詞匯構(gòu)成 (1)

1、 2011.10.24一一. .化學(xué)中的常用數(shù)字詞頭化學(xué)中的常用數(shù)字詞頭一一. mono, uni二二. di, bi三三. tri, ter四四. tetra五五. penta六六. hexa七七. hepta八八. octa九九. nona十十. deca十一十一. hendeca, undeca十二十二. dodeca十三十三. trideca十四十四. tetradeca十五十五. pentadeca十六十六. hexadeca十七十七. heptadeca十八十八. octadeca十九十九. nonadeca二十二十. eicosa二十一二十一. heneicosa二十二二十二.

2、docosa二十三二十三. tricosa二十四二十四. tetracosa二十五二十五. pentacosa二十六二十六. hexacosa二十七二十七. heptacosa二十八二十八. octacosa二十九二十九. nonacosa三十三十. triaconta三十一三十一. hentriaconta三十二三十二. dotriaconta三十三三十三. tritriaconta三十四三十四. tetratriaconta三十五三十五. pentatriaconta三十六三十六. hexatriaconta三十七三十七. heptatriaconta三十八三十八. octatriacon

3、ta三十九三十九. nonatriaconta四十四十. tetraconta四十一四十一. hentetraconta四十二四十二. dotetraconta四十三四十三. tritetraconta四十四四十四. tetratetraconta四十五四十五. pentatetraconta四十六四十六. hexatetraconta四十七四十七. heptatetraconta四十四十. tetraconta四十八四十八. octatetraconta四十九四十九. nonatetraconta五五 十十. pentaconta六六 十十. hexaconta七七 十十. heptacon

4、ta八八 十十. octaconta九九 十十. nonaconta一一 百百. hecta二二. . 酸堿鹽酸堿鹽(acid, base, salt)的名稱構(gòu)成的名稱構(gòu)成2.1 常見酸的名稱常見酸的名稱2.1.1 含氧酸的名稱（酸詞尾含氧酸的名稱（酸詞尾 ic）碳碳 酸酸 carbonic acid氯氯 酸酸 chloric acid高氯酸高氯酸 perchloric acid鉻鉻 酸酸 chromic acid高錳酸高錳酸 permanganic acid磷磷 酸酸 phosphoric acid硫硫 酸酸 sulfuric acid硝硝 酸酸 nitric acid碘碘 酸酸 iodic

5、 acid重鉻酸重鉻酸 dichromic acid2.1.1 含氧酸的名稱（酸詞尾含氧酸的名稱（酸詞尾 ic）2.1.2 含氧亞酸的名稱（亞酸詞尾含氧亞酸的名稱（亞酸詞尾 ous）亞硫酸亞硫酸 sulfurous acid 亞硝酸亞硝酸 nitrous acid 亞鉻酸亞鉻酸 chromous acid 亞磷酸亞磷酸 phosphorous acid 2.1.3 鹵代酸（不含氧）鹵代酸（不含氧）（鹵代含氧酸前加詞頭（鹵代含氧酸前加詞頭 hydro）氫氟酸氫氟酸 hydrofluoric acid 氫氯酸氫氯酸 hydrochloric acid 氫溴酸氫溴酸 hydrobromic acid

6、 氫碘酸氫碘酸 hydroiodic acid 2.1.4 酸根名稱的構(gòu)成酸根名稱的構(gòu)成 除少數(shù)幾種酸外，一般是用詞尾除少數(shù)幾種酸外，一般是用詞尾ate取代酸基取代酸基本名字中詞尾本名字中詞尾ic，再去掉，再去掉acid。如：如：碳碳 酸酸 carbonic acid碳酸根碳酸根(鹽鹽) carbonate氯氯 酸酸 chloric acid氯酸根氯酸根(鹽鹽) chlorate鉻鉻 酸酸 chromic acid鉻酸根鉻酸根(鹽鹽) chromate重鉻酸重鉻酸 dichromic acid重鉻酸根重鉻酸根(鹽鹽) dichromate高氯酸高氯酸 perchloric acid高氯酸根高氯

