動詞不定式的精講與專項練習

1、李毅-8 0小時突破語法動詞不定式（the infinitive）二、不定式的主要用法動詞不等式具出名詞、形容詞及副詞的特點，因此在句中可作主語、賓語、賓語（或主語）補足語、表語、定語、及狀語等；1 、不定式作主語 不等式作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；to conquer englishis not easy.戰(zhàn)勝英語不簡潔；to make plan first is a good idea.先制定方案是個好想法；to know everythingis to know nothing.事事皆通，無一熟知； 不等式作主語時，常常用形式主語it替代，而將真正的主語不等式放在句子的后面； it i

2、s necessaryto master a foreign language.把握一門外語很有必要； it s a great pleasureto see you again.再次見到你真興奮；it is a bad mannerto stare at a foreign guest.盯著外賓看是一種不良的舉動； 假如說明不等式表示的動作是誰做的，可以在不等式的前面加一個for引起的短語，這就是常見的“it is adj./n. for sb. to do sth. ”句式；如：it is good mannersfor an arabto stand close to his frien

3、ds when they are talking.對阿拉伯人來說，交談時站得離伴侶近些是好的禮貌；it is a great honorfor usto be presented at the party.我們能來參與晚會，深感榮幸；it will be a regretfor usnot to help him.我們沒有幫忙他是個遺憾； 在某些形容詞（如kind,good, nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong, right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate, rude, naughty, impolite等）作表語時，

4、不等式前常加一個以of 引起的短語，來說明不等式指的是誰的情形；這就是常見的“it is adj. of sb to do sth.” 句式；如：it s very kindof youto think so much of us.感謝你替我們考慮這么多；it is unwiseof themto do like that.他們那樣做是不明智的；it s impoliteof youto gossip about others.你們說別人的閑談是不禮貌的；it s carelessof themto ignore this important point.他們忽視了重點，只是馬虎；2 、不定式

5、作賓語 英語中能以不等式作賓語的動詞很多；常見的有：like, want, wish, hate, prefer, hope, manage, try, offer, start, ask, forget, promise, pretend, intend, begin, attempt, decide, desire, agree, learn, choose, expect等等；如：dont forgetto bring your dictionary.不要遺忘把你的字典帶來；he can t affordto buy a car.他買不起小汽車；i needto fetch a tape

6、from a friend.我需要去一個伴侶處取一盒磁帶回來；we ve decidedto put on a short playnext week.我們打算下一周演一個小話?。?once you startto smoke, you cannot easily give it up.一旦你抽上了煙，你就不簡潔戒掉； i really liketo watch football matches.我特別喜愛看足球競賽；how i wishto see my old friends again.我多么想再見到我的老伴侶?。?當不等式作直接賓語，而后面仍有賓語補足語時，通常把不等式放在補足語后面，

7、而用形式賓語it來替代它；如：i found it impossible to answer all the questions within the time given.我發(fā)覺在限定的時間內(nèi)回答全部的問題是不行能的；she thoughtit unnecessary to argue with him about it.她覺得沒有必要和他辯論這問題；he madeit a rule onlyto speak english in class.他規(guī)定課上只能說英語；i findit necessaryto speak about our shortcomings.我覺得有必要談?wù)勎覀兊娜秉c；

8、she feelsit hardlyto help others.她認為幫忙別人是她的責任； 英語中介詞后面通常要用動詞的動名詞形式；但是下面的這些短語中的介詞卻例外：be about to +不等式，do nothingbut,cannot help choose but, nothing except, nothing else than， cannot but等；如：heis aboutto go aboard to study.他將出國學習去了；the patientcan not butfollow the doctors instructions, though he doesn

9、t think it necessary.病人只得遵照醫(yī)生的叮囑，盡管他們認為沒有必要；these children didnothing exceptplay all day long.這些孩子除了成天玩外，什么都沒做；he didnothing else thanlaugh.他只是笑；1李毅-8 0小時突破語法he does everythingexcept go to school.他怎么也不上學；i had no choicebut to give up this chance to go aboard.我沒有方法只好舍棄了此次出國的機會；i have got nothing to d

