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1、Chapter 4Electric Machinery Section 1 Principle of Operation of an Inductive machineNew Wordsinduction machine感應(yīng)電機magnet n. 磁鐵,磁石,磁體horseshoe magnet 馬蹄形磁鐵 eddyn. 渦流,渦旋permanent magnet永久磁鐵perpendiculara. (與)垂直的 直立的;n. 垂直,正交,豎直magnetic field磁場 New Wordsrotating magnetic field旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場slipn. 滑差(率),轉(zhuǎn)差(率)wind
2、ing n. 繞組stator n. 定子,靜子,靜片rotor n. 轉(zhuǎn)子exciting voltage勵磁電壓New Wordsshort-circuitinga. 使短路的core n. 鐵芯 心,核心coil n. 線圈,繞組random-wound 散繞form-wound模繞insulation n. 絕緣Notes 1. Flemings right hand rule. 費萊明右手定則2. Whereas the copper disk will rotate in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field,it wi
3、ll never reach the same speed as the rotating magnet,because if it did,there would be no relative motion between the two and therefore no current induced in the copper disk. 注意本句中的兩個時態(tài):“will rotate”表示動作未發(fā)生,但存在; “because if it did,there would be no”使用的是虛擬語態(tài),表示假設(shè)是不成立的。Notes 3. In practical machine,thi
4、s rotating magnetic field is achieved by a combination of a space displacement of the windings and a time-phase displacement of the exiciting voltage. “by”后面是對被動句中動作實行者的描述。 combination在翻譯時省略了。譯為:實際電機中,旋轉(zhuǎn)磁場是由空間交替的繞組和時間相位上交替的勵磁電壓來實現(xiàn)的。Exercises 課內(nèi)完成section 1中的Exercises I, II 課后作業(yè): section 1中的Exercises
5、III 。 Addition or Omission of Words 所謂的用詞的增加和省略,是指在翻譯過程中,必要時可添加一些原文中沒有的詞,或者省略一些原文中已有的詞,使得譯文在語法、語言形式上符合譯文習(xí)慣,詞語聯(lián)想方面與原文一致起來。用詞增省可參照以下原則:(1)使每句話的意思清楚明白;(2)使每句話和上下文連貫;(3)符合漢語科技文章的文體風(fēng)格。 概括起來講,用詞的增省有三個方面的需要,即屬于語法上的需要;屬于漢語習(xí)慣行文表達(dá)的需要;屬于技術(shù)上的需要。 1. 增加表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞增加表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞 在翻譯過程中,可通過增加“一些”、“有些”、“各種”、“許多”和“幾種”等詞語把英語中表示名
6、詞復(fù)數(shù)的概念譯出。(1) There is enough coal to meet the worlds needs for centuries to come. 有足夠的煤來滿足全世界未來幾個世紀(jì)幾個世紀(jì)的需要。(2) In spite of the difficulties, our task was got over well. 雖然有各種困難各種困難,但我們的任務(wù)已順利完成。 Addition or Omission of Words1. 增加表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞增加表示復(fù)數(shù)的詞(3) However, in spite of all this similarity between a vol
7、tmeter and an ammeter there are also important differences. 可是盡管電壓表與電流表之間有這些類似之處,但還有若干重要的差若干重要的差。Addition or Omission of Words2、增加數(shù)詞和量詞、增加數(shù)詞和量詞 當(dāng)具有有幾個成分并列時,可根據(jù)并列成分?jǐn)?shù)量的多少,增譯數(shù)、量詞表示概括。在其他情況下,根據(jù)句子表示的意義,可按漢語習(xí)慣增添數(shù)、量詞。(1) The factors, voltage, current and resistance, are related to each other. 電壓、電流和電阻這三個這三
