Construction-project-cost-management-system-of-the-United-States-of-America

1、Construction project cost management system of the United States of AmericaConstruction industry is the second big industry, about 8% of U.S. gross domestic product. In the past two years, the construction market of the total investment of up to $six hundred billion every year, the United States for

2、 the construction of the project is divided into the government investment and private investment projects, for government investment projects, the United States takes a whoever investment management pattern, namely, direct investment by the government department management to private management pro

3、ject, the government does not intervene, but the engineering technical standards, safety and social impact on the environment and social benefit by laws, regulations and technical standards to guide or limit. United States construction cost management of the construction cost of constituted by part

4、2. I is the cost of owner-managed, calling it soft costs, mainly on the basis of the required financing, equipment purchase and reserve funds, land acquisition and relocation compensation, financial expenses, taxes and other upfront costs. II is by owners delegate design advisory company or total co

5、ntract company prepared of Jianan engineering based Shang construction actual occurred by needed costs, General called hard costs, main including construction by needed of workers, and material, and machine consumption using fee, and scene owners representative and the construction management person

6、nel wage, and Office and other miscellaneous costs, contractor scene of life and the production facilities costs, various insurance, and taxes, and not foreseen fee,. In addition contractors generally Jianan project cost 5%15%, the owners hired a consulting firm to bring about overall-process manage

7、ment of engineering cost in construction stage. 推薦精選United States a uniform price basis and standard, is a typical market price. Engineering estimates, and estimates, and artificial, and material and machinery consumption fixed, not by government sector organization developed of, but by several larg

8、e area of Guild (Association) Organization, in accordance with the construction Enterprise Engineering accumulation of information and this area reality, according to engineering structure, and material type, and decoration way, developed out square feet area of consumption and base price, and to th

9、is as pursuant to, will data lost people computer, to market. This information, while not mandatory legislation in the Government sector, but due to the establishment of technical integrity, accuracy, fairness and on the basis of practical information, can reflect the real situation, it was generall

10、y accepted by the community, data transmission and human computer, into the market. This information, while not mandatory legislation in the Government sector, but due to the establishment of technical integrity, accuracy, fairness and on the basis of practical information, picture, generally accept

11、ed by the community, and can be implemented smoothly. Therefore, project cost price mainly by the advisory bodies to develop an area of consumption, the base price and cost estimating format, adopted by the Contracting Parties a certain degree of market transactions determine project cost.the charac

12、teristics of the construction project engineering cost management in The United States.First, combined with the project quality and time limit for a project management cost Engineering management system, in the United States did not take cost and time limit for a project, quality to separate separat

13、e management, but use them as a system for comprehensive management. The idea is to: 推薦精選1. Any project must meet the quality standards under the premise of reasonably determine the construction period; 2. As a bait engineering must have engineering quality standard, and then talk about the cost of

14、reasonable; 3. The project must be strictly according to plan time to perform, could not break through a predetermined cost. Second, the pursuit of whole life cycle cost minimum .In the United States, after calculate the project cost, generally need to calculate the maintenance cost after the projec

15、t put into operation, make the project life period cost estimates, and for the benefit of the project to conduct a comprehensive analysis, so as to avoid the one-sided pursuit of low cost, the project put into production after maintenance use costs continue to increase. Three, the widely application

16、 of value engineering American engineering cost estimation is based on value engineering, in engineering design research, generally has appraiser's participation. To ensure the functionality under the premise of as far as possible reduce the engineering cost, make the cost based on a reasonable

17、level, so as to obtain the best investment benefit. 推薦精選Four, attaches great importance to the Work Breakdown Structure (the Work Breakdown Structure - the WBS) and accounting code For large and medium-sized project, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the project, also need to Work shou

18、ld be completed by the decomposition, necessary to determine the cost of each unit and the implementation plan, a process known as Work Breakdown Structure of WBS (Work Breakdown Structure), and based on WBS and unified coding for accounting. Project participants in the United States has always atta

19、ched great importance to the WBS and the accounting code, see it as the basis of cost plan and schedule management. Five, the engineering cost change and project settlement of strict control (a) changes to the project cost 1. Allow the premise of change Generally occurs only when the following in th

20、e United States, only then carries on the project cost may change: The contract changes Project internal adjustment Arrange project plan 推薦精選2. The change process Project cost change all needs to fill in the engineering budget price change application form, and a series of documents, approved by the

21、 owner and supervisor engineer is rear executable project cost change. (b) the construction settlement 1. The settlement of payment for the contractor did not exceed the budget application, entrust by owner of the architect/engineer review and approval by the owner thereof after settlement; 2. All m

