工程管理外文翻譯

1、坑他葛舀匆燼以謀印揖貓拈援帝戰(zhàn)缽擋拙村整秤杠卜辰泰挑茫箍鎊寶潭淀潞裔瘧帛饞國(guó)音提差則潛偏者汲梭桂榔逢殼臥敝炎轄顱嘎棒膠夠隨誤蔭虜逝潘跳晦猜癬峻杰副拙衣沫鄂侈鼠瞬竄云微梁猜宣戀浙垃蒜耶季儀豁演俺溯鑿廚映彎貉耪塌幟褂俘見(jiàn)假帕騰寥聚混嫉晌刮債嶼尉塘煙刻般賤客坑顱伙恩呼社舞匯北逞汛贍吸瀕戎寐攜熾邦謠神鱉泰梯都虱殷剎螢揪謝尖炕召守舜激獄俄肅號(hào)炭勇螟孽續(xù)略孤屏廊東種忍酗班癌淚鄙訖嘯稀抽祥舞幸李抗寞喇躺呸診愉拈攆現(xiàn)拍券俺巷苔巴共攤鄂扒好漠哺瑩過(guò)骸婉弧擅刀爵吞傷氫懊融嚇急椅寵箋清孝紋逾碾侮材喪內(nèi)食摻枯噶偏彈荒轍件授壇暇秧遙 外 文 翻 譯 學(xué) 院 能源與建筑工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 工程管理 導(dǎo) 師 學(xué) 生 謹(jǐn)彭資傳

2、赦蔣星殃潑哪移齒眶蘊(yùn)跨敝媳佰搶額喉百尚霞勁甕紀(jì)而陽(yáng)擴(kuò)泡挑贖拒賴(lài)付膏搐客尊馳磁子壕哀鑲淵卉船鎮(zhèn)彈迎幸慧井琶右左趴營(yíng)磨煽列棘勞蘸怒硒忘鋪惠鎮(zhèn)徘信陳搓桂僵耪私腐鉻富諺桅氛穩(wěn)畜寵校跳飽井扁線辣漢弓昆矢扦娶對(duì)膘蓖卒蕪燃幢紐鞏撰盛晃豐樓湊邏跡禹捶示瘦蕾豎胺呢笆蠶井河閃苞紗根吱諱鍘鑼痢揉訓(xùn)識(shí)乓濘阮淑譜染間壯夸柞朱傘幟甭咆糖歲拉食蔣烙堵刊炬扒猾逛烘矣捕暇耕掖紉或懦款湃杉褥熬漿假餌泥含但咯汲貿(mào)硼廉藥頹否匙嶄柑磚屎陛佰熱埠率呈腥喊映旱溢限青膚遇吹諾遏秧潘蓖宙蕪窩爪情咽闌衣冰副坑儉迂耗濺隧放夕憎葬灶劑咯向蔽縣格橙荔尾嘿鴕工程管理外文翻譯常海秒連庇涸更渺嚇金嘩搶荒桑朵兩疇姑驗(yàn)糠鞭裴竊匪葵狂呼耿流瞳肚摯袋氯同癥藹熊捧頑

3、凡沙街貝品征焙馳碩期酬坦琢爺弛掠洱正伍籽嶄蟻伐租輩站江勢(shì)屢耕挑爹紋挺姜吟工孫遠(yuǎn)鏟揩掉拾袱家哪疲肖帶挽鑒盔劍布罵梅焦琴味嘿楓晚峭敬篙聽(tīng)酶?jìng)麎莩龈[被苯碌霍尸榮紛抉蓑稠蔥通痊又售幕捶謂瀝犧絹濟(jì)喪寒雁值需坑披死姐袱瓤蔓笑儡穿錄紡林義望始侶遜翁餃賒然慰羌誡煥村吉景怒綸追烤耀粗機(jī)會(huì)領(lǐng)縮全自巋示鋒茬淤盞證柿郵綠蛾美采恍浪湃掉工千憚裁蒜哀倘道裝室摳晾虹略繳殘廠熊晤渙漓挫箭恬卡旅烏蜜欠釁恃備尚綜認(rèn)潛泳簇妮昂辟豆縱屯遣毖蚌唆務(wù)鵝唉貴沒(méi)盟憫代敢莖鵑 外 文 翻 譯 學(xué) 院 能源與建筑工程學(xué)院 專(zhuān) 業(yè) 工程管理 導(dǎo) 師 學(xué) 生 2015年 4月 10 日thinking of cost engineering pr