8、個因素是相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。(2) Based upon the relationship between magnetism and electricity are motors and generators. 電動機與發(fā)電機就是以磁和電這二者這二者之間的關(guān)系為基礎(chǔ)。 Addition or Omission of Words(3) The revolution of the earth around the sun causes the changes of the seasons. 地球繞太陽旋轉(zhuǎn),引起四季四季的交替。(4) The starting and termination dates
9、of the training shall be agreed upon between the parties in accordance with the stipulations of the Contract. 培訓(xùn)工作的起止日期應(yīng)由雙方雙方根據(jù)合同的規(guī)定商定。 Addition or Omission of WordsAddition or Omission of Words a computor 一一臺臺電腦電腦 two windows 兩兩扇扇窗戶窗戶 five books 五五本本書書 ten oil wells 十十口口油井油井 Addition or Omission of
10、 Words 3. 增加表示動詞時態(tài)的詞增加表示動詞時態(tài)的詞 漢語中動詞沒有時態(tài)變化,需要在譯文中增加時間副詞或助詞來表示英語里的不同時態(tài)。通常在翻譯現(xiàn)在時,可增添“能”、“可”、“會”等字;譯將來時可增添“將”、“要”、“會”等字;譯過去時可增添“已”、“曾”、“過”、“了”、“以前”、“當(dāng)時”、“過去”等詞;譯完成式可增添“已(經(jīng))”、“曾(經(jīng))”、“了”、“過”、“一直”等詞;譯進(jìn)行時可增添“正(在)”、“在”等詞。(1) Scientists are working to develop new ways to make the semiconductor material used
11、in computers and other modern electronic devices. 科學(xué)家們正在正在研究新的方法制造用于計算機和其他現(xiàn)代電子儀器中的半導(dǎo)體材料。 (2) The gas discharge tube converts electric energy to light energy. 氣體放電管會將會將電能轉(zhuǎn)換成光能。(3) Recent research has shown a connection between smoking and cancer. 最近的研究已經(jīng)已經(jīng)證明了抽煙與癌癥間的關(guān)系。(4) In developing Eq.(2) the ass
12、umption was made that the excitation system of the generator is inherently stable. 在推導(dǎo)方程(2)時,本文曾曾假定發(fā)電機勵磁系統(tǒng)本身是穩(wěn)定的。 Addition or Omission of WordsI had known two great social systems. Addition or Omission of WordsHumans have been dreaming of copies of themselves for thousands of years.The high-altitude
13、 plane was and still is a remarkable bird.(bird:俚飛機;導(dǎo)彈;火箭;航天飛機)以前以前我經(jīng)歷過兩大社會制度。這架高空飛機過去過去是現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在仍然是一種了不起的飛機。千百年來,人類一直一直夢想制造出自己的復(fù)制品。4. 增加表達(dá)語氣起連貫作用的詞增加表達(dá)語氣起連貫作用的詞 為了使譯文表達(dá)通順,使詞與詞、句與句之間前后連貫,可增加一些起連貫作用的詞。例如英語中的分詞短語或從句作定語或狀語,而含有明顯的條件、時間、原因、讓步等意義時,可分別增加連詞“由于”,“如果”,“假使”,“只要”,“一旦”,“當(dāng)時”,“時”,“雖然”,“但”等;對于陳述句可增添“的”
14、,“了”,“哩”,“啦”等字。(1) Using a transformer, power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage. 如果如果使用變壓器,低電壓的電力就能轉(zhuǎn)換成高電壓的電力。 Addition or Omission of Words(2) Many persons learned to program with little understanding of computers or applications to which computers could or should be appli
15、ed. 許多人雖然雖然已經(jīng)學(xué)會了編程序,但對計算機以及計算機能夠或必備的種種用途所知甚少。(3) This question is really a circuit design rather than a layout problem. 這個問題是屬于電路設(shè)計方面的方面的,而不是布局方面的。(4) Do not leave dead batteries in the battery-box as this may cause malfunction. 注意注意不要將廢電池留在電池盒內(nèi),以免引起故障。 Addition or Omission of WordsDeprived of sleep
16、, an individual can only function for about three days.(v.工作;活動;運轉(zhuǎn))Addition or Omission of Words如果如果取消睡眠,一個人只能堅持大約3天。Addition or Omission of Words 5. 增加原文中省略的詞增加原文中省略的詞 原文中的某些成分已在前面出現(xiàn),在后面往往省略,如并列句或并列成分中有相同的部分時。復(fù)合句中主句和從句的主語相同或其他成分相同時,從句中的主語或其他成分也都能省略。為了使譯文能將原文意義表達(dá)清楚,需將這些省略部分補上。(1) High voltage is nec
