B2U4 課文翻譯及課后練習(xí)答案

1、Unit 1 Psychology in Our Daily LifeIn-Class Reading Is There a Doctor in the Body?人體內(nèi)有醫(yī)生嗎？1 當(dāng)你去看病時(shí)，你總希望離開時(shí)能帶走一張藥方。知道自己能得到一些藥會(huì)讓你感覺好一些。但是醫(yī)生清楚并不是所有情況都需要用藥。有時(shí)病人所需要的只是一個(gè)一切都會(huì)好的保證。在這種情況下，醫(yī)生可能就會(huì)開安慰劑。2 安慰劑可以是糖丸、無害的針劑，或者空的膠囊。盡管安慰劑中沒有任何藥物成分，但似乎也能使人康復(fù)。病人以為這就是藥，然后開始好轉(zhuǎn)。這究竟是怎么回事呢？3 安慰劑的研究讓人們對(duì)人體如何進(jìn)行自愈有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)。就好像我們每個(gè)

2、人體內(nèi)都有一個(gè)醫(yī)生一樣，這位“醫(yī)生”能治好我們的病，如果我們讓他治療的話。4 但是，我們?nèi)匀徊磺宄参縿┚烤故侨绾沃尾〉?。有些人說，它能起作用是因?yàn)槿四X會(huì)欺騙自己。這些人說如果能使大腦上當(dāng)，誤以為得到了藥物治療，那么大腦就會(huì)像真的得到了藥物一樣行事，于是身體就會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。5 另一些人持不同意見。他們認(rèn)為病人希望身體好轉(zhuǎn)，而安慰劑能促使這種愿望成真。如果病人知道是安慰劑的話，那就沒有效果了。這表明人體并沒有上當(dāng)受騙。情況似乎是這樣：如果病人以為他們得到了藥物治療，他們就會(huì)充滿希望。他們感到自己在接受治療，這使他們更加強(qiáng)烈地希望身體好轉(zhuǎn)，而正是這種希望幫助他們康復(fù)。6 安慰劑并不總是有效。這種療法是否

3、成功在很大程度上似乎取決于病人與醫(yī)生之間的關(guān)系。如果病人非常信任醫(yī)生，而醫(yī)生又真心想幫助病人的話，安慰劑就更有可能起作用。所以從某種意義上說，醫(yī)生是最有效的安慰劑。7 有一項(xiàng)研究可以作為例子來說明醫(yī)生在促使安慰劑發(fā)揮效用的過程中所起的作用。一些潰瘍出血的病人被分為兩組。第一組病人由一位醫(yī)生告訴他們用了一種新藥，并且相信這種藥能夠緩解他們的疼痛感。第二組病人由一位護(hù)士告訴他們用了一種新藥，但是藥效如何卻不太清楚。結(jié)果，第一組中70%的病人病情明顯好轉(zhuǎn)，而第二組中只有25%的病人情況有了好轉(zhuǎn)。實(shí)際上，給這兩組病人用的是同樣的安慰劑。8 人們已發(fā)現(xiàn)安慰劑能在很多不同的病例中發(fā)揮作用。它對(duì)于暈船、咳嗽

4、、感冒、甚至術(shù)后疼痛這樣的病癥都有幫助。曾經(jīng)有過一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)來檢驗(yàn)安慰劑是否能幫助老人健康長壽。9 這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)是在羅馬尼亞的150名60歲以上的老人中進(jìn)行的。他們被分成三組，每組50人。第一組的老人什么也沒給。第二組用了安慰劑。第三組用了真藥，并被告知這種藥對(duì)于因年老而出現(xiàn)的疾病有幫助（實(shí)際上它根本不是針對(duì)老年人的藥）。研究人員對(duì)三個(gè)組的老人的研究持續(xù)了很多年。結(jié)果顯示第一組的狀況與那個(gè)村莊里老年人一貫的狀況沒有什么區(qū)別；第二組老人（用了安慰劑的）身體要健康得多，死亡率也降低了；第三組老人（用了真藥的）與用安慰劑的那組老人結(jié)果大致相同。10 使用安慰劑也會(huì)導(dǎo)致不良后果。如果病人認(rèn)為吃藥會(huì)帶來不良反應(yīng)

