國網(wǎng)電力職稱英語補(bǔ)全短文2016版

1、補(bǔ)全短文Passage1 Functions of power transmission輸電的功能P45The function of C：power transmission is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between E：power networks. Power transmis

2、sion is completed by step-up substations, A：step-down substations and connected transmission equipment. The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (cables),poles or towers, insulators, overhead ground wires, and grounding devices. The D：transmission at high voltage can redu

3、ce the line loss and the voltage drop, ensure the power quality, raise the economy of B：power network operation. The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop, and improve the voltage quality.C：動力傳遞的功

4、能是將來自發(fā)電廠的電力輸送到負(fù)載中心或進(jìn)行電網(wǎng)之間的電力交換，以達(dá)到發(fā)電和用電或E：電網(wǎng)之間的供需平衡。動力傳遞是通過升壓變電站、A：降壓變電站和連接的傳輸設(shè)備完成。傳輸線主要由傳輸導(dǎo)體（線），桿塔，絕緣子，架空地線和接地裝置等組成。采用D：傳輸在高電壓可以降低線路損耗和電壓降，保證電源質(zhì)量，提高B：電網(wǎng)運(yùn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)性。傳輸線電壓的增加，不僅可以提高發(fā)送功率的量，同時也減少了線路損耗和線路壓降，并提高電壓質(zhì)量。Passage 2 Substation misoperation and its preventing變電站的誤操作及預(yù)防P55The misoperation that can lead

5、 to C：accidents in the electrical operation of the substation mainly are: on-load switching of isolating switch; connecting E：the grounding wire (closing the grounding switch) with power on; closing the circuit breaker (isolating switch)with ground lines (ground switch) earthed.The “five preventings

6、” for A：preventing the misoperation in substation includes: preventing the wrong opening or closing of circuit breaker; preventing the on load opening and closing of isolating switch; preventing B：the closing of grounding switch with power on; preventing the closing of circuit breaker with grounding

7、 wire connected; preventing D：the persons from illegal entering the lived bay.可能導(dǎo)致誤操作C：在變電站的電氣操作事故，主要有：帶負(fù)荷拉合開關(guān); E：帶電掛接地線（合接地開關(guān)）; 合斷路器（隔離開關(guān)）與接地的接地線（接地開關(guān)）。 “五防”為A：防止誤操作的變電站包括：防止錯誤打開或關(guān)閉斷路器; 防止的負(fù)荷啟閉隔離開關(guān); 防止B：接地開關(guān)關(guān)閉了電源; 防止斷路器的合閘與接地線連接; 防止D：人員誤入帶電間隔。Passage 3 A brief introduction on the development of sup

8、ercritical boilers and their main advantages超臨界鍋爐發(fā)展簡史及其優(yōu)勢P114In B：some advanced countries such as U.S.A, Japan and European countries, the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century. It has been proved by data and experience, the supercritical unit has D： great advantages

9、on economy and environmental protection. As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the E：subcritical once-through boiler, there isnt anything special, But as far as hydraulic characteristic, a symbol of reliability, is concerned, in a su

10、percritical boiler, under supercritical condition, medium is of single phase and water phase which has a A：good homogenization of distribution. So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided. It is admitted that, if C： whole process management is stre

11、ngthened, both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index.B：一些先進(jìn)國家如美國，日本和歐洲國家，超臨界鍋爐已自上世紀(jì)60年代開發(fā)的。它已被證明是由數(shù)據(jù)和經(jīng)驗，在超臨界部有D：經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)保的巨大優(yōu)勢。至于它的可靠性，因為蒸汽的水流通道，在超臨界鍋爐是相同的E：亞臨界直流鍋爐，沒有什么特別的，但據(jù)水力特性，可靠性的象征，是而言，在超臨界鍋爐，超臨界條件下，媒體是單相和水相，其具有分布的A良好的均化。從而可避免因蒸汽相和水相的分布不均勻的問題。它承認(rèn)，如果C：全過程管理得到加強(qiáng)，

12、無論是超臨界和亞臨界機(jī)組可以得到一個很好的可靠性指標(biāo)。Passage 4 Steam generation and use 蒸汽的發(fā)生與利用P119Steam is one of mans dependable servants. More and more in the background, steam is doing more and more work for man. In B：an electrically heated home steam may be seen only at the teakettle, but the electricity used may be ge

13、nerated by burning coal or gas and producing steam to turn the generator rotors in the power plant. Even if E：the fuel is uranium and the heat is supplied by nuclear fission, the generation of electricity is still accomplished by A： first generating steam.In the U.S.A. the demand for electricity dou

