2012大學英語四級考前寫作急訓.

1、2011 大學英語四級考前寫作急訓作文、從句到段：段落的展開基本句法掌握之后，接下來就要訓練段落寫作，這是因為段落是文章的基本組成 部分，要寫出好文章，必須在段落寫作上多下功夫。段的基本組成是句子，好的段落應(yīng)該是該段中所有的句子都圍繞著一個主題展開，且句與句之間應(yīng)該是緊密相連，形成 統(tǒng)一的整體即 un ified and cohere nt 那么怎樣將一個段落展開 呢?下面介紹英語中幾 種常用的方法。(一時間順序按時間順序?qū)懽骶褪前凑帐挛锇l(fā)展在時間上的正常順序或先后順序展開段落。 在講述故事或回憶 事件時，先發(fā)生的先寫，后發(fā)生的后寫。ExampleMy heart gave a leap wh

2、en I heard the announ ceme nt that our train would soon arrive at its desti nati on-Beiji ng. Likeother passe ngers, I bega n to collect my things and put my mug , towel , atlas , apples , andother things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the stati on andgen tly stop

3、ped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the streamof people into an un dergro und passage and the n into a big hall. As I stepped out of thestatio n, I was dazzled by the bright autu mn skies of Beijing. Though I had been on the trainfor more the thirty hours and spen

4、t an sleepless ni ght, I did nt feel tired at all, and I believedmy days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the skies.匚空間順序按空間順序組織材料通常用于描述一個地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章內(nèi)容 應(yīng)按照由近及遠、由遠及近、自下而上、自上而下、按順時針方向或逆時針方向 排列 ,ExampleIn the middle of the rectangular-shaped courtyard stood three magno lia trees( , all in

5、 fullbloom. A little girl was hop ing among them, now gaz ing at a bud, now collect ing falle npetals. Un der one of the trees stood her pare nts, who , while keeping an eye on her, wereexamining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admirati on. In front of ano thertree a young couple, fr

6、esh and bright as the flowers, were pos ing for a picture. At the end ofthe courtyard a group of youn gsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb,which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower. At theopposite end a few elderly men and women s

7、tood admiri ng the leafless floweri ng trees andthe people look ing at them.（三列舉法通過列舉一系列的論據(jù)對主題句中的論點進行廣泛、全面的陳述或解釋，列舉的順序可按照所列各點的內(nèi)容的相對重要性、時間、空間來排列，ExampleThe Other Side of City LifeIn the eyes of many people, city life is attractive with all its advantages and convenience, yet they dont see the other s

8、ide of the picture. First, with the expa nsion of the city,housing has become a serious problem for city people. Then, there is the problem of pollution:harmful gases from vehicles and pois onous water from factories pollute our surroundings; no ise continu ally disturbs your peace and rest and driv

9、es you mad. Thirdly, moder n citylife puts a high pressure upon people; you have to hurry to and from work; you have to dodgein so as to avoid bumping into the flood of people, bicycles , cars , buses ,; all day long youare under great stress. Fourthly , big cities also cause some social problems. O

10、f which highcrime rate is the most serious one. People are justifiably in fear of becoming victims ofburglary, robbery , murder and other crimes at any time. They should find some ways tocope with all these problems.（四舉例法在主題句中簡要、概括地說明一個段落的主題思想之后，可以用具體的、生動的事例來支撐論證 主題,向目標讀者展示并使他們具體感受主題句中尚未展開的內(nèi)容和細節(jié)。Exa

11、mpleThis term several usefuland in teresti ng courses have bee n offered. An In troducti on to Europea n Culture, for in sta nee,gives us a lot of backgro und kno wledge of the history of Europea n philosophy, literature , and arts.From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear ta

12、pes of famous pieces of music ,and they make the lectures all the more interesting. America n Society and Culture is ano ther coursethat attracts a large audie nee. The teacher, who visited the Un ited States not long ago, discusses newtrends and cha nges in American life as well as American history

13、 and traditions. We like these and othercourses very much, because they help us not only to improve our En glish but also to broade n our vision.（五比較和對比比較（comparison 主要是指出兩個或兩個以上不同種類的事物的共同點或相似 之處，如人物、地點、事物、思想、觀點等。對照（co ntrast 主要是指出它們的不同 點。相同的或類似的特征可以組成比較，不同的特征則可以組成對照。不僅如此，比 較和對比常常同時使用，這是因為比較中往往隱含著對比

14、。比較和對比常有兩種形式，即整體比較和對比（block comparison and contrast 與逐項比較 （alternating comparison。Example Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierceadversaries during the Civil War, their lives, both military and nonmilitary, has a great deal in com mon.Grant desce nded from a family whose members part