5、，那么他們用了安慰劑之后也會(huì)有不良反應(yīng)。這似乎表明你對(duì)藥物產(chǎn)生何種反應(yīng)在很大程度上是取決于你的心理而不是你的身體。一些醫(yī)生仍然認(rèn)為如果安慰劑有可能導(dǎo)致不良后果，那就不該使用。他們覺得對(duì)于安慰劑的了解還不夠。11 盡管如此，在別的一些國家，對(duì)安慰劑的使用已為人熟知了上百年。在一些非洲國家，部落的醫(yī)生很早就知道如果病人認(rèn)為自己會(huì)好起來，他們就會(huì)好起來。他們采用的很多療法看似不可能治好病人，但居然行之有效。12 安慰劑的奇效似乎確實(shí)表明人的精神力量比我們所想象的要更為強(qiáng)大。有些人認(rèn)為你可以用精神來治愈自己的疾病。有趣的是甚至那些信誓旦旦認(rèn)為這是不可能的人也因?yàn)橛昧税参縿┒耆祻?fù)了。After-Cl

6、ass Reading如何消除排隊(duì)的怒火1 如果這個(gè)假期你在機(jī)場或車站排長隊(duì)，你是會(huì)試著去分析一下排隊(duì)到底有什么地方使你生氣呢還是只會(huì)對(duì)身邊的管理人員生氣？2 理查德·拉森教授是麻省理工學(xué)院的電氣工程師，他也討厭排隊(duì)。但是他并未因此而怒發(fā)沖冠，相反，他決定要研究這個(gè)課題。他的第一個(gè)研究結(jié)果表明，人們惱怒的程度與等待時(shí)間的長短并不直接相關(guān)，這也驗(yàn)證了美國國家科學(xué)基金會(huì)的早期研究。他以休斯頓機(jī)場的實(shí)驗(yàn)為例。在休斯頓機(jī)場，乘客們下飛機(jī)之后走到行李提取處得用1分鐘，然后再等7分鐘才能取到行李。對(duì)此旅客怨聲不斷，尤其是那些等候領(lǐng)取行李的旅客，他們眼睜睜地看著那些只帶著手提行李的旅客可以馬上走出

7、機(jī)場，而自己卻要等上7分鐘。3 機(jī)場管理機(jī)構(gòu)決定加長乘客下飛機(jī)后的步行距離，這樣，走到行李提取處需要6分鐘，而不再是快速行走1分鐘就能到達(dá)。當(dāng)他們最終來到行李提取處時(shí)只需要等待2分鐘。那些只帶著手提行李的乘客卻為此多耽誤了5分鐘，可是旅客們的抱怨幾乎下降為零。4 原因是什么？拉森指出，這一切都與他稱之為“社會(huì)公正”的現(xiàn)象有關(guān)。人們看到別人抄近路，就會(huì)覺得自己的等待難以忍受。因此，對(duì)于機(jī)場來說，讓每個(gè)人都耽誤一下的做法是可取的。5 拉森研究了另一個(gè)方面，他觀察到：如果不告知人們發(fā)生了什么，他們就會(huì)變得更加不滿。那些知道會(huì)耽擱半小時(shí)的乘客會(huì)比那些莫名其妙等候20分鐘的乘客情緒要好一些。6 但是即使

