浙師大英語教育史英文論文

1、 英語本科生期末課程論文 論文題目： Foreign Language Teaching in Qing Dynasty and the Inspiration 清朝外語教育以及對現(xiàn)在的啟示 課程名稱： 中國外語教育史 學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué)號： 院 系： 外 國 語 學(xué) 院 英 語 系 班 級： 序號： 任課教師： 職稱： 提交時間： 成 績： CatalogueAbstract:21. Introduction32. Historical Background42.1Chinese Effect42.1.1 History of Qing Dynasty42.1.2 Economic and So

2、me Culture Background52.1.3 Changes in Late Qing Dynasty62.2 Influence from the World72.2.1 Change of the World72.2.2 Invasion from Western Countries82.3 The Changes of people in Qing Dynasty towards Foreign Languages93. Foreign Language Teachers in Qing Dynasty103.1 Missionaries as Language Teacher

3、s103.2 Businessmen Learning and Teaching English113.3 Language Teachers in the late Qing Dynasty124. Foreign Language Schools in Qing Dynasty134.1 Tongwen College134.2 Saint John's University145. The Enlightenment of English education in Qing Dynasty15Reference17Foreign Language Teaching in Qing

4、 Dynasty And the InspirationAbstract: There are so many reasons to learn a foreign language. Maybe they are glamorous and romantic, like France. Maybe they are practical but boring, like English. The reasons are various, but theres only one goal, which is to learn it well or command it and even mast

5、er it. But how can we master a foreign language? Nowadays, more and more people in China are learning English. They have foreign teachers and even go to USA to study it. But many people feel they can not speak it well, let alone master it. In Qing Dynasty, there were not so many foreign teachers tea

6、ching in China, and there were no videos or listening tapes that time. But language schools at that time brought along many famous people that changed the history of our country. So how did they learn English and what was the teaching method? There must be something in it that we can learn.Key words

7、: foreign language teaching; teaching method; history; language teaching philosophy Foreign Language Teaching in Qing Dynasty and the Inspiration1. Introduction People use a language in one of three ways: as a native language, as a second language, or a foreign language. There is no doubt that Engli

8、sh is one of the world's most widely used languages. As a second language, English is often necessary for official business, education, information and other activities in many countries. It is said that English has become the language of international trade and transport. Almost 60 percent of t

9、he world's radio broadcasts and 70 percent of the world's mails use English. There are many other foreign languages that are very important for Chinese people to learn. Because they are the bridge between China and western countries and the worlds prosperity and stability will depend on how

10、well China and western countries understand each other. But how can we learn them well? Maybe We should study the language teaching history and find something inspiring. In fact, there were many foreign language teachers in Qing Dynasty and many language schools were built at that time. Moreover, th

11、e teaching method was good and inspiring. 2. Historical BackgroundAs we all know the society had a great influence on the culture. When talking about the Foreign Language teaching in Qing Dynasty, this one should be taken into consideration. And as for social effect, it can be divided into two parts

12、: Chinese effects and the influence from the world.2.1Chinese Effect2.1.1 History of Qing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China.The dynasty

13、was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in contemporary Northeastern China. The Aisin Gioro leader, Nurhachi, who was originally a vassal of the Ming emperors, began unifying the Jurchen clans in the late sixteenth century. By 1635, Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji could claim they constituted a si

14、ngle and united Manchu people and began forcing the Ming out of Liaoning in southern Manchuria. In 1644, the Ming capital Beijing was sacked by a peasant revolt led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official who became the leader of the peasant revolt, who then proclaimed the Shun Dynasty. The last

15、 Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell. When Li Zicheng moved against Ming general Wu Sangui, the latter made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Manchurian army. Under Prince Dorgon, they seized control of Beijing and overthrew Li Zichen

16、g's short-lived Shun Dynasty. Complete pacification of China was accomplished around 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor.Over the course of its reign, the Qing became highly integrated with Chinese culture. The imperial examinations continued and Han civil servants administered the empire alongside Ma

17、nchu ones. The Qing reached its height under the Qianlong Emperor in the eighteenth century, expanding beyond China's prior and later boundaries. Imperial corruption exemplified by the minister Heshen and a series of rebellions, natural disasters, and defeats in wars against European powers grav

18、ely weakened the Qing during the nineteenth century. "Unequal Treaties" provided for extraterritoriality and removed large areas of treaty ports from Chinese sovereignty. The government attempted to modernize during the Self-Strengthening Movement in the late 19th century yielded little la

19、sting results. Losing the First Sino-Japanese War of 18941895 was a watershed for the Qing government and the result demonstrated that reform had modernized Japan significantly since the Meiji Restoration in 1867, especially compared with the Self-Strengthening Movement in China.2.1.2 Economic and S