10、obut depend on myself.我沒有方法只好依靠自己； 留意 but、except 用作介詞（除之外）接不等式，如前面有do/does/did時，不等式不帶to ，否就要帶to ； 再如：the lady can do nothingbut give in. = the lady has no choicebut to give in.3 、不定式作賓語補足語在很多句子中，不定式用作賓語（名詞或代詞）的補足語，從而構(gòu)成復合結(jié)構(gòu)，即復合賓語；句子的賓語與不定式之間在規(guī)律上是主謂關(guān)系；這墳種情形： 帶 to 的不等式作賓語補足語；要求帶這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動詞有：ask要求allow答應(yīng)t

11、each教invite邀請forbid禁止want想要know知道beg祈求force逼迫invite邀請order命令help幫忙warn警告require要求cause導致tell告知persuade說服encourage勉勵wish期望advise勸說like喜愛advise建議forbid禁止warn警告urge敦促；促使get使permit答應(yīng)cause導致request要求the teacher asked usto recite the texts.老師要我們背誦課文；we didnt want thisto happen .我們并不期望發(fā)生這樣的事；i told jeffto

12、join the club, but he wouldn t listen.我告知 jeff讓他加入俱樂部，但他不聽；i expected herto arrive on sunday.我期望她星期天到；they encouraged meto try again.他們勉勵我再試一次；i ll get someoneto repair your bike.我去找個人來幫你修自行車； 不帶 to 的不等式作賓語補足語；要求帶這種結(jié)構(gòu)的常見動詞有（但這些動詞的被動形式需要帶to ）：see觀察look at觀察hear聽見make使notice留意discover發(fā)覺listen to聽let讓w

13、atch認真看observe觀看feel感覺have讓nothing will make mechange my mind.什么也轉(zhuǎn)變不了我的留意；nobody saw himcome in.誰也沒觀察他進來；we listened to the bandplay in the park.我們在公園聽樂隊演奏；she was seento enter the roomabout the time he was leaving.他走的時候看到她進入房間；特殊留意：上述這些動詞的被動語態(tài)肯定要加上to.另外，主動語態(tài)動詞help 后的復合賓語中的不等式可帶to ，亦可不帶to. 而被動語態(tài)必需加t

14、o she often helps her parents to wash clothes.她常常幫爸媽洗衣服；= her parents are often helpedto wash clothes. i won t be made to change my mind by anything. he wasn t seen to come in by anyone.the band was listenedtoplayin the bank. 有些成語動詞后面的復合賓語中用帶to 的不等式；常見的有：waitfor, call on, count on/upon, vote for,rel

15、y on, depend on/upon, long for, care for, prevail upon等；但是在listen to, look at后面的復合賓語的不等式就不帶to.i m counting onhimto help me through.我盼望他能我度過難關(guān)； wellvote formiketo be our monitor.我們將頭邁克的票，選他當班長； dont count on usto give you any help.別盼望我們能給你任何幫忙；we are interested inlooking athimplay football.我們看到他們踢足球感

16、到很好玩；we are longing forthe new seasonto begin soon.我們都期望新的賽季快的開頭； 有些動詞后跟復合賓語，但這種賓語中的不定式多由to be + adj構(gòu)成，常見的有think, consider, find, believe, suppose, know, feel, understand, declare, take等；但在 think ，consider, find后又可以直接加形容詞，而不用to be ； 如 ：she felt that tobe the highest praise.她認為這是最高的頌揚；she consideredt

17、hat to be important.她認為這很重要；iknowthatnot to be true.我知道這不是真的；they findthe answerto be quite satisfactory.他們對答復感到很中意；we dont consider his planto be practical.我們并不認為他的方案是可行的；2李毅-8 0小時突破語法sheimagined herselfto be cleverer than others.她自以為自己比別人都要聰慧；4 、不定式作主語補足語 含有賓語補足語的句子變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時，原句中的賓語變成了被動語態(tài)的主語，原先賓語補足語

