21世紀杯英語演講比賽即興演講遵循的原則

1、21世紀杯英語演講比賽即興演講遵循的原則即興演講題目   2008-08-17 14:32   閱讀4982   評論5   字號： 大大  中中  小小  host: last february, chun shu, a chinese writer in her early twenties, appeared on the cover of time magazine. she was referred to by the u.s. editor as ". one o

2、f a group of post-eighties writers in china." which also includes guo jingming, zhang yueran and han ham all these writers recount their personal feelings and express their individuality in their works, and they have a large group of readers and supporters. however, there is some concern that t

3、he cynical attitude towards life that they express might have a negative effect on young readers. do you also fear it will have such negative effects? thanks. thank you for your question.good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen.my topic of today's speech is "make our voice heard." tod

4、ay i would like to argue in two park. first, i would like to argue why people are afraid that literatures will set a negative effect on our lives. and second part i will share some of my thoughts with you.開宗明義。演講人首先明確的告知聽眾演講的主題，使用brief introduction sentence to get attention。在臨場的匆忙之中仍然想出來一個很好的題目make

5、our voice heard，并且將自己的論述分為兩部分，有條不紊，令人感嘆。why those people are afraid of these kind of literature? i'm afraid that they are afraid of that teenagers are liked to imitate others. and teenager is just a crucial point for us to shape our personality, our view of life, and our value of the world. they

6、're afraid of that we follow the bad example and lead a bad life in the future. and that's why my parents, my family, and even the government would like to propose where thought those kind of literature as cynical ones.本段討論人們對此類文學作品表示憂慮的原因：擔心青少年模仿。思路很清晰。也正是在正文中cover the main points。但大概由于臨場的因

7、素，出現(xiàn)了一些浯法方面的錯誤，如：i'm afraid of that，they are afraid of that，雖然不影響理解，仍然是個遺憾。演講人將麥田守望者與郭敬明的作品相比較，為下文打下鋪墊。用文學名著作為論證的材料，很有說服力。     but i would like to share some of my thoughts with you. before i read the book of mr. guo jingming's novel, i read another fiction called the cat

8、cher the rye. in that book, i also read sex, violence, murder, and rebellion. but that book was regarded as one of the masterpiece in american history and awarded the pulitzer prize. i could not see any difference between mr. guo jingming's novel and the cateber in the rye, because they expresse

9、d the attitude as our teenagers and adolescents we feel about the world.     now let me give you my three reasons, why we can read this kind of a book and f am not afraid of tile fears of the side effect. first, those literatures are not all bad. they have some positive points. t

10、hey advocate friendship, love, loyalty, and so on. one of my roommates even cried after reading those books, he said that it is the first., it was the first time in his life that he felt that a friendship was that precious, because the stories depicted in his novel, reflect him of the old times he s

11、pent in his high school. and he bought four books of mr. guo jingming's never flowers in never dream (meng li hua luo zhi duo shao) and sent them to his friends. and his friends wrote a long letter to him. i think this is what we lack today, the communication between friends. but the literature

12、seems to bridge the gap.本段從三個方面指出此類作品不會產生負面影響的原因。首先指出第一個作品本身亦有其可取之處。并以其宦友的親身經歷為例作出了令人信服的論證。這樣就使演講personalized，so that audience can relate more easily to personal topicsthey probably have similar experiences     and the second reason is that we are not living in a world where ever

13、ything is depicted as good. we are living in a world of good and evil, evil and holy. so, to that extent, if i am confined in a world where everything is depicted as good, i will feel quite perplexed when i am facing the real world. does the real world really resemble what i read in the novel? we ne

14、ed something positive, also we need something cynical.      and the third reason is that our generation, i believe, have the sense of self-discipline. we can make our own decision. for our parents, for our families and for the government, they should resume, assume the respo

15、nsibility to remind us that what is good, what is bad, what is cynical make our voice be heard. this is my answer and i am not afraid of tile side effects of those literature.   thank you very much.      本段談論演講人的第二個觀點：世界亦非完美無暇，文學就應該反應真實的世界。  最后一點原因：當代年輕人可以自律。至此就分別從

16、文學作品、社會、個人三個方面透徹地闡釋了演講人的觀點。也正是通過從不同角度的分析，使聽眾接受演講人的觀點。這一段中也出現(xiàn)了較為明顯的問題。 host: and, the topic for your speech will be. in spite of the fact that there is cutthroat competition within the film industry in china, there continues to be a steep increase in the number of applicants for places at chines

17、e art institutes. according to a beiiing-based newspaper, more than ten thousand applicants waited in line on a single day to register to apply for the beijing film academy. how do you perceive this struggle for stardom? thank you for the difficult question.     well, to be