15、icipated in the America n Revoluti on. He receivedhis commissi on of sec ond lieute nant from West Point and served in the Spani sh-America n War. Hewas later sum moned by Preside nt Lincoln to assume comma nd of the Union Forces duri ng the CivilWar.After the Civil War, Grant suffered finan cial pr

16、oblems and was forced to declare ban kruptcy. Leealso desce nded from a family which en gaged in the America n Revoluti on. He, too , received hiscommissi on from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American War. His fame asa military strategist during the Civil War , whe n he w

17、as the comma nder of the Con federate armies, iswell known. Although it is not always pointed out by historians he, like Grant, had financial difficultiesafter the civil War and was compelled to out by historians he, like Grant, had finan cial difficulties afterthe civil War and was compelled todecl

18、are ban kruptcy. By securi ng a post as preside nt of Wash ingtonCollege, he was able to avoid additi onal poverty.（整體比較The same qualities that make people good house guests make them good hospital patie nts. Goodhouse guests can expect a reas on able amount of service and effort on their behalf, an

19、d hospital patients can also. Guests have to adjust to what is for them a cha nge, and certainly hospital patients must dothe same. No one appreciates a complaining , un pleasa nt , un appreciative house guest, and thehospital staff is no excepti on. Hose guests who expect vast cha nges to be made f

20、or their ben efit arenot popular for long. Certainly nurses and other personnel with their routines feel the same way aboutpatients in their care. Just as house guests must make adjustme nts to enjoy their visits , so patie ntsmust make adjustme nts to make their stays reas on ably pleasa nt and sat

21、isfy ing un der the circumstances.逐項比較（六原因和結(jié)果因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的邏輯性因果關(guān)系必 須表達清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牽強附會和循環(huán)論證。一個原 因可能造成一個或多個結(jié)果，也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一連串因果關(guān)系。一個 結(jié)果也可能由多種原因所引起，通常先寫結(jié)果，后寫多種原因；但也可先寫原因后寫 結(jié)果。另外，如果喲啊強調(diào)原因或結(jié)果，可用倒裝或強調(diào)句型加以突出。ExampleThe surge of dema nd for oil will soon begi n to send shock waves th

22、rough the America neconomy and tran sportati on system. The impact of these tremors can already be an ticipated:to thecon sumer they sig nal the end of a long love affair with the car, and to Detroit they offer an early warningthat its 1985 growth aims are dangerously un realistic. Un less we exerci

23、se foresight and devisegrowth-limits policies for the auto in dustry, eve nts will thrust us into a crisis that will lead to a substantial erosi on of domestic oil supply as well as the independence it provides us with, and a levelof petroleum imports that could cost as much as $20 to $30 billi on p

24、er year.Moreover, we would still be depleting our remaining oil reserves at an unacceptable rate , and scrambling for petroleum substitutes , with eno rmous pote ntial damage to the en vir onment.（七定義法有時候為了避免混淆或誤解，我們必須對一個詞、一條術(shù)語或諺語、一個概念 通過下定義加以說明、解釋。通常有三種方法下定定義：給出同義詞、用一個帶有 定語從句的復合句或用一整段文章，而以第 三種方法最為常

25、用。1997 年 1 月份四級 考試的作文 Practice Makes Perfect 就是一篇極為典型的定義型文章。ExampleA “l(fā)iberated woman ” is simply a woman who controls her own life, rather tha n allowing it to be con trolled by other people, traditi ons , or expectati ons. A“l(fā)iberated woman” can be found pursuing any line of work , including house

26、work, or nowork at all. She may or may not be married; she may or may not have borne childre n. She may bel ongto any race; she may have atta ined any age. She n eed have only one trait in com mon with her“l(fā)iberated sisters ” :she makes her own choices, whether they be the colors on her walls or the

27、 advaneed degrees she seeks. She acts of her own voliti on, responsible to herself, and not out of fear of whather mother, lover , or neighbor might say.（八分類法所謂 分類”就是根據(jù)人物和事物的特征將他們/它們分別歸入各自不同的范 疇。在寫這一類段 落時，一定要抓住各個類別的典型特征，不要異類相串，混淆起 來。 ExampleAccording to Xiao Li,the fifteen students of his class fall

28、 into threegroups. Seve n of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks inexam in ati ons and are ofte n praised by the teachers. Li calls them。 The good stude ntsmon itor, the secretary of the Youth League bran ch, and the captai n of the class volleyball team, arequick in finding ou

29、t what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective.They always organize proper activities at the proper time , so Li calls them “ good orga nizerFour”otherstude nts are very ki nd to their classmates,always ready to lend them a help ing hand. They help to clea n th