7、酸根(鹽鹽) perchlorate碘碘 酸酸 iodic acid碘酸根碘酸根(鹽鹽) iodate硝硝 酸酸 nitric acid硝酸根硝酸根(鹽鹽) nitrate高錳酸高錳酸 permanganic acid高錳酸根高錳酸根(鹽鹽) permanganate硫硫 酸酸 sulfuric acid硫酸根硫酸根(鹽鹽) sulfate磷磷 酸酸 phosphoric acid磷酸根磷酸根(鹽鹽) phosphate2.1.5 亞酸根名稱的構(gòu)成亞酸根名稱的構(gòu)成用詞尾用詞尾ite代替酸根中的詞尾代替酸根中的詞尾ate構(gòu)成亞酸根。構(gòu)成亞酸根。硝酸根硝酸根(鹽鹽) nitrate亞亞硝酸根硝酸根

8、(鹽鹽) nitrite硫酸根硫酸根(鹽鹽) sulfate亞亞硫酸根硫酸根(鹽鹽) sulfite磷酸根磷酸根(鹽鹽) phosphate亞亞磷酸根磷酸根(鹽鹽) phosphite硫酸可寫成硫酸可寫成sulfuric acid 或或 sulphuric acid2.1.6 鹵代酸根的構(gòu)成鹵代酸根的構(gòu)成 將鹵代酸的詞頭hydro和acid去掉，用ide代替詞尾ic.氫氟酸氫氟酸 hydrofluoric acid氫氟酸根氫氟酸根(鹽鹽) fluoride氫氯酸氫氯酸 hydrochloric acid氫氯酸根氫氯酸根(鹽鹽) chloride氫溴酸氫溴酸 hydrobromic acid氫溴

9、酸根氫溴酸根(鹽鹽) bromide氫碘酸氫碘酸 hydroiodic acid氫碘酸根氫碘酸根(鹽鹽) iodide2.2 無機(jī)鹽和無機(jī)酸酯的構(gòu)成無機(jī)鹽和無機(jī)酸酯的構(gòu)成鹽的構(gòu)成：金屬鹽的構(gòu)成：金屬( (或銨根或銨根) + ) + 酸根酸根酯的構(gòu)成：烴基酯的構(gòu)成：烴基 + + 酸根酸根例如：例如：亞硝酸鈉亞硝酸鈉 sodium nitrite硫酸鋇硫酸鋇 barium sulfate氯化銨氯化銨(或氫氯酸銨或氫氯酸銨) ammonium chloride高錳酸鉀高錳酸鉀 potassium permanganate磷酸三甲酯磷酸三甲酯 trimethyl phosphate硫酸二乙酯硫酸二乙酯

10、 diethyl sulfate2.3 堿的名稱的構(gòu)成堿的名稱的構(gòu)成堿的構(gòu)成：金屬堿的構(gòu)成：金屬(或銨根或銨根) + hydroxide例如：例如：氫氧化鈉氫氧化鈉 sodium hydroxide氫氧化銨氫氧化銨 ammonium hydroxide氫氧化鈣氫氧化鈣 calcium hydroxide氫氧化鋇氫氧化鋇 barium hydroxide 2010.11.3Theories of Acids and Bases The word acid comes into our language from the Latin acere, meaning “to be sour” duri

11、ng the sixteen century, Robert Boyle used this characteristic to recognize acids. He also stated that acids turn certain vegetable dyes (such as litmus) certain definite colors, and that these colors were altered by bases during the reaction of neutralization. When Lavoisier discovered the role of o

12、xygen in the combustion process, he proposed the name “oxygen” for the element since he believed that it was present in all acids. In Greek, oxygen means “Acid-former”. In German, the name for oxygen is sauerstoff, which means “acid-stuff”. Latter, when it was found that some acid, such as HCl, do n

13、ot contain oxygen, the definition of acids was changed. After Arrhenius hadproposed his theory of ionization, acids were considered as to be those substances which produced hydrogen ions upon ionization. This did not mean that anything which contained hydrogen was an acid. It had to produce hydrogen

14、 ions to be called an acid. In a similar ways, bases were those substances which produces OH- upon ionization. Neutralization When acids and bases react, the H+ of the acid combines with OH- of the base and water is formed. The reaction is known as neutralization. Today we believe the hydrogen ion i

15、n aqueous solution to be hydrated as the H3O+ ion, the hydronium ion. Thus, neutralization in water solution are more properly written: H3O+ + OH- 2H2OTherefore, acids can be classified as substances producing the hydronium ion in water. Bases may be classified as substances which produce hydroxyl i