18、honest with you, i'm not really familiar with the struggle for stardom thing in china. but in the city where i come from, there is this also as cutthroat as the one in beijing here competition going on, and perhaps i can share with you the experience we have there.     let me

19、 tell you something. in the city where i come from, there is this famous singing competition going on every week. and what they do is that pick the best one, and the best one goes to the next week and it goes on and on until one day that person is eliminated.      開場白中diffic

20、ult的使用充分顯示了演講人的機智。因為這與普通的接題方式thank you for the question不同。演講者是香港人，雖然她對主持人所問的內地的情況不甚了解，是一大劣勢，但她卻巧妙的地使用but轉而談到香港的情況；also的使用使演講的主題不變。同時聽眾理解到演講者要從另外一個角度解釋同一個問題。這種角度的變換使演講者的劣勢變成了優(yōu)勢。聽眾既為其率真而打動，又為其智慧而折服。and there's this little five year old boy, and he has won five consecutive championships, and then,

21、of course, there were interviews and the news coverage, and everything. and when the general public read the newspaper. they frown at it. they said, "what a silly idea, to think about becoming a star." and when andy lau - i'm sure all of you blow him, tile famous singer and actor - whe

22、n he read the newspaper, he said, "wow, that's great! but ask the boy to work hard. it's not easy."     這里演講人以演唱比賽為切人點，以小男孩的參舞，點出了香港人對當明星十分熱衷。以此呼應主持人提問。并且演講人support points with  specifics以典型的例子支持論點。明星劉德華在內 地有很高的知名度，他的勤奮也是眾所周知，以他的話為例，讓人十分信服。本段對general public

23、和andy lau不同態(tài)度的對 比，可以引起聽眾的思考。對比之中必有抑揚，也讓聽眾對下段演講人過渡到自己的觀點有了思  想上的準備ladies and gentlemen, i think if we use the word "struggle", isn't it a bit too negative? i think better word for it is "strive." being a star is also   profession. it is also a job that you need

24、to work hard at. success does not come easy. well, if we take a look at famous actors and actresses such as lackie chart, chow yun fat, andy lau, tony lun, they are all in their mid-forties, and even fifties. yet, what do they have in common? when they first became., when they first started their ca

25、reers as a star, or as an actor, they were described as "cinema poison," meaning nobody would see their films. but did they give up? no, they didn't, they didn't give up. they have been working hard all the way. and now they are famous. all over the world. all over asia. and are th

26、ey proud of themselves? well, i suppose so. but still they work very hard. look at andy lau. he's still striving for the best all the time. every year are awards.    本段中演講人明確地提出了自己的觀點。并且在臨場仍然明確地區(qū)分struggle和strive，顯示出演講人深厚的語言功底。演講人接著由例子過渡到談話主題：當明星是一種職業(yè)，巧妙地把struggle的主題過渡到strive，進而談到b

27、eing a star is also a profession把不熟悉的主題struggle過渡到談明星的成功這個比較熟悉的話題。這種演講技巧十分重要，因為在短暫的幾十秒鐘內談論一個十分陌生的話題，實在有難度，但是這位演講者的巧妙過渡，既沒有跑題，又談了熟悉的話題，因此這種技巧值得學習。同時，本段列舉眾多內地觀眾十分熟悉地明星成名經歷作為brief examples，做論據，支持自己的觀點，使論據可靠而有力。這兩句話al lover the worldall over asia若能調換順序，就更加順暢。        &#

28、160; ladies and gentlemen, i think there's nothing wrong if you want to be a star. it's a profession. it's a job that everybody can work for it if you  really want it. but there are qualities that you  need to possess if you want to be a star. of course  you have to be har

29、d-working, like andy lau, like chow yun fat. they're all very hard-working.        and there is also something very, important. it is you have to have a genuine interest in this film industry. this genuine interest is very important. because a lot of people are

30、 interested in the money, instead of the job. they just look at the statistics, like just now i was waiting in my room and i was reading this news article, there's a chart telling the people how many.well, how much those stars in china are making, l/veil, if you are only attracted by those stati

31、stics, by the figures, the money, well, then, i do not think you can be a star. there are people who have a genuine interest in becoming a singer, like there are people who have been taking acting classes, who have been acting in secondary schools, in college like that. they have a genuine interest.