30、eclassroom and thecorridor eve n whe n they are not on duty. Li says that they are從段到篇：四種體裁掌握了前面八種段落展開的天龍八部”在面對任何級別的英語考試的作文時相信大家都可以從容落筆，應(yīng)付如裕。不過，大家仍然要謀篇布局，從篇章的角度對自 己要寫的內(nèi)容作宏觀的整體上的把握,這就要求大家區(qū)分各種體裁，以采用不同的方法去應(yīng)對。英語文章的體裁可分為四類，即:1、記敘文（n arration 2、描述文 （description 3、說明文（exposition 4、議論文（argumentation和中文無異。限于

31、篇幅，在此就不一一舉例詳細論述，只說一下寫作要領(lǐng)。先說記敘文。 所謂 narration 就是敘述一件事或一連串事件，像四級曾經(jīng)考過的 A Morning Walk（晨間漫步即是一例。在寫這類作文時，要注意以下幾點：首先，在一 開始就要設(shè)定時間、地點、人物，一定要交代清楚；其次，在講述發(fā)生的事件本身時，要選取一些關(guān)鍵的細節(jié)，不要漫無邊際或不著邊際，而組織那些素材一般采用 時間 順序”亦即先發(fā)生的先寫，后發(fā)生的后寫，或用倒敘法，先講結(jié)局，再從頭描述經(jīng)過。另 外，要注意人稱、時代的一致性。再看描述型文章。 所謂 description 就是用文字對一個人、 一個地方、 一件物 體或一個場景進行描

32、繪。在描述自己的印象時，一定要盡量選取那些有助于表現(xiàn)人 物、場景的典型特征和突出特點，剔除那些枝 蔓的零碎的細節(jié)。只有這樣，才能使所 描述的內(nèi)容呼之欲出、躍然紙上，具有極大的表現(xiàn)力?！?Wgoatd fellowsabout yourself?some one asks him.Im a grou-akgood/oeitferver.再談?wù)務(wù)f明文。這是四級考試中出現(xiàn)最為頻繁的體裁,無論是 Aor B、A and B,還是 Why to do、Howto do,或是圖表型作文，都可歸入此類。如果說描述文主 要涉及外表和感4受,記敘文主要涉及事件和經(jīng)歷，那么說明文則主要是關(guān)于過程和關(guān)系。舉例來 說

33、吧，我們面前有一件物體，如果要對其外觀進行描寫，我們就要寫成描述型的作文，如果要解釋 它是如何制作的，又是如何使用的，那就必須寫成說明文；我們可以講述一個歷史事 件,到底發(fā)生了什么，何時何地發(fā)生，都有誰參 與其中,那就是敘述，而要討論該事件的 前因后果，它的本質(zhì)又是什么，以及在歷史長河中的深遠意義，那就必須寫成說明文。 前面所介紹的展開段落的方法，如分類法、定義法、比較和對比、舉例法等等，大多 數(shù)都可用于說明文的寫作。最后談?wù)勛h論文。說明文是一種以闡釋和解說為表達方式，用簡潔、平實、通俗的語言 對事物的、事理的、人物的特性、情況、背景等所作的解釋和介紹的文 體，而議論文則是以議論為主要表達方式

34、，以邏輯思維為主要思維方式，對現(xiàn)實生活中 的現(xiàn)象和原理說長道短、論是斥非、闡明自己的立場和觀點的一種文體，二者不可相混淆。說明是讓人明白，而議論則要令人信服。論點要旗幟鮮明，論據(jù)要充分有力 論證要符合邏輯。就四級考試而言，真正意義上的議論文并不多見，即便是已經(jīng)考過 的議論文，如幸運數(shù)字、英語口試的必要性等，也較易處理，因此不再贅述。需要強調(diào)的是，在四級考試中，往往是在同一篇文章中幾種體裁兼而有之，大家 不要拘泥于教條，如 2003 年 6 月的車禍見證書，記述、描寫、說明三種體裁都有所 照顧,目的是要檢測同學們對于不同類型 寫作的把握，全面地考察寫作教學的水平。三、銜接和過渡這是一個技術(shù)性的問

35、題。有了好的思想，寫出了沒有語法錯誤的句子，是否意味 著就是一篇好作文呢？恐怕未必。古人做文章講究 起承轉(zhuǎn)合”英語作文也同樣要 注意句與句、段與段之間的過渡和粘連，只有那樣才能使文章成為一個和諧的有機 統(tǒng)一的整體。提高文章的連貫性，常用的方法有使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)、重 復單詞或詞組、用代詞代替前文中的句子、保持名詞/代詞的數(shù)的一致和動詞的時態(tài)的一致等等。America ns are queer people:they cant play. America ns rush to work as soon as they grow up.They want their work as soon as th

