上海牛津英語7A語法專項(xiàng)講解及練習(xí)

1、語法專項(xiàng)講解及練習(xí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)（一）含義 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示現(xiàn)在之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，但其結(jié)果卻和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系, 也就是說, 動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生在過去但它的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。e.g. I have lost my wallet. (含義是：現(xiàn)在我沒有錢花了。)Jane has laid the table.(含義是：已可以吃飯了。) Michael has been ill.(含義是：現(xiàn)在仍然很虛弱。) He has returned from abroad. (含義是：現(xiàn)在已在此地)（二）結(jié)構(gòu) 助動(dòng)詞have /has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞，主語為第三人稱單數(shù)用has，其他人稱用have 。（三）句型

2、 1、肯定句：主語+have /has+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。 I have studied English for 5 years . 2、否定句：主語+have /has+not +動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他。 We havent been there . 3、一般疑問句：Have/Has+主語+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他？ Has he eaten that apple ? 4、特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ have /has +主語+動(dòng)詞過去分詞+其他？（四）用法 1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可以用來表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)刻的、持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的情況,常及for, since連用。 e.g. Mary has been ill

3、for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 2、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往同表示不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語連用, 如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等：e.g. He has already obtained a scholarship. I havent seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet?3、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常常及表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用e.

4、g. Have you ever been to Beijing? I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語連用，如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year,

5、now, just, today, up to present, so far等。e.g. Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain this year. The relations between us have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been succe

6、ssful. 5、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在之前就已完成的動(dòng)作, 雖然其效果或影響仍然存在但已不再繼續(xù), 但是有一些現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句子，在后面加上for+一段時(shí)間，則現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作就表示延續(xù)性。e.g. Thomas has studied Russian. (現(xiàn)在不再學(xué)俄語) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.) 6、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可以用來表示過去的一個(gè)時(shí)間到現(xiàn)在這段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g

7、. We have had four texts this semester. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中的時(shí)間狀語：already通常用于肯定句中，意為“已經(jīng)”，位于行為動(dòng)詞之前, be動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞之后。有時(shí)可放在疑問句句尾，表示驚訝。例如： We have already cleaned the classroom. Have you finished it already？yet用于疑問句中表示“已經(jīng)”；用于否定句中，表示“還(沒)”。例如：Has he found his watch yet？他還沒找到他的表嗎？No, not yet. 是, 還沒有。ever意為“曾經(jīng)”，常用于疑問句或否定句中，位

8、于助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞之間，表示從過去到目前為止的時(shí)間。例如： Have you ever been there？你曾經(jīng)去過那里嗎？ Nothing has ever happened here. 這里未曾發(fā)生過什么事。never意為“（曾經(jīng)）從未、沒有”, 是否定副詞，在句中位于助動(dòng)詞和過去分詞之間。ever及否定詞not連用相當(dāng)于never。例如： I havent ever spoken to her. = I have never spoken to her. 我從未跟她講過話。just意為“剛剛”, 用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 表示行為剛剛過去, 位于助動(dòng)詞及過去分詞之間。e.g. He has

9、just come back from school.他剛從學(xué)?；貋怼?just now意為“剛才”, 表示過去某時(shí), 用于一般過去時(shí), 位于句首或句尾均可。e.g. He came from school just now.他剛才從學(xué)?；貋怼or 和since的用法及區(qū)別。for 及一段時(shí)間連用，since 及時(shí)間點(diǎn)連用。 注意：since 后接過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語或過去時(shí)的句子。e.g. I have been to Shanghai twice since 1970. I havent seen her since she left Shanghai. I saw Ping Ping si

10、x years ago. Since I havenever seen her. have/has gone to、have/has been to 和have/has been in的區(qū)別。 have/ has gone to 去了,在去某地的路上或在某地, 人還未回來 have/ has been to 曾經(jīng)去過, 人已經(jīng)回來了 have/ has been in 已經(jīng)在, 常及一段時(shí)間連用 e.g. She has been to Shanghai before. 她以前曾去過上海。 She has been in Shanghai for ten years. 她在上海10年了。 Ha

11、s he gone to Qingdao? 他去青島了嗎？但不能說 Have you gone to Qingdao?現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)及一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 ： 一般過去式：過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作。 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：為過去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作及現(xiàn)在的聯(lián)系，對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響。一般過去時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，及現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系?，F(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在一看時(shí)間狀語。如果句中沒有表示過去確切時(shí)間的狀語，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果有，則只能用一般過去時(shí)。如： I have visited the factory. I visited the fac