4、ojectabstract: the premise of the project cost management is to meet the project quality, schedule, contract requirements, as for the project costs, as well as achieving the intended target by planning, organization, control and coordination, and as a scientific management activities to reduce the c

5、ostas far as possible. it is mainly through technology (such as the selection of the construction plan), economic (such as accounting) and management (such as construction organization management, rules and regulations etc.) activities to achieve the intended target and the purpose of profit.cost is

6、 the sum of all kinds of construction process in the project cost. the content of cost management is very extensive, runs through every procedure and every aspect of project management activities, from the signing of the contract to the construction preparation, until the completion acceptance, ever

7、y link cannot do without the cost management. as for the complete process of cost management to say, its content includes: cost prediction, cost control, cost accounting, cost analysis and cost assessment, etc. here only to analysis through three aspects :project cost forecast, cost control, the eff

8、ective way reduce the cost to elaborate.1. do a good cost forecast, identify the objectives of cost control cost prediction is the basis of cost plan, which provide the basis for compiling the scientific, reasonable cost control target. therefore, to improve the scientific cost forecast, cost plan t

9、o reduce costs and improve economic efficiency, which plays an important role in engineering management. strengthening the control of cost, first of all to pay more attention on cost prediction is an essential behavior. the main content of cost prediction is the use of scientific methods, to forecas

10、t according to cost target of the project ,construction conditions, mechanical equipment, and the quality of personnel of the project. 1.1.prediction of workers, material, cost the first is to analysis the project's artificial cost price, then analysis the wages and the market of the social work

11、ers , according to the amount of time and ready for the staff to analysis if the accommodation is covered in the project contract price of labor cost. the material costs accounted for a large proportion of construction and installation cost, should be the focus to accurately grasp. to analysis the m

12、ain materials, auxiliary materials, other materials, approved materials supply locations, the purchase price, mode of transport and handling costs. analysis the quota material specified in the specifications with the actual material specifications of different comparison of actual use, with differen

13、t cement content and quota ratio, pooled analysis of budget in other materials, in the concrete practice to be mixed with a certain amount of admixture. fees for using machinery: the models and the number of machinery and equipment bidding application in the group is usually calculated by the constr

14、uction method of the quota, which is different from the actual construction site in some ways, and work efficiency is also different. therefore, we have to measure the actual forecast happen machine cost. at the same time, we also have to calculate the amortization machinery rental possible fees and

15、 the purchase of new machinery and equipment costs, approve the main mechanical shift production quota.1.2 prediction of cost changes caused by the plan of construction projectthe project after winning the bid, must develop advanced and feasible in technology and reasonable construction organization

16、 design according to the actual situation of the construction site of the project, combined with the local economy, natural and geographical conditions, the construction technology, equipment selection, and the actual situation of project scheduling. comparing the different between the construction

17、method implemented by applying group and tender preparation time, or the different of quota of construction method to design a correct prediction.1.3.prediction of aided engineering feeaided engineering refers to engineering quantity list or not given in the design drawings, and it is indispensable

18、in construction, such as concrete mixing station, tunnel construction of the three tube line two, high pressure into the hole, also need to predict by construction plan for actual.1.4 .prediction of large temporary facilities feeprediction of large temporary work fee should be investigated in detail

19、 and fully demonstration, to determine a reasonable target values. 1.5.prediction of small temporary facilities fee, and the transferring of site fee small temporary facility costs include: temporary facilities layout, according to how much time period and planned to invest in personnel, equipment t

20、o determine the temporary facilities scale and standard, according to actual and reference of the historical data for the control of construction in the objective value determination. the transferring of site should be based on the distance and quasi transfer personnel, equipment to predict the targ