14、bles every ten years. For the most part water resources suitable for power generation are already in service, except for emergency standby and peak-load units; approximately 90% of D：the new generating capacity being installed utilizes steam. The C： use of steam for electric power generation is expa

15、nding in most countries of the world except for the countries where available water power resources are greater than power needs.蒸汽是人的可靠的仆人。越來越多的領(lǐng)域里，蒸汽為人做越來越多的工作。在B：一個使用電熱的家庭中，可以僅在茶壺看出蒸汽，也可以通過燃燒煤或天然氣并產(chǎn)生蒸汽來轉(zhuǎn)動發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子在發(fā)電廠中產(chǎn)生所使用的電力。即使E：燃料是鈾和熱是由核裂變供給，電力的產(chǎn)生由A：首先由蒸汽產(chǎn)生的。 在美國，對電力的需求每十年增加一倍。大多數(shù)適于發(fā)電的水資源已經(jīng)用于發(fā)電，除緊

16、急備用和峰值負(fù)載單元，大約90的D：所安裝的新發(fā)電容量利用蒸汽。C：利用蒸汽發(fā)電的不斷擴(kuò)大，在世界上大多數(shù)國家，除了這里提供的水力資源大于電力需求的國家。Passage 5 Circuit breaker斷路器P125Circuit breakers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches. Circuit breakers are required B：to control electrical power networks by switching circuits on, by carrying

17、 load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision. Their duty is as follows: In closed position the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current. In operating the circuit breaker must be able contacts shall have full insulation level. At operation the

18、circuit breaker must close be able D：to switch the current which can be from a few amperes to many thousands of amperes, and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive. At closing operation the circuit breaker must close fast and be safe also against full short ci

19、rcuit conditions. They must, therefore, be effective instantaneously when are called upon A：to perform any switching operation after long periods without movement. As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit breaker reliability is E：of the highest import

20、ance for high reliability of the total electric power system. So the importance C：of the circuit breaker cannot be over emphasized.斷路器是自動操作的高電壓（或高電流）的開關(guān)。斷路器被要求B：通過在開關(guān)電路，通過進(jìn)行負(fù)載并通過手動或自動監(jiān)督下的開關(guān)電路斷開，以控制電力網(wǎng)絡(luò)。他們的職責(zé)是如下：在閉合位置，斷路器必須是良導(dǎo)體的正常負(fù)載電流。在操作斷路器必須能夠接觸，應(yīng)有充分的絕緣水平。在操作的斷路器必須密切能夠D：切換可以是從幾安培到幾千安培的電流，并獨立地由純感性到完

21、全的電容的特性。在合閘時，關(guān)閉操作斷路器必須關(guān)閉快速并安全的合閘即使是全短路情況下。所以，他們必須能立即動作，即使是在A：長時間不動作后執(zhí)行任何切換操作。由于斷路器是在保護(hù)設(shè)備鏈中的最后一個環(huán)節(jié)，斷路器可靠性是E：最高重要性對于高可靠性的電力系統(tǒng)來說。因此，C：斷路器的重要性怎么強(qiáng)調(diào)也不過分。Passage 6 The ration of distance to height of pumped-storage power plant 抽水蓄能電站的距高比（L/H）P130For pumped-storage power plant, generally the ratio of distan

22、ce to height B： is used to evaluate topographic condition of power plant. Distance-height ratio D：is the ration of horizontal distance between upper and low reservoir to the drop between upper and low reservoir that is L/H. The head of simple pumped-storage power plant consists of two parts, they ar

23、e natural topographic elevation difference and elevation difference formed by dam. Of course, the head derived from topographic elevation difference A：is most economic, so in selecting plant site, the condition that not only a height difference is available but also no very high dam of upper reservo

24、ir is necessary should be considered. Smaller L/H value indicates a shorter water transportation line, then the engineering construction cost can be saved. But in many circumstances, topographic condition C：is not desirable, so we cant say the smallest L/H value E： is the best. In newly constructed

25、three large capacity pumped-storage power plants in our country, the L/H value respectively are: 7.12 in Guangzhou, 4.12 in Shisanling, 2.40 in Tian huangping.對于抽水蓄能電廠，距離一般以高度之比B：來評價發(fā)電廠的地形條件。距離和高度的比D：的上部和低容器之間的水平距離的上限和低容器之間的壓降即L / H的比值。簡單的抽水蓄能電站的頭由兩部分組成，它們是由大壩形成自然的地形高差和高程差。當(dāng)然，頭部來源于地形高差A(yù)：是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的，所以在選擇廠