16、ons in water. When written as HOH instead of H2O, water can be seen to be made of both hydronium and hydroxyl ions. Since the two ions, H+ and OH-, are present in equimolar amounts, water is neither acid nor basic. It is neutral. It is, however, dissociated to a small extent into the ions: OHHOH2OHH

17、OH2OHHOH2OHHOH2The arrows showing the reaction are written to indicate that the reverse reaction is much more predominant than the forward reaction. In a liter of water at room temperature, there is only 110-7 mole of each ion. When acids are added to water, the H+ ion concentration of the solution

18、is greatly increased. In basic solution, the OH- ions are increased in110-7: 1 multiplied by ten to the negative power of 7concentration. Also, it should be remembered that although the H+ ion is written as such, the H+ ion in aqueous solution is associated with a water molecule and should be writte

19、n as H+ (H2O) or as H3O+. For simplicity, however, unless the H2O part of the H3O+ ion is involved in a reaction, we will continue to write the hydrogen ion as H+. In each neutralization, another product is formed as well as water. This product is the result of that part of the acid molecule which i

20、s not H+ combining with that part of the base molecule which is not OH-. This product of neutralization of an acid and a base is called salt. NaOH + HCl H2O + NaCl2KOH + H2SO4 2H2O + K2SO43Mg(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 6H2O + Mg3(PO4)2NH4OH + HNO3 H2O + NH4NO3Ba(OH)2 + 2HC2H3O2 2H2O + Ba(C2H3O2)2 T h e a b o v e

21、 r e a c t i o n s a r e a l l neutralizations. In all cases, bases and acids have reacted with one another to produce water and salt. The salts formed in the examples given above are sodium chloride, potassium sulfate, magnesium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and barium acetate. In order to indicate

22、that the reaction is between the H+ of the acid and the OH- of the base, and that the salt is only an incidental product, it is instructive to write the reaction: H+ + OH- H2O Of course, the H+ and OH- had to be combined with other things before the reaction. It is these “other things” that are foun

23、d in the reaction residue as salts. Whats the difference between base and alkali?base：Any of a large class of compounds, including the hydroxides and oxides of metals, having a bitter taste, a slippery solution, the ability to turn litmus blue, and the ability to react with acids to form salts.alkal

24、i：A carbonate or hydroxide of an alkali metal, the aqueous solution of which is bitter, slippery, caustic, and characteristically basic in reactions.Any of various soluble mineral salts found in natural water and arid soils.Alkali metal. Confusion between alkali and baseThe terms base and alkali are

25、 often used interchangeably, particularly outside of a scientific context, but they do not have the same meaning. While all alkaline solutions are basic, not all bases are alkaline.The following are common mistakes:The phrase measuring the alkalinity of soil is incorrect since the property measured

26、is actually the pH (base property). Calling bases that are not alkalis, such as ammonia, alkaline (ammonia is a base but not an alkali).Also, not all salts formed by alkali metals are alkaline; this designation applies only to those salts that are basic. And while most electropositive metal oxides a

27、re basic, only the soluble alkali metal and alkaline earth metal oxides can be correctly called alkalis.這么看來這么看來base是堿的總稱，是堿的總稱，alkali是是base的一種，的一種，指堿金屬或堿土金屬的氫氧化物或碳酸鹽。指堿金屬或堿土金屬的氫氧化物或碳酸鹽。Exercise：translation 根據(jù)電離理論，酸是在電離時能夠產(chǎn)生氫根據(jù)電離理論，酸是在電離時能夠產(chǎn)生氫離子的物質(zhì)，堿是在電離時能夠產(chǎn)生氫氧根離離子的物質(zhì)，堿是在電離時能夠產(chǎn)生氫氧根離子的物質(zhì)。當(dāng)酸和堿反應(yīng)時，酸中的氫

28、離子和子的物質(zhì)。當(dāng)酸和堿反應(yīng)時，酸中的氫離子和堿中的氫氧根離子結(jié)合生成水，這個反應(yīng)叫中堿中的氫氧根離子結(jié)合生成水，這個反應(yīng)叫中和反應(yīng)。因此酸又可以看作在水溶液中能夠產(chǎn)和反應(yīng)。因此酸又可以看作在水溶液中能夠產(chǎn)生氫離子的物質(zhì)，堿可以看作在水溶液中能夠生氫離子的物質(zhì)，堿可以看作在水溶液中能夠產(chǎn)生氫氧根離子的物質(zhì)。產(chǎn)生氫氧根離子的物質(zhì)。 According to the theory of ionization, acids were considered as to be those substances which can produce hydrogen ions upon ionization

