英文版商業(yè)計劃書標準模板必備學習

1、美式論文、報告寫作技巧 編者按：美式教育的特點即是課程內容強調學生參與及創(chuàng)新運用，因此，報告便成了常見的考核學生學習成果的方式，比如實驗報告、學期報告、專題報告、研究報告及論文（含畢業(yè)論文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的機會更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占學期成績很大比例。如何完成報告、論文同時得到良好的成績，是本文提供給有志留學的有心人參考的目的。 美國大學生由於自小已養(yǎng)成自動尋找答案習慣，在啟發(fā)式的教育環(huán)境下，寫報告、論文對他們來說比較不陌生，雖然專業(yè)知識上美國學生不見得比外籍學生強，但是表達能力由於自小培養(yǎng)，加上英語能力的優(yōu)勢，常比外籍學生在報告、論文方面有較隹的

2、利基。反之中國學生比較缺乏報告寫作的訓練，因此如果在留學過程中無法適應美式教育會比較辛苦，其實論文、報告的寫作要領其實不難，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常論文由篇首(preliminaries)，本文(texts)以及參考資料(references)三部分構成；而這三大部分各自內容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(title) 序言(preface) 謝詞(acknowledge) 提要(summary) 目錄(tables and appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(introduction) 主體，含篇(part)、章(chapter)、節(jié)(section) 、以及注釋 (foot

3、notes) (三)參考資料： 參考書目(references or bibliography) 附錄資料(appendix)。 進行論文或報告寫作之前，先要確定想要表達的主題，主題確定后，將其具體表達，即為題目。題目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范圍 三.資料搜集的范圍 四.預期研究成果 通常在確定題目之後就開始找資料從事研究，建議在找資料之前最好去問教授有哪些參考資料來源可供參考引用。構思為確定寫作大綱或 proposal 的先前步驟， 大綱是論文、報告的骨干， proposal 是研究的架構、流程及范圍的說明書。如何構思大綱或proposal為論文、報告寫作前的必要準備工作

4、。好的論文或研究報告，要基于在完整、詳實的資料上，而參考資料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的來源就是圖書館了，一般參考資料來源可分成教科書或手冊、政府機構的報告、科技或商業(yè)方面的雜志，及會議性質的資料。此外現(xiàn)代的電腦資料庫也可幫助收集資料，在國外可利用學校的電腦連線資料庫尋找自己需要的資料。當一切準備就緒，即可開始著手寫報告，一般報告還分大報告如期末、專題等報告，及小報告如 seminar 式的報告。 就算是小報告，也至少應含 (一)title pages ：包含主題名稱、作者、日期 (二)summary： 即主要的結論 (三)introduction：包括理論背景及內容 (四)technical

5、 sections：是論文的主體，為最重要的部份應再細分為 幾個片斷。 (五)conclusions：即扼要的結論 (六)appendixes：復雜公式的導引及叁考資料和電腦程式的報表可附加在 此項 美式報告的撰寫通常要打字，兩行式，行間若有未拼完的字要以音節(jié)來連接。寫報告通常需要用到電腦，如有計算數字統(tǒng)計圖表的需求，也常會用到程式軟體如pascal、lotus，統(tǒng)計分析軟體如sas，也是不可或缺的，電腦繪圖在今日已成為工商界及學術界的重要工具，文書處理更是最基本的要求，因此word for window、powerpoint、excel便成了頗受歡迎的工具。此外在英文語法、文法上的潤飾與修改

6、，如能請老美幫忙會比較好。 論文、報告完成后有時會需要做解說(presentation)，用英文來講演對中國人來說算是一大挑戰(zhàn)，通常課堂講演時間為十五分鐘到三十分鐘，若是論文囗試則至少一小時。投影機及麥克風的使用對講演的效果有很大幫助，正式講演前多預習幾次，時間宜控制適中，上臺時忌諱低頭拿著報告照念，需留意聽眾的反應，切中主題，避免太多數字的導引。商業(yè)計劃書模板-英文版business plan templatebusiness planmy company123 main streetanytown, usa 10000123-4567your namedatetable of conten

