高中英語語法專練--- 名詞與主謂一致

1、第一部分 語法第一章 名詞與主謂一致1. 名詞 名詞可以分為專有名詞（Proper Nouns）和普通名詞 (Common Nouns），專有名詞是某個(gè)（些）人，地方，機(jī)構(gòu)等專有的名稱，如Beijing，China等。普通名詞是一類人或東西或是一個(gè)抽象概念的名詞，如：book，sadness等。普通名詞又可分為下面四類： 1）個(gè)體名詞（Individual Nouns）：表示某類人或東西中的個(gè)體，如：gun。 2）集體名詞（Collective Nouns）：表示若干個(gè)個(gè)體組成的集合體，如：family。 3）物質(zhì)名詞（Material Nouns）：表示無法分為個(gè)體的實(shí)物，如：air。 4）

2、抽象名詞（Abstract Nouns）：表示動(dòng)作、狀態(tài)、品質(zhì)、感情等抽象概念，如：work。個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞可以用數(shù)目來計(jì)算，稱為可數(shù)名詞（Countable Nouns），物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞一般無法用數(shù)目計(jì)算，稱為不可數(shù)名詞（Uncountable Nouns）。歸納一下，名詞的分類可以下圖表示：|專有名詞 | 名 | | 個(gè)體名詞 | | | 可數(shù)名詞| | | 集體名詞 | |普通名詞 | | 詞 | | 物質(zhì)名詞 | | | 不可數(shù)名詞| | 抽象名詞 | |1.1 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化情況 構(gòu)成方法 讀音例詞_一般情況加 -s 1.清輔音后讀/s/; map-maps 2.濁輔音和

3、元音后 bag-bags讀 /z/;car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等結(jié)尾的詞加 -es 讀 /iz/bus-buses watch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結(jié)尾的詞 加 -s讀 /iz/license-licenses_以輔音字母+y 變y 為i結(jié)尾的詞 再加es 讀 /z/baby-babies_1.2 其它名詞復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則變化1) 以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞，或元音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，直接加s變復(fù)數(shù)： 如：two Marys the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比較： 層樓：storey -storeys sto

4、ry-stories 2) 以o 結(jié)尾的名詞，變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)：a. 加s，如： photo-photospiano-pianos radio-radioszoo-zoos； b. 加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc. 均可，如：zero-zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)： a. 加s，如： belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs；b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wivesli

5、fe-livesthief-thieves；c. 均可,如：handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves1.3 名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-men woman-women 注意：與 man 和 woman構(gòu)成的合成詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式也是 -men 和-women。如： an Englishman，two Englishmen. 但German不是合成詞，故復(fù)數(shù)形式為Germans；Bowman是姓，其復(fù)數(shù)是the Bowmans。2）單復(fù)同形如：deer，shee

6、p，fish，Chinese，Japanese li，jin，yuan，two li，three mu，four jin但除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如:a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters 3）集體名詞，以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，但實(shí)為復(fù)數(shù)。如： peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是復(fù)數(shù)，不能說 a people，a police，a cattle，但可以說a person，a policeman，a head of cattle,the English，the British，the French，the Chin

7、ese，the Japanese，the Swiss 等名詞，表示國民總稱時(shí)，作復(fù)數(shù)用。如： The Chinese are industries and brave.中國人民是勤勞勇敢的。 4）以s結(jié)尾，仍為單數(shù)的名詞，如： a. maths，politics，physics等學(xué)科名詞，為不可數(shù)名詞，是單數(shù)。 b. news 是不可數(shù)名詞。 c. the United States，the United Nations 應(yīng)視為單數(shù)。The United Nations was organized in 1945. 聯(lián)合國是1945年組建起來的。 d. 以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的書名，劇名，報(bào)紙，雜志名