32、 yet, then go for it.      本段討論了成為明星的第三個素質：感興趣genuine interest，并且列舉了生活中的一些實例people only interested in money rather than film industry)來論證自己的觀點。這樣在立論的同時也駁斥了為金錢而當明星的錯誤觀點。有立有廢，論證嚴謹            ladies and gentlemen, well, i think

33、the competition is also good. when there's a competition, we can ensure the quality. when there's no competition, well, we have to have whatever is given to us. when there's competition, we can pick what we want. isn't that something good?     ladies and gentlemen

34、, it is what i think for that struggle for stardom.     thank you very much.          結論部分是onesentence review of the points she presented in her talk由“為當明星而打拼”引申到一般意義上的競爭，既緊扣主題，又加以升華。以一個反問句isn't it something good?結尾，進一步強化了演講人的觀點。這樣

35、的結尾達到了short and to the point的效果。通過ladies and gentlemen提示聽眾演講接近尾聲，重提主持人的問題，以告知聽眾她一直圍繞這個主題展開演講，給聽眾一個完整的結尾。本篇是獲得第10屆“21世紀·外教社杯”全國英語演講比賽季軍的香港選手張阿旭的即興演講。演講充分顯示了演講人的機敏、臨場應變能力和扎實的語言功底。通篇邏輯十分的清晰，而且演講人娓娓道來，絲毫沒有演講的做作，卻又極富感染力。在即興演講這一部分，本篇演講人明顯高人一籌。據演講者本人介紹，這與她所在的學校要求學生做很多即興的presentationn   即興演講（

36、impromptu speech），顧名思義，就是指臨場的、毫無準備的演講。在前面所提到的兩大比賽中，即興演講所占時間為13分鐘，分值所占比重為30%40%，在比賽中的地位十分重要。如果參賽選手想要取得優(yōu)秀的成績，那么就一定要在該部分取得高分。即興演講對于使用母語演講的人來說都非常困難，更何況是使用非母語演講的選手？這部分非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性，主要考察選手多方面能力：思維能力、邏輯能力和語言能力。思維能力是指選手在毫無準備的情況下對某一問題的分析能力，對問題理解的深度和寬度等；邏輯能力主要指選手是否有全局觀，是否能合理搭筑整個演講的框架，所闡述觀點的層次性是否清晰；而語言能力則是指選手即席用英語進行

37、交流溝通的能力，可檢驗選手的英語語言熟練度和準確度如何。那么如何應對即興演講呢？在定題演講部分，我們討論了衡量一篇演講好壞的普遍原則。這些原則對所有類型的演講都適用，即興演講也不例外。在做即興演講時，也要從以下四個方面著手：內容、結構、語言以及臺上演講風格等。 內容   在討論即興演講的內容之前，先了解幾個在近幾年大賽即興演講中出現(xiàn)的題目。    is marking western holidays a sign of a modern china or of traditions sacrificed to commercial

38、interests     do you think university education should be more open-minded?     are we becoming too susceptible to advertising?     which qualities do you look for in a boyfriend?     if you were one representative of pe

39、oples congress, what advice would you give the government?     題目還有很多，這里就不一一列舉了。通過這幾個題目，大致可以看出即興演講的題目涉及方方面面，從經濟、政治、教育、文化、人生到國際問題，包羅萬象。這也是即興演講具有極強挑戰(zhàn)性的原因之一。 題目的范圍之大之廣對參賽選手提出了很高的要求。要求演講者平時養(yǎng)成讀書看報的習慣，關注周圍發(fā)生的焦點問題和國際時事，積累各個領域的素材，以便談論起某一個話題時言之有物，有的放矢；要求演講者平時養(yǎng)成思考的習慣，多聽不同的聲音，從不同角度看問題，看問題有想

40、法、有深度。這些都是賽前的準備工作，應多積累、豐富自己的知識內容，強化自己的觀點。那么在比賽當中，又該怎樣具體應對呢？     正如前面所講的，好的內容包括好的主題以及有說服力的材料做支持。在即興演講中，更要注意這兩點。     1強有力的材料做支持     正如前面討論過的那樣，論據的類型最基本可分為三種：實例、統(tǒng)計數(shù)字以及引用別人的言語。對于即興演講來說，現(xiàn)場能夠找到恰當?shù)慕y(tǒng)計數(shù)字是非常困難的。因此在即興演講時，引用別人的言語和用實例來證明是最常見的兩種方式。那么應該選擇

41、哪種類型的例子來做論據呢？在比賽現(xiàn)場上進行即興演講時，最切實可行的、最容易做到的就是用自己或自己周圍發(fā)生的例子來說明你的觀點，信手拈來，不用絞盡腦汁，演講起來最自如，最自信；這樣做無形之中也強化了自己的可信度，比較容易打動聽眾。如在“21世紀(愛立信杯”2003年第8屆全國英語演講比賽中獲得第二名的南京大學學生王媛在即興演講中是這樣說的，     "if indeed i had a chance to choose for my life again, i think the time setting i would choose is in