17、essary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 遠(yuǎn)距離輸電需要高壓,安全用電需要需要低壓。(2) When you turn a switch, you can easily operate lighting, heating or power-driven electrical devices. 旋轉(zhuǎn)開關(guān),就能輕而易舉地控制照明裝置裝置、供熱裝裝置置或電動裝置。(3) The letter I represents the current in amperes, E the electromotive for
18、ce in volts, and R the resistance in ohms. 字母I代表電流的安培數(shù),E代表代表電動勢的伏特數(shù),R代表代表電阻的歐姆數(shù)。 Addition or Omission of WordsReading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. Studies serves for delight, for ornament, for ability. Addition or Omission of Words讀書使人充實,討論使人使人機智,寫作使人使人準(zhǔn)確。讀書使人使人怡情,
19、使人使人博采,使人使人長才。We wont retreat; we never have and never will. Water can be decomposed by energy, a current of electricity.Addition or Omission of Words我們不會后退,我們從來沒有后退后退過,將來也決不后退后退。水可由能量來分解,所謂能量能量也就是電流。6. 增加表示句子主語的詞增加表示句子主語的詞 當(dāng)被動句中的謂語是表示“知道”、“了解”、“看見”、“認(rèn)為”、“發(fā)現(xiàn)”、“考慮”等意思的動詞時,通??稍谄淝霸黾印叭藗儭?、“我們”、“有人”等詞語,譯成
20、漢語的主動句。(1) With the development of modern electrical engineering, power can be transmitted to wherever it is needed. 隨著現(xiàn)代化電氣工程的發(fā)展,人們?nèi)藗兛梢园央娏斔偷饺魏嗡枰牡胤健?Addition or Omission of Words(2) Weak magnetic fields are known to come from the human body. 我們我們知道,人體能產(chǎn)生微弱的磁場。(3) It is said that numerical control
21、 is the operation of machine tools by numbers. 人們?nèi)藗冋f,數(shù)控就是機床用數(shù)字加以操縱。 Addition or Omission of Words7. 增加表示被動意義的詞增加表示被動意義的詞 英語中的被動句,當(dāng)要強調(diào)動作或突出被動者時,譯文常須增加“由”、“為”、“受”、“讓”、“給”、“遭”、“加以”、“予以”、“為所”等詞。不定式作定語,如果是被動形式,都含有將來的意思,在譯文時需增加“將要”、“應(yīng)該”、“有待”、“設(shè)法”等詞語。例如:(1) The method to be used is 要要采用的方法是。(2) The lightho
22、use to be installed is eight meters high and 2.2 meters in diameter. 即將即將安裝的燈塔高8米,直徑2.2米。 Addition or Omission of Words 此外,翻譯被動句時有時需要增譯“有人”、“人們”這樣的主語以及“被”、“受”等詞。而翻譯復(fù)合句時,必要的關(guān)聯(lián)詞也需增譯。Addition or Omission of WordsAll bodies on the earth are known to possess weight. 大家大家都知道地球上的一切物質(zhì)都具有重量。8. 增加具體化、明確化的詞語增加
23、具體化、明確化的詞語 有些英語句子如果直譯成漢語,意思表達(dá)不夠具體和明確,需要增譯相關(guān)詞語。(1) Floppy disks have always been cheap to make and relatively easy to copy. 軟盤制作成本比較低成本比較低,而且也比較容易拷貝。(2) At the moment, developed areas in Europe, the United States and Asia have already started studying the possibility of an electronic currency. 目前,歐洲、
24、美國以及亞洲一些發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)已經(jīng)開始研究推行電力貨幣的可能性可能性。Addition or Omission of Words(3) Note again that considerable simplication in solving the above can be achieved if the data is made symmetrical. 還要注意,在解決上述問題上述問題時,如果使數(shù)據(jù)對稱,就能得到很大程度的簡化。Addition or Omission of WordsAddition or Omission of Words 在翻譯過程中,根據(jù)“省詞不省意”的原則,將原文中多余