20、ome Culture BackgroundIn Qing Dynasty, and of course in the long history of China, agriculture was the basic of all. Grain crops and economic crops were widely spread. The handicraft industry in Kangxi after metaphase was gradually restored and developed. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, The further

21、development of agriculture and handicraft were based on the business was also developed; commodity money economy was more active than ever before. The agriculture commodity production expanded, agricultural products increasingly became commodities, there were many specialized economic crop area, as

22、the handicraft industry to provide raw materials, or directly supply to consumers.The commerce with European countries did not exist a lot. But the emperor did business himself. He allowed several ports to send goods to western countries and do business with Westerners. So, it was a need of English

23、speakers. But there were no exact English teachers in early Qing Dynasty. And the so called textbooks were just teaching some transliteration works. The Qing government was to implement the ban policy and policy of seclusion, Preventing foreign advanced culture communication in China. Put many intel

24、lectuals into prisons because of the article they wrote, crowding the heretical thought, Confucianism Authority maintenance. They pretended to learn the advanced western culture, but still propagated Confucian thoughts, and the consolidation of the feudal rulers of the position.2.1.3 Changes in Late

25、 Qing Dynasty 19th-century China struggled with the concept of international and state to state relations. Prior to the 19th-century, the Chinese empire was generally the hegemonic power in East Asia. Under its imperial theory, the Chinese emperor had the rights to rule "all under heaven".

26、 Depending on the period and dynasty, it either ruled territories directly or neighbors fell under its hierarchical tributary system. Historians often referred to the underlying concept of the Chinese empire as "an empire with no boundary". However, the 18th century saw the European empire

27、s gradually expanded across the world, as European states developed stronger economies built on maritime trade. European colonies had been established in nearby India and on the islands that are now part of Indonesia, when the Russian Empire had annexed the areas north of China. In 1793, Great Brita

28、in attempted to forge an alliance with China, sending the Macartney Embassy to Hong Kong with gifts for the emperor, including examples of the latest European technologies and art. When the British delegation received a letter from Beijing explaining that China was unimpressed with European achievem

29、ents, and that George III was welcome to pay homage to the Chinese court, the deeply offended British government aborted all further attempts to reconcile relations with the Qing regime.In the Kang Youwei era, there are many foreigners and Chinese who can speak English. After the second Opium War, t

30、he Qing government set up Tsungli Yamen under the Tongwen college for the convenience of dealing with European and American affairs , where many people learned a foreign language as a translator and diplomatic personnel.When Chinese signed of Treaty of Nanjing, Chinese people who spoke English altho

31、ugh rare, there was still somebody. For example, in the smoking ban announced by Lin Zexu and the fight against the British invasion forces had already had the Chinese translation for English one. This was also very good understanding, at that time although the Qing government adopted a policy of se

32、clusion, but not entirely retired, and the Qing government allowed thirteen lines in Guangzhou and Western countries trade, Chinese merchants could speak a little English or hire some people who spoke English in Guangzhou to do business before the Opium War. There were also many foreign nationals an

33、d missionaries in Guangzhou. Learning English is actually not too difficult. Not only was it easy to learn languages when doing business, but also there were someone studied English in the coastal area. And even when government wanted to find an English man even in the first Opium War Qing for a tra

34、nslator was difficult.2.2 Influence from the WorldWhen China was still governed by Qing Dynasty, great changes had taken place in the western countries. These countries made great economic progress and set up the new political systems. They also had liberation thoughts and ideas. But the resources i

35、n their countries were limited and they needed to go to other counties for resources to develop their industry. So they began to conquer other countries including China.2.2.1 Change of the World Many western countries were involved in the Industrial Revolution. The two industrial revolutions greatly

36、 improved the social productive forces, enriched people's material life, and consolidated the rule of capitalist countries. The capitalist production system finally achieved dominance. Relations of production further adjustment: monopoly and monopoly organization form, main capitalist countries

37、entered into the stage of imperialism.Many countries also established capitalist parliament system: The British established a constitutional monarchy; the United States established a presidential Republic, and the German established federal constitutional monarchy.The significant increase in the str

38、ength of the capitalist powers began to seek new sources of raw materials and commodities markets.2.2.2 Invasion from Western Countries In 1793, the Qianlong Emperor stated to the British ambassador Lord Macartney that China had no use for European manufactured products. Consequently, Chinese mercha

39、nts only accepted bar silver as payment for their goods. The huge demand in Europe of Chinese goods such as silk, tea, and ceramics could only be met if European companies funnel-led their limited supplies of silver into China. By the late 1830s, the governments of Great Britain and France were deep

40、ly concerned about their stockpiles of precious metals and sought alternate trading schemes with China the foremost of which was addicting China to opium. When the Qing regime tried to ban the opium trade in 1838, Great Britain declared war on China in the following year. The First Opium War reveale