42、 the late 1970s and the early 1980s. that was when the chinese government began to adopt the policy of reform and openness. and the place setting i would choose is in some places in the western part of china. why? let me share with you my reasons.     well, when i firstly saw thi

43、s, errr, heard this topic, i think it reminded me of an experience a few years ago. i still clearly remember that, uhh, at that time, some fellow students and i went to visit a primary school in a very poor village and we were working as tutors there. there, all the classrooms were in a very old bui

44、lding and many windows and doors were broken, so, when it was raining, all the children had to move to a corner in order not to get wet. inside the classroom, five to six children were sharing one desk normally shared by two and many of the desks and chairs were broken, too.    

45、and immediately after we began to teach them english, it became very clear to us that many of these students were very diligent and were very willing to work hard. but later on, as we talked among ourselves, we got to know that they, many of them, could not finish their schooling just because of pov

46、erty. i think that this experience enabled us to see that we belong to a few group of, a group of few people that are fortunately enough to receive a college education."     這段演講是她真情實感的流露，表達起來自如，而且自信，也容易和聽眾進行真正的交流。     在選擇使用論據時，尤其是在競賽當中，需要特別注意以下兩個原則。 

47、;    （1）演講的支持材料要切題。     所選擇的支持材料要為你的中心觀點或主題服務，不能偏離這一點，不能跑題。記得一個學生在參加比賽時，抽到的即興演講題目是，“中國成為世界貿易組織的成員對于我們國家有什么主要影響？”她在演講中講了一個很長的故事，一個年輕人在海邊拾貝殼，碰到了一個老人，以及和這個老人之間展開的對話。這個故事占了整個演講的三分之二，然后很牽強地把這個故事和她抽到的題目聯(lián)系在一起。盡管她的故事敘述得很流利，但在整個即興演講結束后，聽眾仍然不知她對這個問題的回答是什么？很顯然，演講者在賽前準備了幾個故事，準

48、備在即興演講時使用。的確，在賽前要做充分的準備，準備各個領域的數(shù)據、例子、權威專家的話等，做好充分的調研，以便在比賽中游刃有余。但切記你所選擇的支持材料一定要與主題相關，為主題服務，能夠幫助聽眾更加深入地了解你的觀點，決不能嘩眾取寵。不切題的即興演講絕不會得高分。     （2）演講的支持材料要貼近聽眾。     演講的支持材料最好是聽眾熟悉的，貼近聽眾，不僅有利于聽眾理解、接受和吸收你的信息，而且容易產生共鳴。筆者作為輔導教師參加過多次的全國英語演講比賽，在比賽中發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個很奇怪的現(xiàn)象。有很多學生舉例子或引用別人

49、的話時，往往愿意用國外的例子或國外名人說的話來支持他們的論點。學生也許有些許擔心，“如果用土生土長的例子，外國評委可能會不知道，不了解背景，會影響他們對整個演講的評判?！比欢谝淮伪荣愔?，一位來自美國的演講專家在做點評時說到，“不用擔心我們會不了解，或聽不懂。問題是作為一個外國人，我們在這里希望聽到有關你們國家的人、事、思想、文化，而不是我們國家的名人如林肯、克林頓，他們說了什么，干了什么。”他一語道破了問題的關鍵，演講者所說的要和你的聽眾拉近距離，講一些本地發(fā)生的事情，發(fā)生的事情對聽眾產生了什么樣的影響，用當?shù)氐奈幕?、理念來解釋你的觀點，這樣更容易在聽眾中產生共鳴。但并不是說就一定不能用國外

50、的例子或觀點。要全方位地選擇論據，選擇恰當?shù)牟牧蠟槟愕挠^點服務。     在“21世紀(澳門之星杯”2006年第11屆全國英語演講比賽中復旦大學的胡懿在即興演講（should laws be fixed or flexible?）中是這樣說的，     "well, actually, very accidentally this morning, when we were sort of "imprisoned" in that preparing room, actually we

51、 had a fierce debate over law. and now i would like to share some of my thoughts with you on whether we should adopt flexible laws or fixed laws.     well, first of all, i admit that there are some cases of injustice in our society. for example, last year there was a famous case

52、of wang bingyu, which aroused a great controversy in society. actually wang bingyu was a migrant worker, who failed for several times to get his payment from his boss. and obviously that boss treated him very badly. he didnt send him to hospital when he was ill, and he didnt treat him with very good

53、 food and also made him make, do extra work without any extra money. and out of a rage, wang killed several of the, several people in charge, out of a great rage. and that case aroused a great controversy in society. actually when i read the story, i did show some sympathy for that guy, because i th