8、，也可視為單數(shù)。"The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事書。5) 表示由兩部分構(gòu)成的東西，如：glasses (眼鏡)trousers,clothes 若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞 pair(對，雙);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers6） 另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時(shí)可表示特別意思，如：goods貨物，waters水域，fishes（各種）魚1.4 不可數(shù)名詞量的表示1）物質(zhì)

9、名詞a. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為個(gè)體名詞時(shí)。 比較：Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一種食物。 (不可數(shù))These cakes are sweet.這些蛋糕很好吃。 (可數(shù))b. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示該物質(zhì)的種類時(shí)，名詞可數(shù)。This factory produces steel.(不可數(shù))We need various steels.(可數(shù))c. 當(dāng)物質(zhì)名詞表示份數(shù)時(shí)，可數(shù)。Our country is famous for tea. 我國因茶葉而聞名。Two teas, please.請來兩杯茶。2） 抽象名詞有時(shí)也可數(shù)。four freedoms 四大自由 the four m

10、odernizations四個(gè)現(xiàn)代化物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞可以借助單位詞表一定的數(shù)量。如：a glass of water 一杯水a(chǎn) piece of advice一條建議1.5 定語名詞的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作定語一般用單數(shù)，但也有以下例外。1) 用復(fù)數(shù)作定語。 如：sports meeting 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì) students reading-room 學(xué)生閱覽室 talks table 談判桌 the foreign languages department 外語系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定語時(shí)，其單復(fù)數(shù)以所修飾的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。 如：men workerswomen teach

11、ers gentlemen officials3) 有些原有s結(jié)尾的名詞，作定語時(shí)，s保留。 如：goods train (貨車) arms produce武器生產(chǎn) customs papers 海關(guān)文件 clothes brush衣刷4) 數(shù)詞+名詞作定語時(shí)，這個(gè)名詞一般保留單數(shù)形式。 如：two-dozen eggs兩打/（二十四個(gè)雞蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 兩百棵樹 a five-year plan.一個(gè)五年計(jì)劃 個(gè)別的有用復(fù)數(shù)作定語的，如： a seven-years child1.6 不同國家的人的單復(fù)數(shù)名稱 總稱(謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）

12、一個(gè)人 兩個(gè)人中國人the Chinesea Chinese two Chinese瑞士人the Swissa Swiss two Swiss澳大利亞人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians 俄國人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians意大利人the Italiansan Italian two Italians希臘人the Greek a Greektwo Greeks法國人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen日本人the Japanesea Japanese two Japanese美國人

13、the Americansan Americantwo Americans印度人the Indiansan Indian two Indians加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadian two Canadians德國人the Germansa Germanstwo Germans英國人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes1.7 名詞的格在英語中有些名詞可以加"'s"來表示所有關(guān)系，帶這種詞尾的名詞形式稱為該名詞的所有格，如：a teacher'

14、s book。名詞所有格的規(guī)則如下：1） 單數(shù)名詞詞尾加"'s"，復(fù)數(shù)名詞詞尾沒有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的書包，men's room 男廁所。2） 若名詞已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle工人的斗爭。3） 凡不能加"'s"的名詞，都可以用"名詞+of +名詞"的結(jié)構(gòu)來表示所有關(guān)系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。4） 在表示店鋪或教堂的名字

15、或某人的家時(shí)，名詞所有格的后面常常不出現(xiàn)它所修飾的名詞，如：the barber's 理發(fā)店。5） 如果兩個(gè)名詞并列，并且分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個(gè)'s，則表示'共有'。 如：John's and Mary's room（兩間）John and Mary's room（一間）6） 復(fù)合名詞或短語，'s 加在最后一個(gè)詞的詞尾。 如：a month or two's absence15. 主謂一致 主謂一致是指：1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復(fù)數(shù)形式與謂語要一致。2） 意義上要一致，即主語

16、意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要與謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。3） 就近原則，即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語，一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。 There is much water in the thermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.15.1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Reading and writing are very important.注意： 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，an