8、知道了我們得等多長時(shí)間也不能解決所有問題。我們還要相信有關(guān)方面正在采取一切措施來減少耽誤的時(shí)間。拉森以美國兩家相鄰的銀行為例。一家高度計(jì)算機(jī)化，為每個(gè)顧客服務(wù)的時(shí)間平均為30秒。另一家自動(dòng)化程度比較低，為顧客服務(wù)需要兩倍的時(shí)間。但是因?yàn)榈诙毅y行的出納員看起來非常忙碌，顧客們以為它的服務(wù)更快，于是許多人把賬戶轉(zhuǎn)到了這家效率低的銀行。最終，第一家銀行不得不引進(jìn)費(fèi)時(shí)但看起來卻更具活力的工作方法。課內(nèi)閱讀練習(xí)答案 Part One Preparation1. Psychology in Daily LifeSamplel Peer pressure greatly influences my per

9、sonal decisions. For example, if all my classmates keep silent when the English teacher raises a question, I wont raise my hand even when I know the answer. If all my friends have their hair dyed, I might dye my hair too. Otherwise I would think my hair style is not fashionable. I make such choices

10、because I want to fit in and be accepted and approved by my friends. I think their friendship and approval are important to me.l I think peer pressure can have both positive and negative effects on us, depending on the outcome and consequences. For example, when peers pressure each other to try thei

11、r best in studies and sports, the outcome will often be positive. However, if peers pressure each other to do things such as smoking, speeding or bullying, the results will be negative.l I think those who suffer from peer pressure should try to build up their own self-esteem and self-confidence. The

12、y should know that everybody can go their own way and if their behavior or decision is different from others, it wont be the end of the world. When they become confident enough, they will feel free to make decisions for themselves.2. Getting to Know Your ClassmatesSamplePossible reasons for the beli

13、efs and feelings: Those who love shopping may have a lot of money to spend and take delight in shopping.Sometimes they have a sense of accomplishment after shopping is done. In other cases, when people are in low spirits, they may do a lot of shopping. Some people do not eat beef because of their re

14、ligious beliefs. For example, Hindus do not eat beef. Others do not eat beef because of their family eating habits or because they are vegetarians. Still others do not eat beef because they think its too cruel to kill cowscows will be in tears before being killed. Bus service in some places is very

15、poor. Buses there are usually crowded and dirty. Thats why people dont like to ride on a bus, and when they are on a bus, they may get sick. The result will probably be that they dislike riding on a bus even more. Those who frequently talk to themselves are often timid and reserved. They can express

16、 their own feelings by doing so. Some people talk to themselves because they are not sure of themselves. They can practice talking to others in their imagination, i.e., by imagining that they are facing other people and talking with them. Some people are terrified of snakes because some snakes are p

17、oisonous. Bites from poisonous snakes can be fatal if there is no immediate treatment. Other people dislike them because they think all snakes are ugly and disgusting. People sometimes associate danger, threat or even ghosts with darkness. In darkness, people may feel lonely and helpless. And, at th

18、e same time, they may be afraid that something bad may happen at any moment. Some people think they are too fat when compared with those slim people around them. In most parts of the world, people are worried when they gain weight and try almost anything to keep slim. Everyone hopes to be good-looki

19、ng or beautiful and most try to follow the trend. Those who hold on to their money as long as possible are usually very thrifty. They are afraid that if they spend all the money they have, they will have nothing to rely on later. With as much money as they can save, theyll at least have a sense of s

20、ecurity. People who hate queuing are impatient. They think it is a waste of time to queue. So they try to avoid queuing. Some people jump the queue when possible, but its not a good practice.When you jump the queue youre stealing time from other people. If you hate queuing, try to avoid it. Some peo

21、ple may fear ghosts after they have heard or read ghost stories. Those who have dreamed of ghosts may believe in them too. People who have experienced very unusual things at night that they couldnt explain may believe that ghosts were involved in the incidents. Some people believe that everyone has

22、a particular fate. It is fate that determines their lives.They are anxious to find out what their future will be like. So they may go to a fortune-teller in order to learn about their future in advance. When they have serious problems they may also want to go to a fortune-teller hoping that the fort

23、une-teller will let them know what to do to solve the problems. Some people care a lot about their physical appearance. They want to be properly dressed in order to impress other people, and they may be unsure of themselves. So they may stand in front of a mirror for more than 10 minutes deciding if