29、, bases were those substances which can produce hydroxyl ions upon ionization. When acids and bases react, the hydrogen ion of the acid combines with the hydroxyl ion of the base and water is formed. The reaction is known as neutralization. Therefore, acids can be classified as substances producing

30、the hydronium ions in water. Base may be classified as substances which produce hydroxyl ions in water.三三. .化學(xué)中的常用縮寫詞化學(xué)中的常用縮寫詞aq.aqueous含水的含水的ARanalytical reagent分析純試劑分析純試劑atmatmosphere 大氣壓大氣壓chemchemistry, chemical化學(xué)（的）化學(xué)（的）compdcompound化合物化合物concd.concentrated濃的濃的C Pchemical pure化學(xué)純化學(xué)純deriv.deriva

31、tive衍生物衍生物L(fēng)liter升升f.p.freezing point冰點，凝固點冰點，凝固點m.p.melting point熔點熔點b.p.boiling point沸點沸點IRinfrared紅外線的，紅外光譜紅外線的，紅外光譜NMRnuclear magnetic resonance核磁共振核磁共振PMRproton magnetic resonance質(zhì)子磁共振質(zhì)子磁共振UVultraviolet紫外的，紫外光譜紫外的，紫外光譜msmass spectra質(zhì)譜質(zhì)譜四四. .烷烴烷烴(alkane)的名稱與構(gòu)成的名稱與構(gòu)成甲烷甲烷 methane乙烷乙烷 ethane丙烷丙烷 pro

32、pane丁烷丁烷 butane戊烷戊烷 pentane己烷己烷 hexane庚烷庚烷 heptane辛烷辛烷 octane壬烷壬烷 nonane癸烷癸烷 decane十一烷十一烷 hendecane十二烷十二烷 dodecane十三烷十三烷 tridecane十九烷十九烷 nonadecane二十烷二十烷. eicosane二十一烷二十一烷. heneicosane二十二烷二十二烷. docosane二十三烷二十三烷. tricosane二十九烷二十九烷. nonacosane三十烷三十烷. triacontane三十一烷三十一烷. hentriacontane三十二烷三十二烷. dotria

33、contane三十三烷三十三烷. tritriacontane三十九烷三十九烷. nonatriacontane四十烷四十烷. tetracontane四十一烷四十一烷. hentetracontane四十二烷四十二烷. dotetracontane四十三烷四十三烷. tritetracontane四十九烷四十九烷. nonatetracontane五五 十十 烷烷. pentacontane六六 十十 烷烷. hexacontane七七 十十 烷烷. heptacontane八八 十十 烷烷. octacontane九九 十十 烷烷. nonacontane一一 百百 烷烷. hectane

34、五五. .環(huán)烷烴環(huán)烷烴(cycloalkane)，烯烴，烯烴(alkene)和炔烴和炔烴(alkyne)的名稱與構(gòu)成的名稱與構(gòu)成5.1 單環(huán)烴單環(huán)烴(monocyclic hydrocarbon)的名稱的名稱和構(gòu)成和構(gòu)成單環(huán)烴名字的構(gòu)成：單環(huán)烴名字的構(gòu)成：cyclo + 相應(yīng)烷烴名相應(yīng)烷烴名 例如：例如：己己 烷烷環(huán)己烷環(huán)己烷hexanecyclohexane戊戊 烷烷pentane環(huán)戊烷環(huán)戊烷cyclopentane5.2 烯烴烯烴(alkene)的名稱和構(gòu)成的名稱和構(gòu)成構(gòu)成：將相應(yīng)烷烴的詞尾構(gòu)成：將相應(yīng)烷烴的詞尾 ane 改為改為 ene例如：例如：乙乙 烷烷ethane乙乙 烯烯ethe

35、ne環(huán)己烷環(huán)己烷cyclohexane環(huán)己烯環(huán)己烯cyclohexene5.3 炔烴炔烴(alkyne)的名稱和構(gòu)成的名稱和構(gòu)成構(gòu)成：將相應(yīng)烷烴的詞尾構(gòu)成：將相應(yīng)烷烴的詞尾 ane 改為改為 yne例如：例如：丙丙 烷烷propane丙丙 炔炔propyne環(huán)庚烷環(huán)庚烷cycloheptane環(huán)庚炔環(huán)庚炔cycloheptyne2010.11.17Alkanes There are many organic compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Such compounds are known as hydrocarbons. On