18、變成了主語補足語；he asked meto be patient.他要我耐心點；me為賓語，不等式作賓補 i was askedto be patient.我被要求耐心點；i為主語，不等式作主補the answer was foundto be quite satisfactory.答復看來令人很中意；who can be depend uponto do such a job.能靠誰來做這樣的工作哪？before liberation, workers were madeto work day and night.解放前，工人們被迫日夜干活； 在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中用不等式作主語補足語，它們是：sb

19、./sth be said/believed/reported/considered/found等+不等式；如： he is said to have gone abroad. = it is said that he has gone abroad.heat is considered to be a form of energy.熱被看成是一種能量； 在 be likely, be certain, be sure, be unlikely, be destined等加不等式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)中，不等式也是用作主語的補足語；victory is sureto be ours.成功肯定是屬于我們的；

20、5 、不定式作表語不等式作表語常常用來表示預(yù)定要發(fā)生的動作，也可以用來表示將來的可能性或假設(shè)；不等式作表語仍可以用來說明主語的內(nèi)容，此時不等式只是單純的表語，而不具有將來的意義；his wish isto become a scientist.他的是當一名科學家；to the doctor, the most important thing isto save people s lives.對醫(yī)生來說，最重要的是挽救生命；our main task now is to develop the students taobcilaitirerys on independent work.培育同學進

21、行獨立的才能是我們現(xiàn)在的主要任務(wù)；he was to leavewhen i walked into the room.我走進房間時，他正想離開；what we have to do first isto find a solution.我們要做的第一件事找一個解決的方法；the important thing isto win at any cost.重要的是不惜一切代價取得成功；nothing in life isto be feared. it is onlyto be understood.生活中沒有可怕的東西，只有需要懂得的東西； 摘自高二英語上p1perhaps the most

22、important thing if we want to make a difference isto find somethingthat we like to do and that we are good at.假如我們想有所成就，最重要的或許就是找到我們喜愛做的和善于做的事情； 摘自高二英語上p76 、不定式作定語和同位語不等式作定語或同位語須放在被修飾詞的后面.he was very busy and had no timeto visit his friends.他很忙，根本沒有時間探望伴侶們； the farmers thought of the waysto protect

23、their crops.農(nóng)夫們想出了愛護莊稼的方法； no investigation, no rightto speak.沒有調(diào)查就沒有發(fā)言權(quán)；they had no chanceto go to schoolin those years.那時候他們沒有機會上學；her desireto succeedlet her study hard.對成功的期望促使她努力學習；have you got anythingto dothis evening.今晚你有事嗎？不定式作定語或同位語時應(yīng)留意兩種現(xiàn)象：1、 假如不等式是一個不及物動詞，它后面就應(yīng)帶有必要的介詞，但是修飾的名詞是time 、place

24、 、way 時，其后習慣上常省略介詞；i have a lot of thingsto do.我有很多工作要做；let s first find a room to findto put the thingsin .我們先找一個房間把東西擱在里面；she is a very nice personto workwith .她是一個很好共事的人；i haven t got a chairto siton.我沒有可坐的椅子；there is nothingto worryabout .沒什么值得發(fā)愁的；i have never seen a zoo that was suitable for an

25、imalsto livein . 摘自 go for it p120 there is no reasonto give up.沒有理由舍棄；this is the best wayto make friends with.這就是最好的交伴侶的最好方法；we are looking for a placeto lie in.我們在找躺的地方；she had no placeto live.她沒地方??；we have only a short timeto decide.我們只有很少的時間來打算； zoos are terrible places for animalsto live. 省 略

26、in 摘自 go for it p120 is this a good way for animalsto live.省略 in摘自 go for it p1202、不等式和它所修飾的詞之間有主謂關(guān)系，且此不等式短語相當于一個定語從句；3李毅-8 0小時突破語法we need someoneto help him with the typing.我們需要一個人幫他打字；we need someone（who will help him with the typing,）the meetingto take place next monthis bound to be a great succe