12、tory last year.二看句首有無疑問詞。如果籠統(tǒng)地問人家做過某事了嗎（句首無疑問詞），常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；但進(jìn)一步詢問何時(shí)、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事時(shí)（句首有疑問詞）就要用一般過去時(shí)。如：Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.注意： 這種用法是以連貫性問答為背景的。否則就需要具體情況具體分析。如： How many words have you learned by heart? How did you learn them by heart?三看句中謂語動(dòng)詞是否

13、為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。如果表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，最好選用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，并使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果是瞬間動(dòng)詞，則用一般過去時(shí)。如： He has been a league member for two months. He joined the Youth League two months ago.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)練習(xí)題一、單項(xiàng)選擇1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they _what's happened to him . knew . have known . must know .will know2、He has _ been to Shangha

14、i , has he ?. already .never .ever . still3、Have you met Mr Li _？. just . ago .before . a moment ago4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year. is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、-Our country _ a lot so far .-Yes . I hope it will be even _ . has changed ; well . changed ; goo

15、d. has changed ; better . changed ; better6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study. has ; studied . are ; studying7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . know . had known . have known . Knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . will see . ha

16、ve seen . saw .see9、-These farmers have been to the United States . -Really ? When _ there ?. will they go . did they go. do they go . have they gone10、-_ you _ your homework yet ?-Yes . I _ it a moment ago . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished. Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; fin

17、ish二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換3、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （動(dòng)詞填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) This factory _ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同義句）Her mother _ the Party three years

18、 _ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同義句轉(zhuǎn)換) _ two years _ the Green family moved to Fra nce.8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把兩個(gè)句子合并成一個(gè)句子) _ 二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead 4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago7、It is, since 8、The bu

19、s has been here for ten minutes. 人稱代詞和物主代詞1人稱代詞主格和賓格的區(qū)別：主格通常位于句中第一個(gè)動(dòng)詞之前（有時(shí)候位于than 之后），賓格一般位于動(dòng)詞或介詞之后。2物主代詞形容詞性及名詞性的區(qū)別：形容詞性用時(shí)后面一般要帶上名詞，名詞性則單獨(dú)使用，后面不帶名詞。一.填寫代詞表主格。Iitweyouthemhisyourhers二.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2. The dress is _. Give it to _.

20、 ( she ) 3. Is this _ watch? (you) No, its not _ . ( I ) 4. _ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he ) 5. _ dresses are red. (we) What colour are _? ( you ) 6. Here are many dolls, which one is _ ? ( she ) 7. I can find my toy, but wheres _? ( you ) 8. Show _ your kite, OK? (t

21、hey) 9. I have a beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it ) 10. Are these _ tickets? No, _ are not _. _ arent here. ( they ) 11. Shall _ have a look at that classroom? That is _ classroom. ( we ) 12. _ is my aunt. Do you know _ job? _ a nurse. ( she ) 13. That is not _ camera. _is at ho

22、me. ( he ) 14. Where are _? I cant find _. Lets call _ parents. ( they ) 15. Dont touch _. _ not a cat, _ a tiger! 16. _ sister is ill. Please go and get _. ( she ) 17. _ dont know her name. Would you please tell _. ( we ) 18. So many dogs. Lets count _. ( they ) 19. I have a lovely brother. _ is on

23、ly 3. I like _ very much. ( he ) 20. May I sit beside _? ( you ) 21. Look at that desk. Those book are on _. ( it ）22.The girl behind _ is our friend. (she )名詞復(fù)數(shù)和動(dòng)詞三單一、名詞復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則1一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2以s. x. sh. ch結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-wat

24、ches 3以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries 4以“f或fe”結(jié)尾，變f或fe為v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives 5不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children foot-feet,.tooth-teeth fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanes

25、e 練習(xí)：寫出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù)。I _him _this _her _ watch _ book_child _photo _diary _ day_ foot_ dress _ tooth_ sheep _box_ strawberry _ thief _yo-yo _ peach_ sandwich _ man_ woman_ paper_ people_二動(dòng)詞三單的變化規(guī)則1一般情況下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2以s. x. sh. ch. o結(jié)尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go