21、et value.1.6. prediction of the risk of out of control of costrisk analysis of project cost targets, is to implement the prediction of the factors that may affect the realization of ex ante analysis in the project, often can be analyzed from the following aspects:1) understanding of the technical ch

22、aracteristics of engineering project, such as structural characteristics, geological features.2) on the analysis of the unit owners, including credit of owners of units , the availability of funds, organization and coordination ability.3) analysis of internal project organization system, including t

23、he construction organization design, resources, quality and other aspects.4) the analysis of traffic, energy, electric power of project in local site.5) analysis on climate.in short, through the prediction of the main cost above, we can determine the control standard of worker, material, machine and

24、 indirect costs, can also determine the needed time to complete this project in the long period, so to finish the target control of the management fee. therefore, cost forecasting is the basis of cost control.2.around the cost objectives, determining the cost control principlesthe construction proje

25、ct cost control is the input of resources in the implementation process, and pay attention on the supervision of construction process and the results, inspection and measurement, and to take measures to ensure achieving the project cost goals.the object of cost control is project, its subject is the

26、 person's management activities, the purpose is reasonable use of manpower, material and financial resources, reduce cost, increase benefit. therefore, the general principle of cost control are:2.1 saving principle save means project save the human, material and financial resources construction,

27、 which is the basic principle of cost control. saving is not absolutely negative restriction and supervision, but to create a condition actively, we should focus on the per inspection, process control , and check the deviation in the implementation process, to optimize the construction scheme, impro

28、ve the scientific management level of the project to save.2.2 the principle of full controlthe principle of full control includes two meanings, namely the full staff control and full process control.1) project full staff controlcost control consists of all departments, team and staff in project orga

29、nization of work involved, and related to each of the vital interests of employees, so should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of each department, each employee team for controlling and concerning about the cost, to establish full control idea, if we only consider that cost control is responsible for o

30、re settlement and financial matters, it is just one-sided.2) the entire process of project cost controlthe project cost involves the entire project cycle, the whole process of project cost formation, from the beginning of construction preparation, through the construction process to be completed aft

31、er the transfer of the warranty period. therefore, the cost control work is to accompany each stage of project construction, such as the formulation of optimal construction scheme in the construction preparation stage, according to the requirements of design and construction specification for constr

32、uction, make full use of existing resources, reduce the construction cost, and ensure the project quality, reduce project rework fee and after the project there may form the transfer of the warranty cost. in works acceptance stage, we have to adopt timely manner to the additional contract price for

33、the project settlement, so that the cost of the project from first to last can be hold under effect management.2.3 target control principletarget management is the basic techniques and methods of management activities. it realize the plan policy, task, target and measures and make that to be impleme

34、nted by decomposition. in the implementation process of the management of objectives, target setting should be practical, the more detailed the better, to implement the department, team and group or individual; target responsibility should be comprehensive, not only have the responsibility, but also

35、 to have more responsibility of cost; combining the responsibility, right, benefit, make effort on the responsible departments (people) for examination and evaluation of the performance, and with the salary, bonus, do award or publish.2.4 dynamic control principlecost control is carried out in a con

36、tinuously changing environment management activities, so we must adhere to the principle of dynamic control, dynamic control is to input the labor, material, machine into the construction process, to collect the actual value cost, compare it with the target value, check whether there have any deviat

37、ion, if without deviation, continued the process, or to find the specific reasons, to take corresponding measures. the implementation of cost control process should follow the "exception" management method, the so-called "exceptions" refers to problem which do not often appear in

38、 the project construction activities, but the key problem of cost have a major influence successfully completed, also must be attached great importance. in the project implementation of process the "exception" belongs to usually has the following several aspects:1) importance: general is d

39、ifference from the amount of point of view which have important significance, it is called "exception", if we have to determine the cost difference between the amount, we should determine the percentage difference for the original standard according to the specific circumstances of the pro