27、ss.下月舉辦的會議肯定會很成功；the meeting which will take place next month is bound to be a great success.she is always the firstto come to school.她總是第一個到校；7 、不定式作狀語不定式作狀語修飾動詞，表示目的、緣由、結(jié)果、獨立成分等；表示結(jié)果、緣由時，不行置于句首；1、不等式表示目的，其規(guī)律主語通常亦是全句的主語；有時為了強調(diào)這種目的，在不等式前加in order 或 so as ，也可以將不等式或“ in order+不等式”置于句首（so as 不用于句首）the

28、greens went to hong kongto spend their holiday.格林全家去香港度假了；let s hurry notto be late for class.咱們快點走，免得上課遲到；to make things easier, some people would rather just give money. 為了讓事情簡潔些，一些人寧愿只送錢； 摘自gofor it p108 we went to the villageto buy some foodfrom the village shop.我們到那個村莊，從商店里購買了一些食物；ill write dow

29、n his telephone number in order to call him when necessary. 我要把他的電話號碼登記來，已備必要時打電話給他；i stayed thereso as to see what would happen.我留在那兒，為的是想看看會發(fā)生什么事；to do a good job, we must have the right ways.要做好工作，我們要有正確的方法；in order to help him, we would do everything we can.為了幫忙他，我們情愿盡一切力氣；in order not to be lat

30、e, we took a taxi instead of a bus.為了不遲到，我們沒有乘公交車，而是打的；to master a foreign language,one must study hard.要把握一門外語，就必需努力學習；we do that so as to save time.我們那樣做是為了節(jié)約時間； she shut the window in order to keep the rain out .她關(guān)上窗戶，把雨擋在外面； in order to get married , i needed a job, andin order to get a job , i

31、needed a ph d.為了結(jié)婚，我需要一份工作；為了找到工作，我需要哲學博士學位； 摘自高二英語上p3to explain what they have seen, they build a theory about the way in which things happen and the causes and effects.為了說明他們的觀看所得，它們會建立一個關(guān)于事物發(fā)生、起因和結(jié)果的理論； 摘自高二英語上p4 2、不等式表緣由，常用在表示喜、怒、哀、樂等情感形容詞后面；其規(guī)律主語通常是句子的主語；如：i m gladto meet you.見到你我很興奮；i m sorryt

32、o hear that.聽到這個消息我很難過；we jumped with joyto hear the news.聽到這個消息，我們都興奮得跳了起來；we are proudto be young people of china.作為中國的青年，我們感到驕傲； she trembledto think of the terrible accident.想到那可怕的車禍, 她就不寒而栗； she seemed surprisedto meet us.見到我們，她看上去很驚奇；i m sorryto have kept you waiting.不好意思，讓你久等了； 3、不等式表結(jié)果，其規(guī)律主語

33、通常也是句子的主語；在“soas to” , “suchas to” , “enoughto” , “only to” ,以 及 “ tooto”等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不等式皆表示結(jié)果；he was too exitedto keep still.他太興奮，無法保持安靜；idontknow him wellenough to borrow money from him .我跟他仍沒有熟到可以向他借錢的地步；what have i saidto make you so sad.我說了什么話是你如此難過.she was not oldenough to understand all that.她年紀不夠大，無

34、法懂得這一切；the smoke from the fire was too thick for the helicopters to be able to land on the roof . 大火產(chǎn)生的濃煙使直升機不能在屋頂降落；he lifted a rockonly to drop iton his own feet.他搬起石頭卻砸了自己的腳；he grew upto be a famous scholar.他長大后成了聞名的學者；she woke up suddenlyto see the house on fire.她突然醒來，發(fā)覺房子著火了； you are old enough

35、to take care of yourself now.現(xiàn)在你已經(jīng)長了，能夠照料自己了； it istoo lateto do anything now.現(xiàn)在做什么事都太晚了；we were luckyenough to catch the last bus.我們幸運地搭上了末班車；he worked hard so as to pass the exam.他學習努力以便通過考試； the test questions are kept secret,so as to prevent cheating .試題保密是為了防止作弊； who can be so mean as to do suc