17、d 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. are D. were答案B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A.，C.。本題易誤選D，因?yàn)門he League secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼

18、數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B15.2 主謂一致中的靠近原則1）當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí)，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.2）當(dāng)either or 與neither nor，連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo)，而

19、主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。Either you or she is to go.Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you.15.3 謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致當(dāng)主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前面的主語一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wan

20、ts to go boating.15.4 謂語需用單數(shù)1） 代詞each和由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語，或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch.2） 當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. <<天方夜譚>>是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。3） 表示金錢，時(shí)間，價(jià)格或

21、度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語 時(shí)，通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復(fù)數(shù)也可，意思不變。) Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough.15.5 指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)1） 在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。 All is right. (一切順利。) All are present.(所有人都到齊了。)2） 集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定

22、。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)，意為這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員，用單數(shù)時(shí)表示該個(gè)集體。 His family isn't very large.他家不是一個(gè)大家庭。 His family are music lovers.他的家人都是音樂愛好者。 但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。Are there any police around?3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proporti

23、on, majority 等有時(shí)看作單數(shù)，有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。A number of books have lent out.The majority of the students like English.15.6 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students are

24、taking an active part in sports.2） 在一些短語，如 many a 或 more than one 所修飾的詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than of 作主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel.許多人都讀過這本書。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生都來自這個(gè)城市。第一章 名詞與主謂一致練習(xí)題( )1.Tables are made of _. A. wood B. woods C

25、. a wood D. the wood( )2.This is a _ report. A. three-thousand-words. B. three-thousand-word C. three-thousands-words D. three-thousands-word( )3.What a lot of _ I have to finish today! A. works B. work C. job D. workings( )4.Is there enough _ for me in the car? A. place B. rooms C. space D. spaces(

26、 )5.I'll need _ about the climate before I make a final decision. A. a few information B. a few informations C. a little information. D. a little informations( )6.Both of us are _ and they are all_.A. Chineses, Englishmen B. Chinese, English man C. Chinese, Englishmen D. Chinese, Englishmans( )7

27、.Father went to his doctor for _ about his heart trouble. A. an advice B. advice C. advices D. the advices( )8.All of the people here are _. A. maths teachers B. math's teachers C. maths teacher D.maths's teachers( )9.Jack is one of her_. A. boysfriends B. boyfriends C. boyfriend D. boysfrie

28、nd( )10.Miss Smith is a friend of_. A. Mary's mother's B. Mary's mother C. mother's of Mary D. Mary mother's( )11.It is _ for me to speak here. A. an honor B. the honor C. my honor D. great honor( )12._here are helpful. A. The policeman B. Police C. Policemen D. The police( )13.T

29、hese are _and one of them is a yellow deer, those are _ and one of them is a white sheep. A. deer, sheep B. deers, sheep C. deer, sheeps D. the deer, the sheeps( )14.He said that two _ would come to our villages the next day. A. man's doctor B. men doctors C. men's doctor D. men doctor( )15.

30、_is the largest of the continents of the world. A. An Asia B. Asia C. A Asia D. The Asia( )16.There were two _ and three _ in the room. A. pianoes, radios B. pianos, radios C. radioes, pianos D. radios, pianoes( )17.Tommy, with his mother and aunt _ going to the concert. A. are B. is C. is able to D

31、. dare not( )18.Most of us are from _. A. the south B. south C. the southern D. southern( )19.Are you going to buy these red socks or those _? A. green B. one's green C. green ones D. socks green ones( )20.Not only you but also I _ mistaken. A. are B. were C. have D. was( )21.Neither Bill nor hi

32、s parents _ at home. A. is B. are C. have D. was( )22.All that can be done _. A. has been done B. have been done C. have done D. has done( )23.Two hours _ enough for us to finish the job. A. are B. has C. is D. was( )24.I met one of the boys who _ going to visit Japan the next month. A. were B. is C