24、 they look impressive.3. A Fun Test: Come Along on an Incredible Journey into the Desert!The desert represents a series of hardships. Each of the animals represents an aspect of your life, and the order in which you sacrifice the animals might be said to represent the importance of these things to y

25、ou.The animal that you sacrificed first is the least important, and the one that you kept may be the most important. The cow represents basic needs.The sheep represents friendship.The lion represents pride.The monkey represents creativity.The horse represents passion.Additional activityAnother Fun T

26、est for Your Reference:1 You are walking to your boyfriends / girlfriends house. There are two roads to get there. One is a straight path to take you there quickly, but is very plain and boring. The other is significantly long but is full of wonderful sights and interesting things. Which one do you

27、take, the short one or the long one?2 On the way you see two rose bushes. One is full of red roses, and the other white roses. You decide to pick 20 roses for your friend, of any color combination. What number of white and red do you pick? (You can pick all of one color or any combination of the two

28、.)3 You finally get to the house. A family member answers the door. You can either have him / her tell your friend you have arrived, or go find your friend yourself. Which would you do?4 You go up to your friends room, but nobody is there. You decide to leave the roses there. Doyou leave them by the

29、 windowsill (窗臺(tái)) or on the bed?5 Later, its time for bed. You and your friend go to sleep in separate rooms. In the morning when its time to wake up, you go to your friends room and check on him / her. When you arrive, do you think he / she is more probably awake or asleep?6 Now its time to go back

30、home. Will you take the short, plain road or the long, more interesting road?The Answers:1 The road represents your attitude toward falling in love. If you take the short road, you fall in love quickly and easily. If you take the long road, you prefer to take your time and do not fall in love easily

31、.2 The number of red roses represents how much you give in a relationship, while the number of white represents what you expect in return. For example, if you choose 18 red and 2 white, you give 90% and expect 10% in return.3 This represents your attitude toward handling relationship problems. If yo

32、u asked the family member to find your friend, then you like to avoid problems and hope that they will solve themselves. If you went to get him / her yourself, then you are a more direct person and like to work out problems immediately.4 The placement of roses determines how much you enjoy visiting

33、your boyfriend / girlfriend.Placing the roses on the bed means you like to visit your friend, while placing them on the windowsill means that you may prefer not seeing him / her as much.5 This is representative of your attitude toward your friends personality. If you hope to see them asleep, you may

34、 love your friend the way they are. If you hope to see them awake, you may expect them to change their personality for you.6 The road taken indicates how long you prefer to stay in love with someone. If you choose the short road, you fall out of love easily. If you choose the long one, you will tend

35、 to stay in love for a long time.Part Two Reading-Centered ActivitiesIn-Class ReadingPost-ReadingReading Comprehension1. 1. Introduction (Paras. 1-2)The term “placebo” is introduced: when it is prescribed and what it is.2. The study of the placebo (Paras. 3-7)A One explanation: The placebo works bec

36、ause the human mind fools itself.B The other explanation: The placebo makes the wish to get better become reality.C The most powerful placebo of all: the doctor.Supporting evidence:First group (led by a doctor): 70 percent of the people got better.Second group (led by a nurse): Only 25 percent of th

37、e people got better.3. Different cases in which a placebo may work (Paras. 8-9)The placebo has been found to work with seasickness, coughs, colds, and pain after an operation.An experiment was done to see if it works with old people:The first group were given nothing at all.Result: The first group s

38、howed no changes from the way old people in that village had always been.The second group were given a placebo.Result: The second group had much better health and a lower death rate.The third group were given a real drug and told that it would help with the problems of old age.Result: The third grou

39、p showed much the same results as the group that took the placebo.4. Two opposite attitudes toward the use of a placebo (Paras. 10-11):Some doctors think that if the placebo can have bad effects it should never be used.Other countries are known to have been using placebos for hundreds of years.5. Co