25、的詞在譯文中省略,使譯文更加嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、精練、明確。注意它不是刪繁就簡,也不是略去自己不懂的內(nèi)容。用詞的省略一是由于兩種語言的語法不同而引起,二是可能由于技術(shù)上和修辭上的原因引起。 1. 冠詞的省略冠詞的省略 一般來說,英語的不定冠詞a和an、定冠詞the在句中用作泛指,在譯文中??墒÷浴τ诙ü谠~the只有在特指前文中所提的人、物或事件時,才是例外,這時一般譯成“這”、“那”、“該”等。而不定冠詞a和an在表示數(shù)量,強調(diào)類別時不可省略,要譯成“一個”、“一種”、“一類”等,表示單位時要譯成“一”、“每”等。 Addition or Omission of Words1. 冠詞的省略冠詞的省略(1)
26、 With the development of electrical engineering, power can be transmitted over long distance. 隨著電氣工程學(xué)的發(fā)展,電力能被輸送到非常遙遠(yuǎn)的地方去。(2) With an equation we can work with an unknown quantity. 利用方程,我們可以求解未知量。(3) The greater the resistance of a wire, the less electric current will pass through it under the same p
27、ressure. 在電壓相同的情況下,導(dǎo)線的電阻越大,流過的電流就越小。 Addition or Omission of Words A teacher should have patience in his work. 由于人體的免疫系統(tǒng)遭到破壞,病人幾乎沒有什么能力來抵抗其他任何疾病的侵襲。Because the bodys defense system is damaged, the patient has little ability to fight off many other diseases. (defense美=defence 防御,保護(hù))氣體體積增加的速度比液體快。The
28、volume of a gas increases more quickly than that of a liquid.當(dāng)老師應(yīng)當(dāng)有耐心。(增詞)Addition or Omission of Words2. 代詞的省略代詞的省略 英語中表示泛指的人稱代詞、用作定語的物主代詞、反身代詞以及用于比較句中的指示代詞,在翻譯時,可根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣省略。(1) When the signal we pick up has increased by 10 times as the gain may have been reduced by 8 times. 信號增大到10倍,增益降低到1/8 。(2
29、) There is not any established theory about how people store and retrieve information when they need it. 關(guān)于人們?nèi)绾蝺Υ嫘畔⒁约靶枰獣r如何檢索信息,目前還沒有已經(jīng)確定的理論。 Addition or Omission of Words2. 代詞的省略代詞的省略(3) Turn the knob until you get a clear picture on the screen. 請轉(zhuǎn)動旋鈕直到屏幕上圖像清晰為止。(4) Like silicon, gallium arsenide is
30、 a semiconductora material whose conductivity is between that of a conductor and an insulator. 像硅一樣,砷化鎵也是一種半導(dǎo)體材料,其導(dǎo)電率介于導(dǎo)體和絕緣體之間。Addition or Omission of Words2. 代詞的省略代詞的省略(5) If one halves a bar magnet, each of the two halves will be a complete magnet. 如果把一根磁鐵棒分成兩段,那么其中每一段都仍是完整的磁鐵。 Addition or Omissi
31、on of Words例4 One can never get real rest without a peaceful mind. (省略代詞“one”)(peace of mind:心情寧靜)而人稱代詞作賓語時,有時不管前面是否已提到都可以省略不譯。而人稱代詞作賓語時,有時不管前面是否已提到都可以省略不譯。例5 One is never too late to learn. (省略代詞“one”)心情不平靜是休息不好的。活到老,學(xué)到老。例6 The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed for him. (wart:疣,
32、肉贅;樹瘤;缺點,瑕疵)他越是要掩蓋他的爛瘡疤,就越是會暴露。Addition or Omission of Words 英語中的物主代詞往往也可以省略,反身代詞可根據(jù)實際情英語中的物主代詞往往也可以省略,反身代詞可根據(jù)實際情況省譯。況省譯。Why do we feel cooler when we fan ourselves? The desert animals can hide themselves from the heat during the daytime.He stood there with his hands in his pockets. 沙漠中的獸類能躲避白天的炎熱天氣