26、-goes 3以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾，變y為i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 練習(xí): 寫出下列動(dòng)詞的第三人稱單數(shù)。drink _ go _ stay _ make _ look _ have_ pass_ carry _ come_ watch_plant_ fly _ study_ brush_ teach_一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)基本用法介紹一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。如：The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：I get up at six every day.我每天六點(diǎn)起床。3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。如：The earth

27、 goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的構(gòu)成1. be動(dòng)詞：主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如：I am a boy.我是一個(gè)男孩。2.行為動(dòng)詞：主語+行為動(dòng)詞(+其它)。如：We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she,it)時(shí)，要在動(dòng)詞后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的變化1. be動(dòng)詞的變化。否定句：主語+ be + not +其它。如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。一般疑問句：Be +主語+

28、其它。如：-Are you a student? -Yes. I am. / No, I'm not. 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+一般疑問句。如：Where is my bike? 2.行為動(dòng)詞的變化。否定句：主語+ don't( doesn't ) +動(dòng)詞原形(+其它)。如：I don't like bread. 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要用doesn't構(gòu)成否定句。如：He doesn't often play. 一般疑問句：Do( Does ) +主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。如：- Do you often play football? - Yes,

29、I do. / No, I don't. 當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，要用does構(gòu)成一般疑問句。如：- Does she go to work by bike? - Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. 特殊疑問句：疑問詞+一般疑問句。如：How does your father go to work? 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)用法專練:一、用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1. He often _(have) dinner at home. 2. Daniel and Tommy _(be) in Class One. 3. We _(not watch) TV o

30、n Monday. 4. Nick _(not go) to the zoo on Sunday. 5. _ they _(like) the World Cup? 6. What _they often _(do) on Saturdays? 7. _ your parents _(read) newspapers every day? 8. The girl _(teach) us English on Sundays. 9. She and I _(take) a walk together every evening. 10. There _(be) some water in the

31、 bottle. 11. Mike _(like) cooking. 12. They _(have) the same hobby. 13. My aunt _(look) after her baby carefully. 14. You always _(do) your homework well. 15. I _(be) ill. Im staying in bed. 16. She _(go) to school from Monday to Friday. 17. Liu Tao _(do) not like PE. 18. The child often _(watch) TV

32、 in the evening. 19. Su Hai and Su Yang _(have) eight lessons this term. 20. What day _(be) it today? Its Saturday. 二、按照要求改寫句子。1. Daniel watches TV every evening.(改為否定句) _ 2. I do my homework every day.(改為一般疑問句，作否定回答) _ 3. She likes milk.(改為一般疑問句，作肯定回答) _ 4. Amy likes playing computer games.(改為一般疑問句

33、，作否定回答) _ 5. We go to school every morning.(改為否定句) _ 6. He speaks English very well.(改為否定句) _ 7. I like taking photos in the park.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) _ 8. John comes from Canada.(對(duì)劃線部分提問) _ 9. She is always a good student.(改為一般疑問句，作否定回答) _ 10. Simon and Daniel like going skating.(改為否定句) _ 三、改錯(cuò)(劃出錯(cuò)誤的地方，將正確的寫在橫

34、線上)1. Is your brother speak English? _ 2. Does he likes going fishing? _ 3. He likes play games after class. _ 4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. _ 5. She dont do her homework on Sundays. _現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)1現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，也可表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。 2現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句基本結(jié)構(gòu)為be+動(dòng)詞ing.3現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定句在be后加not。 4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的一般疑問句把be動(dòng)詞調(diào)到句

35、首。 5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特殊疑問的基本結(jié)構(gòu)為：疑問詞不達(dá)意 + be + 主語 + 動(dòng)詞ing? 但疑問詞當(dāng)主語時(shí)其結(jié)構(gòu)為： 疑問詞不達(dá)意 + be + 動(dòng)詞ing? 動(dòng)詞加ing的變化規(guī)則1一般情況下，直接加ing，如：cook-cooking 2以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾，去e加ing，如：make-making, taste-tasting 3如果末尾是一個(gè)元音字母和一個(gè)輔音字母，雙寫末尾的輔音字母，再加ing，如：run-running, stop-stopping 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)專項(xiàng)練習(xí)：一、寫出下列動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞： play_ run_ swim _make_ go_ like_ write_ sk