40、nclusion (Para. 12)It is suggested that the human mind may be stronger than we think it is.2.1 placebo 2 reacts 3 work 4 mind 5 case 6 reality 7 relationship8 trust 9 powerful 10 cases 11 healthy 12 effects 13 medicine 14 placebo15 stronger3. Sample1. I think there is a “doctor” in the body and it i

41、s the mind. Usually when we are quite confident, we will react as if everything will go well. That is to say, when we are mentally sure that we will get better, the body will start functioning better. On the contrary, if we lose confidence, our illness will probably get worse. I really believe in th

42、e power of “mind over matter”.2. It depends. If I got better, I would feel lucky to have been given a placebo instead of real medicine because medicine often has some side effects. I would be proud of my willpower and become more confident of myself. However, if I didnt get better, I would be unhapp

43、y and feel I was fooled or mistreated. I would probably never go back to that doctor. It sounds unfair to the doctor. Anyway, thats what I think about placebos.Vocabulary1.1. A a substance used for treating illnessB the study and practice of treating or preventing illnesses and injuries2. A firing a

44、 gunB an injection of a drug3. A the part of a spacecraft in which astronauts live and workB a plastic container shaped like a very small tube with medicine inside4. A become whole and sound; return to healthB become mentally or emotionally strong again after a bad experience5. A a particular way of

45、 behaving toward sb. or of dealing with themB a method that is intended to cure an injury or illness6. A the process of cutting into sb.s body to repair or remove a part that is damagedB the process of making a machine or system work7. A a person or their particular problem that a doctor is dealing

46、withB a situation that exists, especially as it affects a particular person or group8. A make sb. think that a particular thing is true; indicateB tell sb. your ideas about what they should do, where they should go, etc.2. 1 A 2 E 3 F 4 D 5 G 6 H 7 C 8 B3.1 prescribed / prescribes 2 opening up 3 rea

47、ction 4 reassure5 bled 6 in a way 7 heal 8 harmlessTranslation1 All I can say is that we are extremely sorry to wake you up so early.2 He is highly likely to succeed because of his intelligence and diligence.3 The way she talked to me was odd / strange, as if I were the president of the country.4 It

48、 is reported that three people were injured in the traffic accident yesterday.5 The patient is much the same this morning as he was yesterday.6 Hed like to stay at home rather than go to a movie with us.Part Three Further Development1. Grammar Review1 I comfort myself with the fact that all my frien

49、ds support me.2 In medical school, I learned / was taught the truth that almost all drugs have side effects.3 We are all for your proposal that the discussion (should) be put off.4 I hold the opinion that women need their own space to (be able to) talk freely.5 Have you read about the report that mo

50、re and more trees will be planted in the next five years?6 I just read in the news that fewer and fewer businesses ask their employees to wear formal dress.7 The first belief is that at present, the employment situation on the whole is good.8 The idea that you can do this work well without thinking

51、is quite wrong.2. Vocabulary Review1 A reasonable / sensible: (of a price) fair and not too high (公道的，合理的)B sensible (of sth.): knowing or realizing that sth. exists or is trueC reasonable: not too much, too many, too great (適度的)2 A absorbed (in sth.): interested in sth. so much that one doesnt pay

52、attention to other things(專心的，全神貫注的)B absorbs: takes in sth. instead of reflecting it (吸收)C addicted: devoted to sth. habitually or compulsively (沉溺于)3 A stems / stemmed (from sth.): exist or happen as a result of (源于，來自)B stem (from): have as an origin or cause (源于，來自)C rooted: firmly established (

53、根深蒂固的)4 A response: sth. that is said or written as a reply (作為對(duì)的回答)B reaction: what you feel, say or do because of sth. that has happened or you have experienced(反應(yīng))C reaction: your ability to move quickly when sth. dangerous happens suddenly (反應(yīng))6. Identifying Psychological Principles in AdsSampleThe ad we are going to talk about is the Dove chocolate ad. In this ad a woman swings on a whitehammock (吊床) while she e