26、址，這不僅是一個高度差可用狀態(tài)，而且上水庫沒有非常高的大壩是必要應(yīng)予以考慮。小L / H值表示一個較短的水上運(yùn)輸線，那么，工程建設(shè)成本可以保存。但在許多情況下，地形條件C：是不可取的，所以我們不能說最小的L / H值E：是最好的。在我國新建的三個大容量的抽水蓄能電站，在L / H值分別是：在黃平田7.12在廣州，4.12在十三陵，2.40。Passage 7 Fuel cells燃料電池P136Fuel cells are devices that when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are su

27、pplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Unlike conventional batteries where the conversion of chemical to electrical energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and an

28、ode to produce and electrical current, B：there is no storage capacity in a fuel cell. These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical output. Fuel cells have been made that will supply power in the megawatt range, and A：further development

29、is under way. Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems, but E：as they are being developed there have been some applications to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads. As the voltage output of a cell is in the order of to 2.5V, C：many cells are operated in series to obtain voltages and p

30、ower out put in ranges that are normally required. Inverters are used to D：supply alternating current from fuel cells when and AC output is desired.燃料電池裝置，當(dāng)燃料如氫氣或富含氫的化合物和氧氣供給到布置類似于傳統(tǒng)電池的陽極和陰極材料，結(jié)合到化學(xué)能直接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能。不同于傳統(tǒng)的電池，其中化學(xué)為電能的轉(zhuǎn)換需要在陰極和陽極，以產(chǎn)生與電流之間的電路的唯一閉合，B：沒有存儲容量中的燃料電池。這些細(xì)胞所需要的燃料和氧氣，這將產(chǎn)生該產(chǎn)生的電輸出的化學(xué)反應(yīng)。燃料

31、電池已被制成，將電力提供在兆瓦范圍，和A：進(jìn)一步發(fā)展正在進(jìn)行。這些細(xì)胞還沒有廣泛應(yīng)用在電力系統(tǒng)中，但E：，因為他們正在開發(fā)已經(jīng)有一些應(yīng)用以提供燃料電池發(fā)電，以孤立的負(fù)載。作為一個單元的電壓輸出是在為2.5V的順序，C：多細(xì)胞串聯(lián)操作，得到的電壓和功率輸出放在于通常需要范圍。逆變器被用于D：供給的交流電流從燃料電池時和交流輸出是期望的。Passage 8 Substations pace into the Digital Age 變電站步及數(shù)字化時代P164Substations constitute the main part of power transmission and distrib

32、ution in a power grid. The substations C：composed of a large number of primary and secondary equipments, with the responsibility for the electric power transmission and distribution in the grid. Over more than a decade of development, A：substation automation technology has reached a certain level. I

33、n the rebuilding and constructing of power grid in rural and urban areas, automation technology is not only used in low-voltage substations to realize unattended operation, but also in the 220kV and above extra-voltage substations, thus greatly enhancing the level of modernization of power grid cons

34、truction, strengthening the power transmission and distribution and the possibility of power grid dispatching and reducing the total cost of substation construction, E：all of which has become an indisputable fact. However, the development of technology is never-ending, and the increasing maturation

35、of technology like intelligent switches, photoelectric current and voltage transformers, online condition monitoring of primary equipments, B：simulation training technology for substation operation, as well as the development and application of high-speed network in real- time system, is bound to ha

36、ve a profound impact upon the existing substation automation technology, and D：a full-digital automation system is about to emerge.變電站構(gòu)成了輸配電的電網(wǎng)的主要組成部分。變電站C：組成的大量初級和次級設(shè)備，以用于在網(wǎng)格中的電功率傳輸和分配的責(zé)任。在十多年的發(fā)展，A：變電站自動化技術(shù)已經(jīng)達(dá)到了一定的水平。在重建和電網(wǎng)在農(nóng)村和城市地區(qū)的構(gòu)建，自動化技術(shù)不僅適用于低電壓變電站實現(xiàn)無人操作，而且在220kV及以上特高壓變電站，極大地提高了現(xiàn)代化水平電網(wǎng)建設(shè)，加強(qiáng)輸配電和電

37、網(wǎng)調(diào)度的可能性，并降低了變電站建設(shè)的總成本，E：所有這一切都已經(jīng)成為不爭的事實。然而，技術(shù)的發(fā)展是沒有止境的，而技術(shù)的日益成熟如智能開關(guān)，光電式電流電壓互感器，在線狀態(tài)監(jiān)測的主要設(shè)備，（4）變電運(yùn)行的模擬訓(xùn)練技術(shù)，以及開發(fā)和應(yīng)用在實時系統(tǒng)中的高速網(wǎng)絡(luò)，必然會有在現(xiàn)有變電站自動化技術(shù)產(chǎn)生深遠(yuǎn)的影響，以及D：全數(shù)字自動化系統(tǒng)即將浮出水面。Passage 9 Overcoming the Problem of Waste解決垃圾問題P169Many large cities are anything but beautiful. Streets are littered with trash. In