7、tsexecutive summary1management2company history6product/service description8objectives10competitors11competitive advantages12innovation14pricing15specific markets16growth strategy17market size and share18targeting new markets19location20manufacturing plan21research & development22historical finan

8、cial data23proforma financial data24proforma balance sheet27cost control28effects of loan or investment29attachments30executive summarymy company was formed as a proprietorship, partnership, corporation in month, year in city, state, by john doe in response to the following market conditions:startup

9、, growth opportunities exist in product/service.the need for use of efficient distribution and financial methods in these overlooked markets.i/we have several customers who are willing to place large orders,contracts within the next three months.several other prospective customers/clients have expre

10、ssed serious interest in doing business within six months.i/we previously owned a company that was active in the widget markets. over the past few years i spent much time studying ways to improve overall performance and increase profits. this plan is a result of that study.the basic components of th

11、is plan are:<product>1. competitive pricing2. expand the markets3. increased advertising4. lower our unit costs,5. thereby achieving higher profits.<service>1. sign contracts2. increased advertising3. increase office staffto this end, i/we need investment from private individuals and/or

12、companies. a total of $xxx is being raised which will be used to finance working capital, plant and equipment. the company will be incorporated and common stock issued to investors. the company will be run as a proprietorship, partnership, corporation.financial goalsyear 1year 2year 3sales$1,000,000

13、$1,400,000$1,600,000net income$25,000$250,000$375,000earnings per share.01.12.14 managementnametitleexperiencesales growth from zero to $1,000,000 in five years.led market in market share - 30%.formulated advertising budgets & campaigns.pioneered new distribution channels.established national sa

14、les force.established national repair & service centers.brought new and innovative products to the market. designed point-of-purchase materials.educationuniversity of bostonboston, mab.a. - computer sciencesshort biographiespresidentjohn q. doe, chief executive officer, and director since februa

15、ry 1988 and president since january 1990. mr. doe was the founder and chief executive officer of the original operating company known as random excess, inc. he has had experience in the widget field with his own firm, john doe co., of oshkosh (wisconsin), from 1980 to 1987. this firm was sold to fat

16、cat widgets, inc. in 1987. mr. doe has held a sales position with u s west inc. since then. mr. doe graduated from the university of colorado in 1981 with a bachelors degree in philosophy. mr. doe is employed by the company on a full-time basis.chief financial officerrichard roe, cpa, chief financia

17、l officer, treasurer and director. mr. roe joined random excess, inc. in december 1988 as a corporate controller and was named chief financial officer in july 1989. mr. roe was appointed treasurer and a director in july 1990. he served as corporate controller of xyz lumber company from august 1981 t

18、o december 1988. mr. roe graduated from metropolitan state college in denver, colorado in 1976 with a bachelors degree in accounting. since 1979 he has been licensed as a certified public accountant in the state of colorado and is a member of the american institute of certified public accountants. m

19、r. roe is employed by the company on a full-time basis.vice presidentjoe dokes, secretary, executive vice president and director. mr. dokes supervises the companys sales and implementations to its largest corporate customers, including us west, great west life insurance, etc. mr. dokes has served as

20、 secretary and a director since february 1988, vice president of operations from february 1988 to december 1988, president of the company from december 1988 to january 1990 and vice president of contract sales since january 1990. he has been involved since 1986 with the private company originally fo

21、rmed as random excess, inc., where his duties included managing the purchasing and sales department. from november 1984 to may 1986 he managed the sales department at integrated management systems, inc. from june 1983 to october 1984 he was a buyer for adams county, colorado, school district 50. mr.