41、d the outdated state of the Chinese military. The Qing navy, composed entirely of wooden sailing junks, was severely outclassed by the modern tactics and firepower of the British Royal Navy. British soldiers, using modern rifles and artillery, easily outmaneuvered and outgunned Qing forces in ground

42、 battles. The Qing surrender in 1842 marked a decisive, humiliating blow to China. The Treaty of Nanjing, which demanded reparation payments, allowed unrestricted European access to Chinese ports, and ceded Hong Kong Island to Great Britain. It revealed many inadequacies in the Qingg government and

43、provoked widespread rebellions against the already hugely unpopular regime.The Western powers, largely unsatisfied with the Treaty of Nanjing, only gave grudging support to the Qing government during the Taiping and Nien Rebellions. China's income fell sharply during the wars as vast areas of fa

44、rmland were destroyed, millions of lives lost, and countless armies raised and equipped to fight the rebels. In 1854, Great Britain tried to re-negotiate the Treaty of Nanjing, inserting clauses allowing British commercial access to Chinese rivers and the creation of a permanent British embassy at B

45、eijing. This last clause outraged the Qing regime, which refused to sign, provoking another war with Britain. The Second Opium War ended in another crushing Chinese defeat, whilst the Treaty of Tientsin contained clauses deeply insulting to the Chinese, such as a demand that all official Chinese doc

46、uments be written in English and a proviso granting British warships unlimited access to all navigable Chinese rivers.2.3 The Changes of people in Qing Dynasty towards Foreign Languages People began to realize that they should change their attitudes towards the western culture and technology. And th

47、e best way to get the western ideas was to learn their languages. Some scholars put forward the idea that "Western learning for practical application; Chinese learning as a base".These invasions and unequal treaties made the whole country began to change. And learning the Western technolog

48、y became a trend at that time. So lots of language schools like the Tongwen College in Beijing and Guangzhou were built. And those schools taught many students who made great contribution to the latter foreign affairs. 3. Foreign Language Teachers in Qing Dynasty For students to study a language, te

49、achers are very important. They have different teaching methods and philosophies. And any change of teachers could influence the students a lot. So if we want to figure out the foreign language teaching in Qing Dynasty, we must first have an clear idea about the foreign language teachers. In Qing Dy

50、nasty, there were also many changes. At the very beginning, there were no exact English teachers because there was no great need for English. But when the Western conquers came, there was a big need for English speakers. So in the late Qing Dynasty, many people began to learn English. The English te

51、achers became popular.3.1 Missionaries as Language Teachers The early English teachers were of two main types, foreigners and businessmen.After the founding of the country, Qing Dynasty had been pursuing a policy of seclusion. And whats more, the connections the empire made with the outside world we

52、re rare. However，there were still some contacts with the outside world in this time. Although the Qing Dynasty did not connect actively with the outside, many nations still admired Chinese names and wanted to do business with China. The famous book Travels of Marco Polo wrote a lot about the vast te

53、rritory and abundant resources. The book says, China is a land of gold. The books made many Westerners want to come to China. So a lot of western people went to China to make a fortune. And many Missionaries also came to China to spread the Christianity idea.As for the spread of Christianity in Chin

54、a, the earliest dates back to the Tang Dynasty. AD 635 years (Tang Zhenguan nine years), missionary Syria man named Robben went to the Tang capital of Changan along the Silk Road, Emperor Taizong sent Prime Minister Fang Xuanling to welcome him to palace and asked about the teaching of the Bible, ar

55、row, icons and purpose of missionary work in detail, in order to further understand their beliefs, he let him go to the Royal Collection floor to the classic translation. Three years later, he was allowed to spread Nestorian in China under the life in Changan to build a church and used to settle the

56、 Nestorian priests.In Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Qing Dynasty, Christian returned to China, they first put on clothes to be Chinese monk. Then, they transfiguration " Confucian" intellectual to influence Chinese senior intellectuals and high officials as well as noble lords to spread, suc

57、h as at the end of Ming Dynasty horse sinus rate. And even to the development of the Qing Dynasty, Christian priests once occupied the Kangxi Dynasty astronomical officials: Schall; and later to the Yong Zheng time was completely prohibit the spread and the ceremony to exit. There was a time when th

58、e missionary charter came out. But the government refused to sign it. So many Missionaries were also refused in China.But actually, it was the missionaries that taught Chinese people English at first. When they were during the course of mission, they would teach the Bible. Sometimes they may speak a foreign language. And if the natives wanted to fully understand the Bible, they also had to communicate with foreigners. 3.2 Businessmen Learning and Teaching English There was a two hundred years ban before the Qingg Dynastys foreign trade befor