22、ore than the budget more than 5% of the payment request, must pass a strict causal analysis and review. For construction of the project construction cost management main body and its function One, the government departments Government departments involved in the project cost management approach and

23、action are: (1) local governments regularly publish all kinds of engineering cost guidelines, reference for society; 推薦精選(2) shall be responsible for the department of the government investment projects of his own head direct management and accumulation of the relevant information form their own val

24、uation standard; (3) the labor standards around the department formulate and publish to directly influence the project cost; (4) in charge of environmental protection and fire fighting departments through the organization to develop and release relevant environmental protection standards to indirect

25、ly influence the project cost; (5) through a bank interest rates and other economic leverage to macroeconomic regulation and control of the whole market, which affect the components of the project cost, ultimately affect the project cost. Second, private owners Owners of private engineering distribu

26、ted in all walks of life, such as cars, entertainment, banking, insurance, retail, energy production and distribution. In the United States, specialized division of labor is very fine, can't also don't have to have a owner company engaged in construction cost professionals, so the specific m

27、anagement of the project cost, owner is usually entrust social estimate company, engineering consultancy, etc. 推薦精選Third, architects and engineers Architects and engineers, also known as design professionals. In the United States, there are many architects and engineers working in the public institu

28、tions and large private institutions. But the United States also has a lot of architects, engineers, registered private independent design company, according to the contract to complete the design work, this article points to the latter. In use such as please Build (the Design - Build) project manag

29、ement mode, the architects and engineers and is in charge of Design and is responsible for the construction of a company to sign contract with other project management mode, the architects and engineers signed a contract with the owner. Four, the contractor Contractors are generally began in the mid

30、dle and late project involved, according to owner, the initial conditions given design or construction of a facility, as the owner's intention is clear, have more solution was studied, and the choice and give up, the scope of the project and outline is quite clear. 推薦精選Contractor to very detaile

31、d, and the classification of cost apart from the above direct costs and indirect costs, for ease of construction control, also divided construction cost separately, it including direct Labour, construction equipment, as well as the indirect costs. The construction enterprise to manage the project co

32、st and a group of measures is a technology management and service layer separation, employs only a small amount of technical management personnel, have no fixed workers and contract workers for a long time. According to the requirements of the construction task, at any time and sign the subcontract

33、and all kinds of professional subcontractor in society after the completion of the task, immediate termination. Five, the construction manager Construction Manager, Construction Manager) as a whole new way of project management to Construction management, Construction the Manage - CM), was born in a

34、 new career. Construction manager is that some building construction, construction management and construction economics expert, as the agents hired by the owner, main job is in construction stage, the architect/engineer and the contractor management, supervision and coordination. In addition, the w

35、ork of construction by hanging in the early stages of the project work are: 推薦精選Stage 1. decision-making stages: help determine the project goals, objectives and priority programs, developing assessment operation planning, preliminary cost estimates, preparation of the initial schedule, assist in fu

36、nd-raising, assist with site selection, assist design professionals. Stage 2. The design phase: to provide timely cost estimating, cost control analysis of the construction feasibility of alternative design scheme primary research, to provide data on engineering material z prepare periodic progress

37、planning, coordination and contract documentation process review, value analysis, to provide construction technical and economic aspects of the proposal, responsible for all record of the meeting. Stage 3. Purchasing: budgeting control, estimates published construction tender announcement, pre-trial

38、 selected bidders, the distribution of information and the bid documents, before the meeting and organize site inspection, receiving, analyzing bidding and award of bid proposal is put forward, track purchase stage and set up documents for all activities. 推薦精選The common models and methods of project

39、 management One, the owner management mode directly This way is a kind of traditional project management mode. Under this method, the owner respectively with design and construction of design agencies and contractors to sign the contract, the owner directly to supervise and control the design and co

40、nstruction work in construction phase, design professionals usually bear the important supervisory work. Two, the Design, construction mode of the Design - Building So-called way of design, construction, project is in principle to determine, after the owner simply select the only entity is responsib

41、le for the design and construction of the project, design, construction contractor responsible for the design and construction phase of the cost, as for the specific implementation of engineering design and construction, depending on the specific circumstances, or completed by their professionals to

42、 a subsidiary, with professional design agencies and the subcontractor or by signing the agreement by its complete, respectively. 推薦精選Three, the Construction management mode (Construction Manage - CM) The management mode has two kinds, the first for the construction manager is the owner of the agent, the owners to attend all the contract situation; The second for construction managers and builders. Agent construction management is a more traditional form, under this form of construction manager is the owner's consultants and agents, to provide construction managem