36、ey wake. It is a stimulant-the only one they are not afraid of. Theyused to ope n their offices at ten oclock; the n at nine; the n at eight; then at seve n. Now they n evershut them. Every bus in ess in America is tur ning into an ope n-all-day-a nd-ni ght bus in ess. They eatall ni ght, dance all

37、ni ght, make no ise all ni ght. They cant play. They try to, but cant. They tur n footballinto a fight, baseball into a lawsuit, and yacht ing into mach in ery. They cant play. The little childre ncant play; they use mecha ni cal toys in stead-toy cran es, hoisti ng toy loads , toy mach inery spread

38、i nga toy in dustrial depressi on of infan tile dull ness. The grow nup people cant play; they use a mecha nical gymn asium and a clockwork horse. They cant laugh; they hire a comedia n and watch him laugh.另一種做法是使用表示各種關(guān)系的承接詞，下面列出一些常用的連接詞和短語 供大家參考，希望大家在平時的練習中有效地運用。（一空間段落展開above before me before on th

39、e left5across from below in the dista nce on the right adjace nt to bey ond n earby opposite to also furthern ext to on top of up dow n close to ben eath un der around n ear to over（二時間段落展開first , sec ond , etc. soon eve ntually in the mean time the n un til at the same time n ext thereafterafter a

40、while now after prese ntly later afterward somewhat later fin ally at last（三分析段落展開first , sec ond , etc. now for this purpose but as a result furthermore fin ally at last moreover alsocon seque ntly likewise ano ther for example n ext yet for in sta nee on the contrary once in addition insummary suc

41、h in this case on the other hand then otherwise in eon clusi on thus to sum up therefore（四比較段落展開ano ther furthermore moreover equally importa nt too, also at the same time besides the n accordin gly in fact in additi on to like, likewise similarly just as, so in much the same way（五對比段落展開on the con t

42、rary differe nt from / in con trast on the other hand in spite of / despite yet, but whereasun like n evertheless not only, but also here, there years ago, today this, that6the former, the latter then, now the first, whereas the second some, others on the one hand, on theother on ce, now四、樣卷定稿An Eye

43、-Wit ness Acco unt of a Traffic Accide ntI saw the Traffic Accide nt in Tianjin Road. The Traffic Accide nt has bee n at the morning, May 1.Two children by bike went to school. A car is so fast, the streel. And the car touched two childre n by bike,and the Traffic Accide nt has happe ned. One is tou

44、ched so far wayand the other is put down. Marypeople come here, and they sent to two chidten who go to Hospiton. Wait a time, The ploiemen arriverdin the Accident place.My opi ontoin: The car driver is so fast by car, and He did nt atte ndati on to the childre n by bikeaside the road. Two childre n

45、by bike did nt heared the car come. All of above, I think the car driver mustbe serier the Traffic Accide nt.It was last Friday morning. The accide nt happe ned whe n I was on my way to school. It was soterrible that I would n ever forget it.I was walk ing along the road, and there are not so many c

46、ars on the road. Then, with a big sound,the accide nt happe ned. The red car stoped sudde nly on the road so that the driver of follow ing carcould nt resp ond immeditely. The back of the red car was badly damaged, but fortun ately there was nopeople injured in this accide nt. I thi nk the main reas

47、 ons are as follows:First of all, the red car should ntstop sudde nly without any sig nals. Secondly, the following car should keep a certain distance from thefront car so that the driver could have eno ugh time to take measurs whe n any badly situati on. Fin ally,these two drivers were careless. If

48、 they had paid more attention to driving, this accdent would nt havehappe ned.The traffic accide nt was take n place at the jun cti on of two highways whe n I was driv ing my carhome at about 4 oclock,The yellow car invo Ived in the accide nt was running at a high speed along the righthand when itha

49、ppened. Hardly it reached the junction when it cracked with a truck running from ano ther directi on.There was no time for the drivers to cha nge the direct ions.I think the accident mostly attributed to such reasons:Firstly and the foremost, it was thecarelessness of both of the drivers that mostly

50、 made the accidents happen. It was not too careful forthem when running a car. Secondly , the weather also should be resp on sible for it. The fog made thevisi on of drivers vague. Last but not the least , the con structure of the roads was un reas on able. Thetrafic lights are n eeded at any juncti

51、ons.We always working till late at night before taking exams.誤We are always worki ng /We always work till late at ni ght before tak ing exams 正We should read books may be useful to us 誤 We should read books which may be useful to us.正2、句子成分多余This test is end, but there is ano ther test is wait ing f

52、or you.誤 One test en ds, but ano ther is waiting for you.（正The driver of the red car was died on the spot.（誤）The driver of the red car died on the spot.（正）3、主謂不一致 Some on e/Somebody thi nk that read ing should be selective.（誤） Some think thatreading should be selective.（正） My sister go to the cin ema at least once a week.（誤）sister