33、。他雙手插在口袋站在那。我們扇扇子時,為什么會感到?jīng)隹煨??Addition or Omission of Words 外面一團(tuán)漆黑,大雨傾盆。 代詞代詞it有幾種特殊的用法,在這幾種情況下都可以省略不譯:有幾種特殊的用法,在這幾種情況下都可以省略不譯:一是用作形式主語或賓語;二是作非人稱代詞使用,以及強調(diào)一是用作形式主語或賓語;二是作非人稱代詞使用,以及強調(diào)句中的句中的it。Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. (pitch dark:漆黑;cf. jet black:烏黑)Nobody knows for su
34、re, but most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from these sources. (it為形式主語) 誰也無法確定,但大多數(shù)專家都認(rèn)為,不用多久就很難靠這些資源提供充足的電力了。Addition and Omission of Words3.3.連詞的省略連詞的省略 英語中連詞用得比較多,也比較嚴(yán)格,凡兩個以上并列成分或并列句子都需要用連詞連接。漢語則沒有這種要求,時常可以省略。(1) Like charges repel each other while oppo
35、site charges attract. 同性電荷相斥,異性電荷相吸。(2) Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income. 廣告是很掙錢的生意,大部分電臺和電視臺都是靠廣告費收入而生存的。 Addition and Omission of Words3.3.連詞的省略連詞的省略(3) As the definition is quite clear, there is nothing more to be explained. 定義很清楚,因此不必再加以
36、解釋了。 Addition and Omission of Words4. 4. 介詞的省略介詞的省略 英語中介詞的使用較多,句中詞與詞之間的關(guān)系多用介詞表示,而漢語則不同,主要是通過語序與邏輯關(guān)系來表示。因此,在翻譯時可以省略介詞。(1) In the transmission of electric power a high voltage is necessary. 遠(yuǎn)距離輸電必須用高壓(2) The critical temperature is different for different kinds of steel. 不同種類的鋼,臨界溫度各不相同。Addition and O
37、mission of Words4. 4. 介詞的省略介詞的省略(3) In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest, or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line. 尚無外力作用,物體則保持其靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),或做勻速直線運動。 Addition and Omission of Words In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move with c
38、onstant speed in a straight line. The density of air varies directly as the pressure (does), with temperature being constant. The attraction of bodies varies (directly) as their mases and inversely as the square of their distance.如果沒有外力,物體則保持靜止?fàn)顟B(tài),或做勻速直線運動。溫度不變,空氣的密度與壓力成正比。物體的引力與它們的質(zhì)量成正比,與它們之間距離的平方成反
39、比。Addition and Omission of Words Smoking is prohibited in public places. The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. The first electronic computer was produced in our country in 1958. 公共
40、場所禁止吸煙。 石油供應(yīng)隨時可能被切斷;但不管怎樣,以目前的這種消費速度,只需30年左右所有的油井都會枯竭。1958年,我國生產(chǎn)了第一臺電子計算機。Addition or Omission of Words 5. 5. 動詞的省略動詞的省略 英語謂語必須用動詞,而漢語不僅可以用動詞作謂語,還可以用其他詞類作為謂語。因此,翻譯時往往可以省略原文中的謂語動詞。(1) The wire gets hot, for the current becomes too great. 電線發(fā)熱,因為電流太大。(2) This chapter provides a brief review of applica
41、ble theory for computer. 本章簡單回顧一下計算機的應(yīng)用理論。Addition or Omission of Words 5. 5. 動詞的省略動詞的省略(3) This diode produces about nine times more radiant power than that one. 這只二極管的輻射功率比那只大九倍左右。 Addition or Omission of Words6. 6. 引導(dǎo)詞的省略引導(dǎo)詞的省略 英語中的兩個引導(dǎo)詞“it”和“there”,翻譯時可以省略(1) The invention of radio has made it p