38、 this trash, however, C：there is still something that can be useful.If people want to solve the problem of waste, A：there is no time to be lost. They must work out ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away as waste. When a car gets too old, it may not run any more. But if the meta

39、l that the car was made of is still good, D：it can be put to use again) bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. Besides, garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you have to pick out all the glass and metal.Furthermore, garbage can also be a good source for

40、making building blocks, which are then covered with concrete. Now, E：more and more machines are designed for this purpose. Some day, people will watch films in a great cinema which has been built out of garbage. Future buildings, roads, and cities may be made from garbage. But so far, B：building bea

41、utiful cities out of garbage is only a dream.許多大城市是什么，但漂亮。街道上到處是垃圾。在這個垃圾，但是，C：還有東西，可以是有用的。 如果人們想解決廢物問題，A：沒有時間可以丟失。他們必須制定出利用它只是當(dāng)作廢物丟棄的好東西的方法。當(dāng)汽車變得太舊，則可能無法運(yùn)行了。但如果這輛車是由金屬還是不錯的，D：可以再次投入使用的玻璃瓶可以被磨成沙用來鋪路的街道。此外，由食物垃圾可以變成肥料。但首先，你必須挑選出所有的玻璃和金屬。 此外，垃圾也可以是一個很好的來源，使得構(gòu)建模塊，然后將其覆蓋有混凝土?，F(xiàn)在，E：越來越多的機(jī)器是專為這一目的。有一天，人們會看到

42、在一個偉大的電影院已建成了垃圾電影。未來的建筑物，道路和城市可以由垃圾制成。但迄今為止，B：用垃圾建造美麗的城市只是一個夢想。Passage 10 Hibernation休眠，冬眠The weather in winter can be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, for its difficult for them to find food then. E：They can sleep for a long time. For example, their sleep can last from autumn to spr

43、ing. B：We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation”.Animals need food in winter to keep them warm and alive. If they move about more, they need eat more. D：Hibernating animals dont need to eat much because they dont move. Their heart beats slowly. And they breathe slowly. They find a safe

44、place to sleep. A：So they dont need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animals.In warn winter some animals like bears may wake up. If they see thick nosnow on the ground, they will get back to their sleep. C：As it gets warmer and warmer in spring, the sleeping animals begin to wake up an

45、d look around for food.冬天天氣很冷。在冬季一些動物睡覺，因為這是他們很難找到食物后。 E：他們可以睡很長一段時間。例如，他們的睡眠可以從秋天持續(xù)到春天。B：我們稱這種睡眠在冬季“冬眠”了。 動物需要食物，冬季御寒，充滿活力。如果他們走動多了，他們需要吃得更多。 D：冬眠的動物并不需要吃多少，因為他們不動。他們的心臟慢慢跳動。他們緩慢地呼吸。他們找到一個安全的地方睡覺。 A：因此，他們不必?fù)?dān)心惡劣天氣和其他危險動物。 在發(fā)出警告的冬天有些動物，如熊可能醒來。如果他們看到厚厚沒有積雪在地面上，他們將回到自己的睡眠。C：變得越來越暖和的春天，沉睡的動物開始蘇醒并到處尋找食物。

46、Passage 11 Satellites衛(wèi)星P174The body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. B：It circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the Earth. This satellite is called natural satellite. Man made spacecraft which circle the Earth are called artificial satellites. Natural as well as artifici

47、al satellites circle the planets in a definite path or orbit. D：A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitational force keeps pulling it into a circle.All the bodies in space like the moon, the planets and the stars also exert an attractive force on objects. A：The bigger and heavier a body

48、 is ,the greater is its force of gravity. The moons gravitational force is only one-sixth that of the Earths. The Earths gravitational force of pull keeps us and everything else on Earth from floating away to space.C：To get out into space we have to overcome the Earths gravitational pull. There are

49、many artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth. Some artificial satellites have been sent up to orbit the moon and even the planet Mars. E：Artificial satellite can be used for various purposes.離地球最近的天體是月亮。 B：它繞地球運(yùn)行，因此被認(rèn)為作為地球的衛(wèi)星。這顆衛(wèi)星被稱為天然衛(wèi)星。人訂做的飛船繞地球被稱為人造衛(wèi)星。天然以及人造衛(wèi)星繞在一定的路徑或軌道上的行星。 D：一顆衛(wèi)星停留在軌道上，