36、i_ read_ have_ sing _ dance_ put_ see_ love_live_ take_ come _ get_ stop_ sit _ begin_ shop_ 二、用所給的動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空：1.The boy _ ( draw)a picture now. 2. Listen .Some girls _ ( sing)in the classroom . 3. My mother _ ( cook )some nice food now. 4. What _ you _ ( do ) now? 5. Look . They _( have) an English l

37、esson . 6.They _(not ,water) the flowers now. 7.Look! the girls _(dance )in the classroom . 8.What is our granddaughter doing? She _(listen ) to music. 9. Its 5 oclock now. We _(have)supper now 10._Helen_(wash )clothes? Yes ,she is . 三、句型轉(zhuǎn)換：1. They are doing housework .(分別改成一般疑問句和否定句) _ _ 2The stude

38、nts are cleaning the classroom . ( 改一般疑問句并作肯定和否定回答) _ _ 3Im playing the football in the playground .(對(duì)劃線部分進(jìn)行提問) _ 4Tom is reading books in his study . (對(duì)劃線部分進(jìn)行提問) _將來時(shí)一、概念：表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)及打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。句中一般有以下時(shí)間狀語：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, the day after tomorrow（后天）等。 二、基本結(jié)構(gòu)：be going

39、 to + do； will+ do. 三、否定句：在be動(dòng)詞（am, is, are）l后加not或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will后加not成wont。例如：Im going to have a picnic this afternoon. Im not going to have a picnic this afternoon. 四、一般疑問句： be或will提到句首，some改為any, and改為or，第一二人稱互換。例如：We are going to go on an outing this weekend. Are you going to go on an outing this week

40、end? 五、對(duì)劃線部分提問：一般情況，一般將來時(shí)的對(duì)劃線部分有三種情況。 1. 問人。Who 例如：Im going to New York soon. Whos going to New York soon. 2. 問干什么。What do.例如： My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon. What is your father going to do with you this afternoon. 3. 問什么時(shí)候。When.例如：Shes going to go to bed at nine. When is

41、 she going to bed? 六、同義句：be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow（明天）. = I will go swimming tomorrow. 練習(xí)：填空。1. 我打算明天和朋友去野炊。 I_ _ _ have a picnic with my friends. I _ have a picnic with my friends. 2. 下個(gè)星期一你打算去干嘛? 我想去打籃球。 What _ _ _ _ _ next Monday? I _ _ _ play basketball. What _ you do

42、 next Monday? I _ play basketball. 3. 你媽媽這個(gè)周末去購物嗎？是，她要去買一些水果。 _ your mother _ _ go shopping this _? Yes, she _. She _ _ _ buy some fruit. 4. 你們打算什么時(shí)候見面。 What time _ you _ _ meet? 改句子。5. Nancy is going to go camping.（改否定） Nancy _ going to go camping. 6. Ill go and join them.（改否定） I _ go _ join them.

43、7. Im going to get up at 6:30 tomorrow.（改一般疑問句） _ _ _ to get up at 6:30 tomorrow? 8. We will meet at the bus stop at 10:30.（改一般疑問句） _ _ meet at the bus stop at 10:30. 9. She is going to listen to music after school.（對(duì)劃線部分提問） _ _ she _ _ _ after school? 10. My father and mother are going to see a pla

44、y the day after tomorrow.(同上) _ _ going to see a play the day after tomorrow. 用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。11. Today is a sunny day. We _ (have) a picnic this afternoon. 12. My brother _ (go) to Shanghai next week. 13. Tom often _(go) to school on foot. But today is rain. He _ (go) to school by bike. 14. What do you

45、 usually do at weekends? I usually _ (watch) TV and _(catch) insects? 15. Its Friday today. What _she _ (do) this weekend? She _ (watch) TV and _ (catch) insects. 16. What _ (d0) you do last Sunday? I _ (pick) apples on a farm. What _ (do) next Sunday? I _ (milk) cows. 17. Mary _ (visit) her grandparents tomorrow. 18. Liu Tao _ (fly) kites in the playground yesterday. 19. David _ (give) a puppet show next Monday. 20. I _ (plan) for my study now.一般過去時(shí)1一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。一般過去時(shí)也表示過去經(jīng)?；蚍磸?fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作感謝