54、ink it was the fault of the boss in the first place. it was him that didnt pay him the payment that he deserved. so i feel sympathetic for him."     她講述了一個在我國曾經轟動一時的案例，臺下的聽眾可能聽說過，也可能不知道這個故事，但這畢竟是發(fā)生在聽眾周圍的，貼近聽眾，這樣聽眾便會很容易理解演講者所要傳達的信息。     在一分鐘的即興演講中，你用具體的事例來

55、仔細闡述觀點的時間可能非常受限。在這一分鐘之內，你很可能只給出主要觀點的框架，那么要想真正打動聽眾恐怕要依賴于主題和觀點到底如何。     2好的主題與觀點      在前面談過選擇題目或角度時應遵循的一些具體原則，如：題目和角度一定是你有切身感觸的；應該具有創(chuàng)造性，是聽眾感興趣的；應該具體；應真實而有意義；所選擇的觀點或角度一定能經得起推敲和琢磨，是全面的。除了這些基本原則外，在比賽過程中處理即興演講時，還應該特別強調兩點：切題和嚴謹。     （1）切題 

56、60;   切題最重要。一般而言，選手拿到的題目都是以問題的形式出現(xiàn)的。你需要表明在這個問題上的立場和觀點，決不可以含糊其詞，態(tài)度閃爍不定，站在中間，既談好處又談弊端。如果堅持這樣，那么評委和聽眾就會認為你是在逃避，你的觀點不明確，態(tài)度不明朗，那也就很難勝出。這點在cctv杯演講比賽中尤其重要，因為即興演講是為以后的辯論做準備。例如在2005年cctv杯演講比賽中，一位學生抽到的題目是, “who should be the focus of investment in sports, the general population or potential olympic

57、champions?”當時他的回答是不偏不倚的，很顯然二者都應該被照顧到，給予資金的扶持。但問題是，在這種情況下，他必須要做出選擇，而不能徘徊于兩者之間。否則，評委和聽眾就會懷疑你的態(tài)度和出發(fā)點，演講效果自然也就大打折扣。     （2） 觀點的嚴謹性     觀點不能偏激，一定要嚴謹。這里的嚴謹有以下幾層意思。     * 觀點本身能夠站得住腳，有充足的材料可以說明論證。     * 表達觀點的語言本身要嚴謹，準確，盡量避免絕對化的字

58、眼，如 “never, every, all, nothing, nobody“等，這些絕對化判斷太容易遭到攻擊。     * 觀點需要限制和修飾。要用發(fā)展性的眼光來處理你的觀點。以上面那個題目來為例，如果既有大量資金扶持運動員又能讓普通群眾受益，那是最好的，但這是一種理想的畫面。現(xiàn)實往往和理想有一段距離，現(xiàn)階段沒有足夠的資金平衡二者的利益，答案又是什么呢？你可以有自己的看法和答案，但一定要有充足的論據支持。請注意：剛才我使用了現(xiàn)階段三個字。這就意味著是用發(fā)展的眼光來看到問題，不僅要看到事物的現(xiàn)階段，也要看到將來發(fā)展的方向也就是期望得到的理想狀態(tài)，即兩類

59、人群都會受益。     * 承認你的觀點有修正和完善的余地。你的觀點可能只是你目前認識的一個方面，或者是現(xiàn)階段你的一種想法，它仍然有完善的余地推薦即興演講題目1.      regarding grades,opinions are divided.some people think grades are important because they are true reflections of the ability and the academic achievement of the studen

60、ts and have to do with their future;others think that while grades are necessary,they do not mean everyhing and should not be overemphasized. what is your opinion about grades?2.  some people say keeping a diary in english is one of the effective ways to improve english writing.it can help cult

61、ivate the habit of thinking in english.what is your opinion?3.  why do you think some handicapped people have negative attitudes towards life and how we should help them change all this?4. regarding the role of the aged,some think that all the aged is offered is a sick rolerole of the infirm pe

62、rsom who is no longer useful to society,as ill health becomes more common with advancing age;while others think that the aged should be offerd a meaningful role and regarded as the wisest members of the community as the elders in a tradional society would be.what do you think?5.  soppose you ex

63、perienced an earthquake that occurred in a city and you were trapped in the ruins for two days with you r friend.you tried to comfort him because ,suffering from fear and hunger,he felt depressed. what would you tell him?6.  friendship is important to all of us,but sometimes we do not know what kind of friends we need.are they to be close or kept at arms length?do we want to share everything with each other or do we want to walk on the surface?7. with the increase of profes