36、the basis of their structural features, hydrocarbons are classified as either aliphatic or aromatic. These two main divisions are further subdivided into various classes. The first class of aliphatic hydrocarbons is calledthe alkanes or paraffin hydrocarbon. Members of this class of compounds have t

37、he type formula CnH2n+2, Where n is the number of carbon. You are familiar, in general terms, with the alkanes, as they are the major component of petroleum. The first 10 members of the alkane series are methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, and decane. The alka

38、nes are inert to most of the common reagants at room temperature. This inertness is indicated in the name paraffin hydrocarbons, as paraffin is derived from the Latin parum affinis, meaning “l(fā)ittle affinity”. The alkanes are not attacked by strong bases, strong acids, powerful oxidizing agents, such

39、 as potassium permanganate, nor strong reducing agents such as the hydrides. The alkanes can be made to undergo reactions of extreme commercial importance. These reactions are not of much value in the laboratory, since they often involve extreme conditions and give a mixture of products. The alkanes

40、 are said to be saturated, for they have only single bonds between any two atoms. The alkanes do not undergo the addition reactions, such as the addition of hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst, which are characteristic of compounds containing carbon-carbon multiple bonds.Cycloalkanes Cycloalkanes

41、 are compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms form a ring. The cycloalkanes are also known as the alicyclic compounds, as their properties are very similar to those of the aliphatic hydrocarbons already studied, the alkanes. The cycloalkanes have the general type formula CnH2n, whe

42、re n is the number of carbons in the molecule. As the cycloalkane has one more carbon-carbon bond, in order to form the ring, than does the alkane which has the same number of carbons, the cycloalkane has two hydrogens fewer than the corresponding alkane. The first 8 members of the cycloakane series

43、 are cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, cyclononane, cyclodecane. The chemical properties of the cycloalkanes are very similar to the chemical properties of the alkanes. The cycloalkanes are inert to alkaline solutions and oxidizing agents, as are the al

44、kanes. With certain reagents, cyclopropane and cyclobutane give reactions that are not characteristic of the open chain alkanes. Hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst and at elevated temperatures, will addQuantitatively to cyclopropane and to cyclobutane to form the corresponding normal alkane. In

45、 order for the hydrogen to add, a carbon-carbon bond must be broken. This results in cleavage of ring. As indicated, more drastic condition are required for the addition of hydrogen to cyclobutane than to cyclopropane. There are reagents such as bromine, iodine (but not chloride), hydrogen bromide,

46、hydrogen iodide, and others - thatwill add to the cyclopropane ring to open the ring, but will not add to any other cycloalkane, including cyclobutane.Alkenes There are several homologous series of hydrocarbons in which the members contain fewer hydrogens than are in the alkane containing the same n

47、umber of carbon atoms. The alkanes have the type formula CnH2n+2, the alkanes (also knownas the Olefins ) have the type formula CnH2n. Thus, the alkenes are isomeric with the cycloalkanes. The first member of the alkene series has the molecular formula C2H4 and the common name ethylene. It is obtain

48、ed commercially by heating certain petroleum fractions in the absence of air. The first 9 members of the alkene series are ethene, propene, butene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene. Unlike the alkanes, which do not show many different chemical reactions, the alkenes are quite reactiv

49、e chemically. In the alkanes, carbon is bonded to four other atoms, and therefore alkanes can react only by substitution. The alkyl portion of alkenes can undergo substitution reactions. Unlike the alkanes, alkenes can also undergo a rapid reaction in which atoms are added to the moleculeto obtain a

50、 product containing more atoms than were in the starting material. This kind of reaction is called addition reaction. Alkenes are said to be unsaturated because they are capable of adding atoms to form molecules containing a larger number of atoms. The alkenes contain a carbon-carbon double bond. Al

51、kynes The alkynes, another homologous series of hydrocarbons, contain a carbon-carbon triple bond. Thus the alkynes contain two hydrogens fewer than the alkenes with the same number of carbon atoms and are characterized by the type formula CnH2n-2. The alkynes are isomeric with the dienes and cycloa