22、 dokes attended oklahoma state university in 1980 and 1981 and trinidad state college in trinidad, colorado in 1981 and 1982. he did not receive a degree from either university. mr. dokes is employed by the company on a full-time basis.vice presidentsally seaugh vice president of marketing. ms. seau

23、gh has been the companys vice president of marketing since november 1988. from september 1986 to october 1988 she was involved in business development and marketing for united bank of aurora (colorado). from february 1980 to august 1986 she was self-employed as an independent oil and gas landman. ms

24、. seaugh graduated from the university of denver in 1974 with a bachelors degree in education. she is employed by the company on a full-time basis.responsibilitiesjohn q. doe, chief executive officer - responsible for entire operation. oversees management function and all other executives.salary - $

25、60,000.richard roe, cpa, chief financial officer - responsible for financial operations, accounts payable, accounts receivable, interaction with auditors, investor relations. salary - $40,000joe dokes, executive vice president - responsible primarily for sales and sales support.salary - $35,000sally

26、 seaugh vice president of marketing. responsible for marketing, human resources and training. salary - $30,000.total executive compensation $165,000. this page is for an organization chart, if applicable.company historyin month, year i/we formed a product/service company that manufactured start-of-t

27、he-art complex widgetry. this company was located in city, state. i/we formed this company as a proprietorship, partnership, corporation. others involved in this business were: names.the main goal of this company was to explain.financing was arranged through home equity loans, savings, venture capit

28、al, friends and family, etc. explain terms, rates and ability to repay.this venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, but was not effective in achieving profitability. the main reason for this was the amount of actual overhead experienced. this overhead was not initially antici

29、pated by me at the beginning of that venture. items including credit checking, warranty program management, extensive travel, maintaining warehouse stock and the management and expense of a national sales force were expenses not originally forecast or expected. with this level of overhead, it was ma

30、thematically impossible to achieve profitability.or:this venture was very successful in generating and increasing sales, as well as effective in achieving profitability. this was due to the following reasons:reason 1reason 2reason 3or:my company was recently conceived and is still in the beginning s

31、tages. to this point the following has been accomplished:§ a team consisting of list names and primary responsibility. (i.e john doe - marketing) has been formed.§ a prospective customer/client list has been drawn up.§ strategy meetings are being held every monday, wednesday and frida

32、y evenings.§ this business plan has been drawn up.now link the past to the future - why a former company will lead into this one or how your present company and history will lead into any future plans. a short paragraph should suffice. we are now able to adequately address the markets we have t

33、argeted. we have adjusted our staff, redirected our advertising and sales force, and have added the products necessary to meet the needs and expectations of our customers.product/service descriptionmy company intends to offer product/service. this product/service offers our customers the best possib

34、le solution as it:<product>§ offers the lowest price on the market§ is the most technically advanced§ offers more useful features§ saves them time and money§ offers our users better value per dollar spent§ provides an alternative way to achieve a similar task.<

35、service>§ provides a service which is not presently available in this area.§ is strengthened by a team with combined experience of xx years.§ saves them time and money§ provides an alternative, cost effective way for them to realize a similar goal.we have a copyright, service

36、mark, trademark or exclusive agency, marketing rights for this product/service. this agency will last until xxx at which time it may be extended for xx years or terminated. this agency agreement is cancelable upon xx days written notice.<product>the product/service has a useful life of xx year

37、s. to distribute this product so that it remains usable for our customers, we must use the following methods of storage and transportation:1. overnight delivery2. cold storage3. incorporate preservatives4. shipment within two weeks to distributors.5. specially padded boxcars.even though the technolo

38、gy used to create this product is new, we expect that others will be able to substantially reproduce our patented results within xx years. to remain on the leading edge of this product, we will need to devote approximately xx% of revenues toward research and development. also due to the fast changin

39、g nature of this industry, we will need to retrofit these machines within xx years at customer expense. our manufacturing plan has considered this.<service>if general service to be offered is not obvious, such as carpet cleaning, sales rep, lawn care, consulting, etc. explain what service is.