42、ossible for mankind to communication with each other over a long distance. 無線電的發(fā)明使人類有可能進(jìn)行遠(yuǎn)距離通訊。(2) There exist neither perfect insulators nor perfect conductors. 既沒有理想的絕緣體,也沒有理想的導(dǎo)體。Addition or Omission of Words6. 6. 引導(dǎo)詞的省略引導(dǎo)詞的省略(3) It is demonstrated that it takes a year for the earth to go around t
43、he sun. 已經(jīng)證實,地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)一周需要一年的時間。 Addition or Omission of Words7. 7. 同義詞或近義詞的省略同義詞或近義詞的省略 在英文專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)中,為了表達(dá)確切,常對同一事物、同一概念使用不同詞匯來描述。但在漢語中,這種不同詞匯的翻譯往往相同。因此在翻譯時可將這類同義詞省略。(1) Semiconductor devices have no filament or heaters, hence they require no heating power or warmed up time. 半導(dǎo)體器件沒有燈絲,因而不需加熱功率或加熱時間。Additio
44、n or Omission of Words7. 7. 同義詞或近義詞的省略同義詞或近義詞的省略(2) The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 利用發(fā)電機可以把機械能轉(zhuǎn)變成電能。(3) Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants. 技術(shù)就是在工業(yè)上應(yīng)
45、用科學(xué)方法和科學(xué)知識以滿足我們物質(zhì)上的需求。 Addition or Omission of Words引申譯法引申譯法 由于英語和漢語在詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異,所以在翻譯由于英語和漢語在詞匯和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異,所以在翻譯時絕不能根據(jù)字典死搬硬套,逐字湊義,否則會出現(xiàn)譯文生硬,時絕不能根據(jù)字典死搬硬套,逐字湊義,否則會出現(xiàn)譯文生硬,概念不清的結(jié)果。概念不清的結(jié)果。Integrated circuit is more of a science than of technology.集成電路與其說是技術(shù),不如說是科學(xué)。The produce yield is sensitive function
46、of process coutrol.產(chǎn)品成品率與工藝控制過程密切相關(guān)。Addition or Omission of Words引申譯法引申譯法 一般有兩種引申方法可供參考:一般有兩種引申方法可供參考:The coverage and visibility of a satellite is determined primarily by its orbit.衛(wèi)星的覆蓋范圍和視界主要取決于它的軌道。1、具體化:即把原文中比較抽象、比較概括的詞義,用比較具、具體化:即把原文中比較抽象、比較概括的詞義,用比較具體而名且的詞來表達(dá)。體而名且的詞來表達(dá)。Addition or Omission of
47、 Words引申譯法引申譯法 一般有兩種引申方法可供參考:一般有兩種引申方法可供參考:The major contributors in component technology have been in the semiconductor.在元件技術(shù)中起主要作用的是半導(dǎo)體元件。2、抽象化:即把文中含義比較具體的詞匯用比較籠統(tǒng)、概括的、抽象化:即把文中含義比較具體的詞匯用比較籠統(tǒng)、概括的詞來表達(dá)。詞來表達(dá)。Addition or Omission of WordsThe leakage current of a capacitor is an important measure of its
48、quality.電容器漏電流的大小,是衡量電容器質(zhì)量的一個重要指標(biāo)。In most wire lines, two conductors, a go and a return, are used for signal transmission.The power transistor are generally encased in mental for protection.在大多數(shù)有線線路中,用兩根導(dǎo)線,即一根去線和一根回線,用以傳遞信號。功率晶體管通常封裝在金屬外殼中加以保護(hù)。Addition or Omission of WordsAny substance is made of atoms, whether it is a solid, a liquid or a gas.任何物質(zhì),不論是固體,液體或氣體都是由原子組成的。Since copper possesses good conductivity, it is widely used in electrical engineering.It has been found that an atom consists of infinitesimal particles known as electrons, protons an
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