52、lkenes but differ considerably from them in chemical properties. The first and most important member of this series is ethyne (or known as acetylene). The formula for acetylene is CHCH. The three pairs of the electrons between the carbons from the triple bond. The first 9 members of the alkyne serie

53、s are ethyne, butyne, pentyne, hexyne, heptyne, octyne, nonyne, decyne. Like alkenes, alkynes can undergo addition reaction at the multiple bond. One surprising difference between the double and the triplebond is in their reactivities toward addition. The carbon-carbon double bond is nucleophilic an

54、d its most characteristic reaction is addition of electrophilic agents. With an extra pair of elctrons between the two carbon, one might expect the carbon-carbon triple bond to be even more nucleophilic than carbon-carbon double bond. Actually, such is not the case. The carbon-carbon triple bond is

55、less reactive to electrophilic agents and more reactive to nucleophilic agents than is the carbon-carbon double bond. One further difference between doubly and triply bonded carbon atoms relates to the activity of a hydrogen attached to them. The hydrogen attached to the triply bonded carbon is easi

56、ly replaceable by metals; it is referred to as an “active hydrogen” or as an “acidic hydrogen”. Hydrogens attached to a doubly bonded carbon atom as in ethylene, are not active and are not replaceable by metals.Exercise：translation 環(huán)烷烴是碳原子形成環(huán)的碳?xì)浠衔铩－h(huán)烷烴是碳原子形成環(huán)的碳?xì)浠衔?。由于環(huán)烷烴的性質(zhì)很類似脂肪烴，環(huán)烷烴也由于環(huán)烷烴的性質(zhì)很類似脂肪烴，

57、環(huán)烷烴也稱為脂肪烴。環(huán)烷烴的通式為稱為脂肪烴。環(huán)烷烴的通式為CnH2n，其中，其中n是碳原子的數(shù)目。為了形成一個環(huán)，環(huán)烷是碳原子的數(shù)目。為了形成一個環(huán)，環(huán)烷烴比相同碳原子的烷烴多一個碳碳健，少兩烴比相同碳原子的烷烴多一個碳碳健，少兩個氫原子。個氫原子。 Cycloalkanes are compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which the carbon atoms form a ring. The cycloalkanes are also known as the alicyclic compounds, as their properties are

58、very similar to those of the aliphatic hydrocarbons. The cycloalkanes have the general formula CnH2n, where n is the number of carbons in molecule. The cycloalkane has one more carbon-carbon bond than the alkane which has the same number of carbons and has two hydrogens fewer than the corresponding

59、alkane. 2010.11.24六六. .烷基烷基、烯基和炔基、烯基和炔基的構(gòu)成的構(gòu)成6.1 烷基的構(gòu)成烷基的構(gòu)成用詞尾用詞尾yl取代相應(yīng)烷烴取代相應(yīng)烷烴ane。烷烴烷烴(alkane) 烷基烷基(alkyl) 例如：例如：甲甲 烷烷methane甲甲 基基methyl環(huán)壬烷環(huán)壬烷cyclononane環(huán)壬基環(huán)壬基cyclononyl烷烴中通常將直鏈烷烴叫正烷烴，烷烴中通常將直鏈烷烴叫正烷烴， (normal alkane)正烷烴用正烷烴用n-表示，表示，n通?？墒÷圆粚憽Ｍǔ？墒÷圆粚憽＠纾豪纾赫锿椋ɑ蚪泄锿椋┱锿椋ɑ蚪泄锿椋﹏-decane（或或decane）正丁烷（或叫丁烷）

60、正丁烷（或叫丁烷）n-butane（或或butane）正己基（或叫己基）正己基（或叫己基）n-hexyl（或或hexyl）正十一烷基（或叫十一烷基）正十一烷基（或叫十一烷基）n-undecyl（或或undecyl） 烴中還有四個常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞頭烴中還有四個常用結(jié)構(gòu)詞頭iso - (isomeric的縮寫的縮寫) (異異)：CH3CH3CH(CH2)nCH2CH3CH3CHCH2CH2CH2型型例如：例如：CH3CHCH3iso-hexyl（異己基）（異己基）iso-propyl（異丙基）（異丙基）sec - (secondary的縮寫的縮寫) (仲仲)：CH3(CH2)nCHCH3型型例如：例如：