40、then give a detailed description of your particular service and its uniqueness.short examples:1. our carpet cleaning machinery is state-of-the-art.2. our consulting practice will address these specialized areas: list3. we will only rep these specific product lines. listeven though at this time our e

41、xpertise is unique in the marketplace, we expect advances to be made and competitors to arise and offer similar services. we will meet this challenge by:1. hiring staff specialized in these new areas.2. increase our continuing education and training expense.3. adding complementary lines.4. make regu

42、lar investments in new equipment.objectiveslong termmy company believes very strongly in technical, financial, business and moral excellence. to secure a stable future for all those connected with my company we have set the following long term goals:present market is estimated at $xxx. our goal for

43、market share is xx%.we want to be considered by our peers to be the market leader in sales as evidenced by:trade industry awardshigh end of scale in financial ratiosmajor market sharetechnical excellence (awards, honors, etc.)community involvement (rotary, united way, etc.)short termmarket share goa

44、ls -1. first year xx%2. second year xx%3. third year xx%4. fourth year xx%decrease, maintain costs through acquisition of new plant and equipment. increase productivity by investing in employee training and education.1. budget for complete computer training for appropriate applications.2. set up, ma

45、intain employee benefit program for continuing college education.3. budget for necessary seminars and/or continuing job-specific education.4. maintain state-of-the-art accounting system for careful tracking. 5. monthly reports on financial status vis-a-vis the industry. 6. aggressive recruitment of

46、the best technical staff in the industry. 7. support company involvement in various local and national charity events.competitorsnameaddresscity, statestrengths:§ location - next door to supplier factory, on major artery, close to terminal, etc.§ pricing - low cost producer, known for aggr

47、essive pricing policy.§ delivery - ships overnight to anywhere in the world.§ management - everyone has an mba from harvard.weaknesses§ service - takes more than 3 months to receive spare parts.§ dedication - if its sunny, theyre on the golf course or ski slope.§ machinery -

48、 slowly approaching obsolescence unless replaced within six months.§ overhead - spend lavishly on corporate dining room, limousines and champagne.competitive advantages<product>the distinctive competitive advantages which my company brings to this market are:experience in this market. i/w

49、e have xxx years of hands-on experience in this industry.sophistication in finance and distribution. this results in my being the low cost supplier in these price sensitive markets.the philosophy of my company is to price not just according to our costs, but also according to what the market will pa

50、y.our targeted minimum gross profit margin for a category must be xx%.by pricing to the market, i/we will achieve higher sales and therefore increase my buying power. as the amounts of my purchases increase, my per unit costs of shipping decrease and i/we will achieve higher discount levels from my

51、suppliers. through these economies of scale, many items currently on the market can be sold with lower prices, yet a higher net profit.product pricing will include a range of quantity discounts as well as an early payment discount.rather than being strictly regional, i/we will expand into the nation

52、al market.to control foreign exchange risks, i/we will monitor the markets and hedge accordingly. i/we will also use overseas bank accounts.with those companies with which i/we have established a relationship or are known to be financially secure, i/we will work on a pre-pay basis. this allows me gr

53、eater discounts.a level and policy of capitalization that will allow me to fully address the respective markets with comprehensive marketing and customer service plans.by keeping my overhead low, i/we will be able to funnel my profits back into operations thus avoiding high debt ratios or lost sales

54、 opportunities.a quarterly direct mail campaign directed at both current customers and prospective new customers consisting of an informative newsletter.a toll-free national 800 number will be used for customer orders and inquiries.i/we will print complete four-color catalogs on a yearly basis. pric

55、e lists will be updated as needed. i/we intend to be aggressive in trade magazine advertising.consideration will also be given to attending trade shows around the country.with this level of capitalization, should an unexpected downturn occur, i/we will be able to continue operations on a positive sc

56、ale.innovation. i/we have a history of innovative ideas.list your most meaningful ideas and any new ideas you have for the future.<service>the distinctive competitive advantages which my company brings to this market are:experience in this market. i/we have xx years of hands on experience in this industry.sophistication in management and finance. we are able to run an efficient and lean structure, yet still provide quality service to our clients and customers.because of the nature of this industry, we will be able to rent office space