50、因為地球引力不斷拉扯它繞地球成一個圓圈飛行。 所有的像月亮的空間機(jī)構(gòu)，行星和恒星也施加對象的吸引力。A：天體越大越重，重力越大。月球的引力只有六分之一的地球。地球引力的力量，使我們和一切地球上漂浮到空間中。 C：要飛向太空，我們必須克服地球的引力。有許多人造衛(wèi)星環(huán)繞地球的軌道。一些人造衛(wèi)星已經(jīng)派人來繞月球甚至火星。 E：人工衛(wèi)星可用于各種用途。Passage 12 Secondary equipment in power system電力系統(tǒng)二次設(shè)備P43The secondary equipments in power system are B：the equipments that pro

51、vide protecting, monitoring, measuring, regulating, controlling primary equipments, the equipments that supply information, working condition for the operator or maintenance persons, and D：the equipments that send the command signals. The electric circuit connected with the secondary winding of CT o

52、r PT is called secondary circuit. The secondary equipment and secondary circuit belong to secondary system.The voltage and E：current values in secondary system are: 110V, 22V, DC operating voltages, 100Vrated voltage of the potential transformer secondary winding and A：5A rated current of the curren

53、t transformer secondary winding. The related parameter values of secondary system after weak electrification are: 24V, 48V, 60V DC operating voltages, C：50V rated voltage of PT secondary side, 0.5A rated current of CT secondary side.在電力系統(tǒng)的二次設(shè)備是B：提供保護(hù)的設(shè)備，監(jiān)測，測量，調(diào)節(jié)，控制主設(shè)備，該提供信息的設(shè)備，工作條件，操作員或維護(hù)人員，以及D：表示發(fā)送

54、的命令信號的設(shè)備。電路與次級繞組的CT或PT的連接被稱為次級電路。二次設(shè)備和二次回路屬于輔助系統(tǒng)。電壓和E：在二次系統(tǒng)當(dāng)前值：110V，22V，直流工作電壓，100伏額定電壓互感器二次繞組和電壓：A：電流互感器二次側(cè)額定電流為5A。二次系統(tǒng)的薄弱電氣化后的相關(guān)參數(shù)值是：24V，48V，60V直流工作電壓，C：電壓互感器PT二次側(cè)額定電壓為50V，CT二次側(cè)的0.5A的額定電流。Passage 13 Switching overvoltage 操作過電壓P48A sudden change in the configuration of transmission network caused E

55、：by the operation of a circuit breaker or by the appearance of a fault can cause a rapid surge known as switching overvoltages, which propagates throughout the network. It is these switching overvoltages which in general A：determine the insulation requirements of transmission lines. Limitating these

56、 overvoltages is of extremely importance, because they have an important effect on both B：the cost of transmission and line failure rate.These switching overvoltages can occur C：at both opening and closing of circuit breakers. If non-restriking circuit breakers is not used, it is at the instant of c

57、losing, and above all, re-closing of a line which has held a residual charge, that the strongest overvoltages will appear. This switching overvoltages is usually limited D：by means of circuit breaker closing resistor in 500kV system.在傳輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)的結(jié)構(gòu)的突然變化造成的E：由斷路器的操作或故障的出現(xiàn)可能會導(dǎo)致快速飆升稱為開關(guān)過電壓，其傳播整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)。正是這些開關(guān)過電壓A：

58、確定輸電線路的絕緣水平。移動限制這些過電壓是非常重要的，因為它們有兩個重要作用，B：傳輸成本和線路故障率。 這些開關(guān)過電壓可能會出現(xiàn)C：在打開和關(guān)閉斷路器的過程中。如果是非再起，不使用斷路器，它是在關(guān)閉的瞬間，如果不再打斷路器不使用，它是在關(guān)閉的瞬間，因?qū)Ь€存在有殘余電荷，出現(xiàn)的過電硬度水平最高。這開關(guān)過電壓通常是有限制的，D：通過500千伏系統(tǒng)斷路器合閘電阻的手段。Passage 14 Transmission line and distribution line輸電線路和配電線路P51The high voltage power line through which power is A：

59、transmitted from power plants step-up substation to step-down substation is called power transmission line. The voltage classes of 35kV and above are generally used. High voltage distribution line is D：the power line that transmits the power from step down substation to distribution transformers. Low voltage distribution line is the line that transmits power from distributio