Transliteration—音譯

1、Transliteration 音譯Definition Generally，transliteration is the conversion of a text from one script to another. Most systems of transliteration map the letters of the source script to letters pronounced similarly in the goal script, for some specific pair of source and goal language. History of Chine

2、se Transliteration Transcription(抄本） appeared early in ancient Chinese texts when the Han people interacted with foreigners such as the Xiongnu（匈奴）.Besides proper names, a small number ofloanwords （外來語）in their transcribed forms found their way into Chinese during the Han Dynasty after Zhang Qians e

3、xploration of the Western Regions. The classics of Buddhism began to be translated into Chinese during the late Han Dynasty. Many Sanskrit（梵文） terms were then transcribed and became part of the Chinese language. Classifications Combined sound and meaning (意音結(jié)合譯) Complete transliteration (純音譯) Comple

4、te transliteration (純音譯) 1.words about unit of measurement (計(jì)量單位計(jì)量單位) hertz赫茲（頻率單位） bit比特（度量信息的單位，二進(jìn)制位） lux勒克司（照明單位） joule焦耳（功或能的單位） ampere 安培 Newton 牛頓 watt 瓦特 Complete transliteration (純音譯) 2. Names of some newly invented materials or products (especially at the very beginning ) celluloid賽璐珞（硝纖象牙）

5、 sonar聲納（聲波導(dǎo)航和測距設(shè)備） morphine嗎啡 vaseline凡士林 nylon尼龍（酰胺纖維）Aspirin阿司匹林阿司匹林Complete transliteration (純音譯) 3. Many loanwords (外來詞外來詞) Proper noun：Names of people, places, mountains and riversCurrency and so on George Bush 喬治.布什Albert Einstein 阿爾伯特.愛因斯坦Canada加拿大Australia 澳大利亞 The Alps 阿爾卑斯山The Mississippi

6、 密西西比河 France 法郎法郎 Pound 鎊鎊 (2) Combined sound and meaning (意音結(jié)合譯) some words are translated mainly according to their sounds, and added with words that express their category T-shirt 體恤衫 Cartoon 卡通片 mouse 鼠標(biāo) Prefix+ Unit of measurement (由前綴加入計(jì)量單位構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞，計(jì)量單位采用音譯) megavolt 百萬伏特 microampere 微安培 kilowat

7、t 千瓦 decibel分貝 Some compound words (某些復(fù)合詞意音結(jié)合譯) radar-man雷達(dá)手 valve-guide閥導(dǎo) Some terms containing peoples names ：peoples names(sound)+the rest of the words (meaning) (有些由人名構(gòu)成的術(shù)語，人名音譯，其余部分意譯) Ohm law歐姆定律 Curie point居里點(diǎn) Morse code莫爾斯電碼 Monel metal蒙乃爾合金 Generally speaking， some words which are translate

8、d according to the sound may be replaced for not conveying the meaning. e.g： combine康拜因聯(lián)合收割機(jī) laser萊塞激光 vitamin維他命維生素 penicillin盤尼西林青霉素 NOTICENOTICE Homophones(同音異形異義詞) abound（富于，充滿） in Mandarin Chinese, so most English words have multiple possible transcriptions. Since there are many characters to c

9、hoose from when transcribing a word, a translator can manipulate（操作，控制） the transcription to add additional meaning. 1927年，上海街頭悄然增加了一種飲料“蝌蝌啃蠟”。 名字還不是這種飲料最古怪的地方。它棕褐色的液體、甜中帶苦的味道，以及打開瓶蓋后充盈的氣泡，讓不少人感覺到既好奇又有趣。古怪的味道，加上古怪的名字，這種飲料的銷售情況自然很差。于是，在第二年，這家飲料公司公開登報(bào)，用350英鎊的獎(jiǎng)金懸賞征求譯名。最終，身在英國的一位上海教授蔣彝擊敗了所有對手，拿走了獎(jiǎng)金。而這家飲

10、料公司也獲得了迄今為止被廣告界公認(rèn)為翻譯得最好的品牌名可口可樂。 它不但保持了英文的音譯，還比英文更有寓意。更關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是，無論書面還是口頭，都易于傳誦。More examplesEnglish to Chinese Benz 奔馳奔馳Canon 佳能佳能Dove 多芬多芬麥兜麥兜 MCdull MCdonald + dullChinese to EnglishComplete transliteration (純音譯)names of provinces 北京 Beijing 陜西 Shaanxinames of tourism attractions九寨溝 Jiuzhaigou 一線天 Y

11、ixiantian銅壺滴漏 Tonghudilounames of people魯迅luxun 孟姜女 Mengjiangnv some words with chinese culture (1)有關(guān)歷史文化：xiucai秀才，yamen衙門，dazibao大字報(bào)，putonghua普通話，fenghuang鳳凰等；? (2)有關(guān)文體娛樂：pipa琵琶，erhu二胡，wushu武術(shù)，gongfu功夫，Tai Chi太極拳，yang ko秧歌，weiqi圍棋，mahjong麻將，qigong氣功，sampan舢板等； (3)有關(guān)衣食住行：cheongsam旗袍、長衫，jiaozi餃子，chow mein炒面，won ton餛飩，Wu Liang Ye五糧液，Moutai/Maotai茅臺(tái)酒，longan龍眼，kaoliang高粱，litchi(lichee)荔枝，ginseng人參等； (4)有關(guān)自然風(fēng)土人情：feng shui風(fēng)水，kang炕，kowtow叩頭，chop?suey炒雜碎，Cantonese廣東話/廣東人/(形)廣州的，Hainanese海南人，C