ morphemes in the word “disabled”.  A. one B. two C. thre

57、e D. four5.  _ studies the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formation.  A. Phonology B. Semantics       C. Syntax D. Morphology  6. The _ is the most flexible, and is responsible for more varieties of articulation

58、 than any other.   A. nasal cavity      B. oral cavity      C. tongue D. lips7. “hot dog” with the first element stressed means_. A. a dog which is hot B. a barking dog C. a kind of food D. a dead dog8.   N. Chomsky is a

59、 famous _ linguist.A. American B. British C. Greek D. Swiss9.The words such as handbook and highway are _.   A. formed by blending     B. coined by back-formation   C. compound words D. derivations10. Which of the following two-term sets are complementary anto

60、nyms?  A. hot/cold B. doctor/patient  C. single/married      D. husband /wifeII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and y

61、ou are not allowed to change the letter given. (2% X 10=20%)1.       Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c_.2. Saussure made the famous distinction between langue and p_.  3. M_ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.4. Semantic

62、s can be simply defined as the study of m_.  5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s_ study.  6. The pair of words “female and male” belongs to the c_ antonyms.7. The word that is more general in meaning is called the s_, and the more specific words are called its hyp

63、onyms.8. English speech sounds can be classified into vowels and c_.9. An expert who studies linguistics is called a l_.10. Linguistics is defined as the s_ study of language.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the

64、 brackets in front of each statement. (1% X20 = 20%)1.   Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.2.   Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.3.   Since morp

65、hemes are the smallest meaningful units of language, they can be used independently.4.     The word “flower” is the superordinate of the hyponyms “rose”, “tulip” and “l(fā)ily”.5.     Chomsky defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language in linguist