36、h a thing like that .誰這么小氣，做出這樣的事？i went about my job insuch a wayas to kill two birds with one stone.我如此工作是為了想要一箭雙雕；4李毅-8 0小時突破語法go about:著手；從事kill two birds with one stone：一箭雙雕 4、做獨立成分；這種不等式獨立于句子之外，表示說話者的態(tài)度、語氣等，又稱評論性狀語；通常置于句首，有時置于句中或句尾，需要用逗號同句子的其他成分隔開；to tell the truth,i don t know what the answer

37、 is.老實說，我不知道答案是什么；to be honest,i thought the purse was really ugly.說實在的，我認為那個錢包實在難看； 摘自 go for it p108todays writers should turn a real life into a piece of literature,to be frank. 坦白地說，現(xiàn)在的作家應(yīng)當將真實的生活寫成文學；常見作獨立成分的不等式仍有：to speak frankly坦率地說to be honest誠懇說to tell you the truth說實話to be frank坦率地說to begin

38、 with第一to start with第一to put it briefly簡言之三、“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)不等式短語在某些情形下可以在前面帶一個疑問詞（連接代詞 / 副詞）；why 除外 這種結(jié)構(gòu)的作用接近于一個名詞從句，在句中用作主語、表語、賓語或介詞賓語；when to starthasn t been decided yet.何時動身尚未打算； 作主語 the question iswhere to go .問題是到哪兒去； 作表語 life is long if you knowhow to live it.如知如何利用，生命就能長期； 作賓語 i was thinking ofh

39、ow to tell him the truth.我正在想要怎么告知她這個事實； 作介詞的賓語 do you knowhow to write a letter in english.你知道如何用英語寫信嗎？ 作賓語 they want to have a vacation, but they haven t decidedwhere to go .他們想去度假，但仍沒有打算去哪兒； 作賓語 he told the actorswhere to standand where to move.他告知演員們該站在哪兒，該往哪兒走；i dont know which to choose becaus

40、e there isnt any difference between the two.由于這兩者之間毫無區(qū)分，所以我這不知道該選哪一個；we must decidewhether to goor stay.我們必需打算是去仍是留；i so hope youll advise mewhat to do .我真期望你會建議我該怎么辦？the teacher will teach ushow to learn english well.老師會教我們?nèi)绾尾拍軐W好英語；四、省略to的不定式to 是動詞不定式常常帶有的小品詞，是不等式的標志；但在以下情形下它常常被省略掉；1、在情態(tài)動詞之后can iha

41、ve a look at your new computer.我能看看你的新電腦嗎？may itake this seat.我可以坐在這里嗎？ 2、在 had better,had best,why（ not ），would rather,would ratherthan, would sooner,would soonerthan, do nothing but, cannot but, cannot help but等等后面的不等式要省略to ；youd better look over your paper before you hand it in.交卷前你最好認真檢查一下；youd

42、better not ask such silly questions again.你最好不要再問這樣愚蠢的問題；why leave the light on.為什么開著燈？why stand here in the cold.這么冷，站在這里干什么？iwould rather stayat home.我寧愿呆在家里；wewould ratherfailthan do nothing at all.我們寧愿失敗也不愿無所事事；iwould soonertake a taxithan walk.我寧愿坐出租車而不是走著去；the students coulddo nothing but wait

43、for the teacher to come.同學們沒有別的方法，只好等老師來；why spend so much money.為什么要花這么多錢？why nothave a try.為什么不試一試呢？icannot but thinkso.我很難不這樣想；icannot help but agree to what he said.我不得不同意他所說的；3、在某些感官動詞后的賓語補足語之前；這些感官動詞有：see、watch 、hear 、feel 、listen to、notice 、look at等；i didn tnotice hergo out.我沒留意她出去了；did youhe

44、ar himgo downstairs.你沒有聽到他下樓的聲音嗎？4、在某些使役動詞后的賓語補足語之前；這些使役動詞有：make、have、 let.she let usmeet her at the station.她讓我們?nèi)ボ囌窘铀?；what makes youthink so.什么使得你這么認為？5李毅-8 0小時突破語法dontmake himcry.別讓他哭啦；she made me promise to write every day.她讓我每天寫；the teacher oftenhas the studentsread aloud every day.這位老師常常讓同學們在課堂