33、. was D. would( )25.Everyone should do _ duty. A. one's B. his C. everyone's D. their( )26.My father began to learn English _. A. in the forty B. in his fourties C. in his forties D. in his forty( )27.About _ of the students in this class are girls. A. two-third B. two-thirds C. second-three

34、 D. two-three( )28.It took _ an hour to do their housework. A. Mr. Black B. Mrs. Black C. Black D. the Blacks( )29.Here _ a new pair of shoes for you. A. are B. is C. have D. has( )30.His parents as well as he _ very kind to me. A. is B. was C. be D. are( )31.The Chinese people _ hard-working and br

35、ave. A. are B. is C. has been D. are being( )32.All _ present and all _ going on well. A. is, is B. are, are C. are, is D. is, are( )33.Yesterday the League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were( )34.Either of the plans _ equally dangerous. A. are

36、 B. is C. has D. have ( )35.Politics _ in all schools. A. is taught B. are taught C. has taught D. have been taught( )36.Three-fifths of the workers in the workshop _ women. A. are B. is C. was D. being( )37.Both Marx and Angels were _. A. Germans B. Germen C. from German D. Germany( )38.He is the o

37、nly one of the students who _ elected. A. are B. have C. has D. is( )39.What we need _ good textbooks. A. is B. are C. have D. has( )40.The news he told _ interesting. A. are B. is C. were D. shall( )41._ were sitting at the table. A. Turner B. The Turner C. Turners D. The Turners( )42.There are 11_

38、 in this hospital. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman's doctors D. women's doctors( )43.The _ office room is near the reading-room. A. teacher B. teacher's C. teachers' D. teachers( )44.There were three _ on the table and in them were lots of _. A. dishes, tomato B. dish, tom

39、atoes C. dishes, tomatoes D. dish, tomato( )45.Waking, running and horse-riding are all helpful forms of _. A. a sport B. a game C. match D. exercise( )46.We had _ at the party last night. A. a fun B. great funs C. a lot of fun D. lots of funs( )47.Everyone here, including children and old people, _

40、 fond of sports. A. have B. has C. are D. is ( )48.He said that the rest of the magazines _ within half an hour. A. is sold out B. are sold out C. was sold out D. were sold out( )49.Many a man _ come to help us. A. have B. has C. is D. are ( )50.No one but her parents _ it. A. know B. knows C. is kn

41、owing D. are knowing( )51.This kind of car _ made in Wuhan. A. are B. is C. were D. has( )52.It is about _ ride from the school to my home. A. two hours' B. two hour C. two hour's D. two hour'( )53.The husband didn't buy himself _ but bought his wife _.A. many clothes, six dresses B.

42、 six dresses, many clothes C. six clothes, many dresses D. many dressed, six clothes( )54.What is she? She is _. A. a singer and a dancer B. a singer and dancer C. the singer and dancer D. singer and dancer( )55.What _ is there in _ this morning? A. news, the papers B. news, paper C. the news, paper

43、s D. the news, paper( )56.What _ it is to go skating there! A. fun B. a fun C. funny thing D. a funny( )57.If these trousers are too long, buy a shorter_. A. set B. one C. trouser D. pair( )58._ shocked everyone present was _ her spoken English was so perfect. A. What, that B. What, what C. That, th

44、at D. That, what( )59.More than 30 people _ in traffic accidents over the past few years. A. were killed B. have been killed C. are killed D. had been killed( )60._ in the newspaper yet? A. Is it reported B. Was it reported C. Has it been reported D. Would it be reported( )61.Great changes _ in the

45、past ten years in China. A. were taken place B. took place C. have taken place D. have been taken place( )62.The film _ for half an hour when we got to the cinema. A. had started B. started C. had begun D. had been on( )63.There are _ books on the subject in our school library. A. a great deal B. a good any of C. a large number D. a great many( )64.There _ no hospital in our town in the past. A. is B. was C. are D. were( )65.The old man _ a walk along the river after