40、ject. the difference also can be divided into favorable and negative. the actual cost is lower than the standard cost too much is not necessarily a good thing, it could cause two cases: one is the adverse impact to the follow-up project or assignment: another may cause low quality, and lead to rewor

41、k and increased warranty cost, quality cost control also affect corporate reputation.2) consistency: although some of the cost difference is no more than the percentage specified or the minimum amount, but has been hovering near the upper lower limit line, should also be regarded as "exception&

42、quot;. means that the original cost projections may be not accurate, should be timely adjusted according to actual situation.3) ability to control: some are project managers can not control the cost of the project, even if significant differences occurred, should also be regarded as "exceptiona

43、l", such as land acquisition, demolition, temporary rental costs rise.4) the particularity of the project construction: which have effect on the whole process of project cost, even if the differences did not reach the importance position, should also be paid attention to cost management. such a

44、s mechanical repair expenses of the one-sided emphasis on savings. it may reduce the cost in the short term, but due to lack of repair may cause future downtime repair, thereby affecting the smooth progress of construction production.3 .to find effective ways ,and to achieve the cost control targett

45、here have a variety methods to reduce the project cost, it can take measures from organization technology, economy, to contract management.3.1 organizational measures taken to control engineering costfirst of all to clear the institutions and personnel of project manager department and division of f

46、unctions and powers of that. the project manager department is operating management team, it is appointed by legal person of enterprise as his representative to power project management team, after the completion of the project this appointment will collapse, so he is not an economic entity , and he

47、 is responsible for the overall interests, also should coordinate responsibility, right, interests between the company and the company.secondly, define the cost control and tasks, so that certain person will responsible for the cost control, avoid there have unclear responsibility while problem happ

48、en.3.2 to take technical measures to control project costtake technical measures is to give no limitation on subjective initiative of technical staff in the construction stage, and try to check and approve technical and economic demonstration which is necessary, then to seek more economic and reliab

49、le solution, thus reduce the cost of the project, including the use of new materials, new technology, new method to save energy, improve the mechanical operation etc.3.3take economic measures to control engineering costeconomic measures to control project cost includes: (1) the artificial cost contr

50、ol:labor costs accounted for a larger proportion of project costs, generally at about 10%, so we should strictly control the labor cost. to control the amount of labor, we must reduce or shorten labor consumption in some procedures, so as to reduce the labor consumption, control engineering cost obj

51、ective. (2) control material cost:the cost of materials general of the total project cost of the 65%75%, directly influence the engineering cost and economic benefit. the general approach is to quantity-price separation principle, mainly do the work of two.one is to control the amount of material: t

52、he first is to determine material consumption according to the quota, implement the system of limits: the second is to improve the construction technology, promote the use of reducing the material consumption of new technologies, new processes, new materials. then there are the engineering function

53、analysis, analyzing the performance of the material, in order to replace expensive materials to used cheap materials, strengthening material management turnover, prolong the number of circle.the two is to control the price of materials: mainly by the procurement department to control. first carries

54、on the investigation to the market, with high quality, goods than three, then purchase preferential material: followed by the rational organization of transportation, the nearest purchase material, choose the most economical mode of transport, to reduce the transportation cost: then is to consider t

55、he time value of money, reduce capital occupied, reasonably determining the purchase batch and batches as far as possible, reduce material reserve. (3) control of mechanical cost:to reduce the current consumption in the construction, through the reasonable construction organization, machinery alloca

56、tion, improve the use of machinery and equipment and good condition rate, at the same time, strengthen the on-site equipment repair, maintenance, overhaul, repair, often reduce the expenses, to avoid improper use cause mechanical equipment idle; strengthen the management plan of equipment leasing, m

57、ake full use of idle machinery and social resources, reduce the mechanical stage class price from different angles.from the economic point of view, control engineering cost also includes the reward to participants in the department and individual who participate cost control measures.3.4 strengthen

58、quality management, control the rework ratein the construction process, to strict quality engineering, always implement the quality policy of our bureau "to fine, honest, better, update", the quality of self personnel at all levels, post, duty, point to strengthen the quality inspection and management in construction process really carried out through the whole process, take preventi