45、上大聲朗讀；5、有 but 、except 用作介詞（除之外）接不等式，如前面有do/does/did時，不等式不帶to ，否就要帶to.the lady can do nothingbut give in. = the lady has no choicebut to give in.6、幾個不等式并列時，常常只在第一個動詞前加to ，在后面的不等式就不加to.it s kind of youto come and see me.你來看我真是太好了；i decidedto writerather thanphone.我寧愿寫信而不打電話；it is quite necessary for u

46、sto write moreandread more.我們多寫多說是特別必要的；she told the childrento stay thereandwait till she came back.他叫孩子始終呆在那里始終等他回來；留意：假如表示對比或強調(diào)，每一個不等式的to 都要保留；i cameto praise him, butnot to blame him.我是來夸獎他，而不是批評他； to try and failis better thanto do nothing at all.嘗試后而失敗總比無所事事要好； he hasn t decided whetherto go h

47、ome orto stay here.他仍沒打算是回家仍是留在這里；7、不等式作表語時，主語部分有實義動詞do 的某種形式， to 也可以省略；（美語中常見）all we can do now is to wait for him.現(xiàn)在我們能做的就是等他；what we must do is to reduce the use of energy.我們不需做的就是削減能源的消耗；8、在 help 后面的賓語補足語可帶to 也可不帶 to.變 為 被 動 語 態(tài) 時 ， 就 須 帶 to.she helps her motherto prepare for christmas.她幫她媽媽為圣誕節(jié)

48、做預(yù)備；her mother is helpedto prepare for christmas.五、to后面動詞的省略1、有時為了防止重復前面的動詞，可以把一個動詞不等式省略掉，單留一個“to ”；一般說來在一些形容詞、動詞后面的不等式內(nèi)容假如是重復前面內(nèi)容時，to后的動詞可承前省略，此時所省略的成分相當于do so ，這種結(jié)構(gòu)肯定要有上下文或肯定的語境；常見的這類動詞有： ；like,love,hope, wish,want, mean, try,intend,oblige,advise,refuse,persuade 等；形容詞有： happy, glad, eager, anxious

49、, ready, willing等；he may stay if he wantsto .假如他想留下來，他就可以留下來；- will you go together with me.- does she intend to study german.- yes, i will be gladto .- yes, she intendsto .i d like to go skating on such a snowy day, but my mom asked me notto .我想在這樣的下雪天去滑冰，但媽媽叫我別去； 省略 go skating假如在省略的不等式結(jié)構(gòu)中含有作助動詞的be

50、, have, have been, to后面要保留這些詞；- are you on holiday.- no, but id liketo be.- i thought you were a teacher. - no， but i usedto be.- didn t she tell you to attend the meeting. -她沒有告知你參與會議嗎？- no, ioughtto have been. 省略了 told-沒有，我應(yīng)當被告知的；2、某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)后面常省略不等式而保留to. 常見的有： ought to, have to, used to, be able to等

51、；his aunt won t attend the wedding though sohueght to. 雖然她姑姑應(yīng)當參與婚禮，但她不準備去； 省略了 attend the wedding harry has succeeded in the final exam, and in fact, heought to have.哈里通過了期末考試，而實際上，它也是應(yīng)當通過的； 省略了 succeeded- i didnt tell him the news.- oh, youought to have.六、不定式的時態(tài)不定式雖然沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但所表達的動作仍有時間先后次序；1、不定式的

52、一般式，表示的動作通常與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生或在其后發(fā)生；we are very gladto meet you again.再次見到你，我們特別興奮；（同時發(fā)生）i hopeto see you next week.我期望下周能見到你； 不等式動作發(fā)生在謂語之后 they invited usto visit the united states soon.他們邀請我們不就去美國拜訪；2、不定式的進行式，表示的動作正在進行，與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生；he seemsto be thinking deeply, without noticing me passing him.他似乎陷入了深思，我從他身邊經(jīng)過他都沒留意到；6李毅-8 0小時突破語法it s nice of youto be thinking of us.感謝你想著我們；（作主語）they areto be waiting for usat the station.他們在車站等我們； （作表語）he pretendedto be reading attentivelywhen i came in.