藥學英語復習

1、P 15例子P50例子Alg 疼痛 Analgia痛覺缺乏Bacill 桿菌Bacillus桿菌屬，芽孢Crin 分泌Endocrine內分泌Coccus 球菌Coccobacillus球桿菌Edem 水腫Edema浮腫，水腫Fung 真菌Fungus真菌，霉菌Emia 血癥Anoxemia缺氧血癥Germ 病菌Germicide殺菌劑Gen 原Antigen抗原Parasit 寄生蟲Parasite寄生蟲，寄生物 Strept 鏈Streptobacillus鏈球桿菌屬P16Hormone 激素Parahormone 副激素P62Lymph 淋巴Lymphadenitis淋巴結炎Anti 抗

2、Antianemic drugs 抗貧血藥Meno 月經Menopause絕經Contra 對抗Contraceptives 避孕藥Menstru 月經Menstruation月經，行經Immuno 免疫 Immunopharmacology免疫藥理學Muc 粘液Mucoid黏液樣的Pyr/o 熱，發(fā)熱Pyrogenic致熱的 Somn 睡眠Insomnia失眠P17-therapy 治療Thermotherapy 溫熱療法Pept, peps 消化Dyspepsia消化不良Phag 吞噬 Phagosome吞噬體P89Pyo 膿Pyemia膿血癥Allo 異Allosome 異染色體Sali

3、v 唾液Salivation流涎，多涎-arctia 狹窄Bronchiarctia支氣管狹窄Secret 分泌Secretory分泌的De 去，脫Deoxidation脫氧Somn 睡眠Somnambulism夢游癥Emia 血的情況Leukemia 白血癥Hemi 半Hemiparalysis偏癱P18Hyper 超過，過多Hyperglycemia高血糖Steril 不育Sterilization絕育，滅菌Hypo 低，少于正常Hypoglycemia低血糖Tum 腫，瘤Tumefaction 腫脹，腫大Itis 炎癥Hepatitis 肝炎Urin 尿Urination排尿-lysis

4、 溶解Hemolysis 溶血-oma 腫脹，腫瘤Sarcoma 肉瘤P36Para 旁，附著Paranephric腎旁的，腎上腺的Clon 克隆Monoclonal單克隆的Peri 周圍Perihepatitis 肝周炎Cyt 細胞Cytochromes細胞色素體系Estr 雌Estrogen雌激素P92Exo 外Exopeptidase外肽酶Pro 在前，在后方Premolar前磨牙Gluc 甘，葡萄糖Glucokinase葡萄糖激酶Semi 半Semisynthetic半合成的Hydro 水Hydrolase水解酶類-stenosis 變窄，狹窄Arteriostenosis動脈狹窄P3

5、7P106Lipo 脂肪Lipoprotein脂蛋白Aero 氣體Aerosol氣溶膠，氣霧劑，煙霧劑Mono 單Monooxygenase 單加氧酶Therm 熱Thermostat恒溫器Poly 多Polypeptide多肽Spor 孢子Sporicide殺孢子劑P118Trans 轉Transaldolase轉醛縮酶Amino 氨基Aminoglycoside氨基糖苷Zym 酶Zymogen酶原Aque 水Nonaqueous titration非水滴定法Chromato 顏色Chromatography色譜法pept 肽Dipeptide二肽Titri 滴定Titrimetric an

6、alysis滴定分析法uric 尿酸Uricacidemia尿酸血癥uracil 尿嘧啶Fluorouracil氟尿嘧啶P137-P143Pulmon/o 肺Pulmonary 肺的 P215Pneumon/o 氣，肺Pneumonia肺炎leuko 白Leukocyte白細胞Dent/i 牙齒Dentalgia牙痛leuco 白Leucocidin殺白細胞素Aden/o 腺 Adenoid腺樣的Gastr/o 胃Gastric胃的Duoden/o 十二指腸Duodenostomy十二指腸造口術Bil/i 膽B(tài)ilirubin膽紅素Peps/i 消化Dyspepsia消化不良-helcosis

7、 潰瘍形成Gastrohelcosis 胃潰腸Nephr/o 腎Nephromegaly腎肥大Ur/o 尿，尿道Diuretic利尿劑Andr/o 男性，雄性的Androgen雄激素Gon/o,gonad/o 性腺，生殖腺Gonorrhea淋病Uter/o 子宮Uteritis子宮炎Embry/o 胎兒，胚胎Embryonic胚胎的Vas/o 血管Vasoconstrictor血管收縮劑Hemat/o 血Hematuria血尿Thromb/o 凝塊，血塊Thrombosis血栓形成Thyr/o 甲狀腺Thyrocele甲狀腺腫Derm/o 皮膚Epidermis表皮Oste/o 骨Osteob

8、last成骨細胞Vertebr/o 椎骨Intervertebral椎間的My/o,myos/o 肌肉Myitis（myositis）肌炎Kerat/o角膜Keratomalacia角質膜化Retin/o 視網膜Retinoscopy視網膜鏡檢查acou/o 聽覺Acoustic聽覺的Ot/o 耳Otitis耳炎P157-159kal 鉀Hyperkalemia高鉀血癥natr鈉Hypernatremia血鈉過高calc 鈣Calcium鈣carb碳Carbon碳iod 碘Iodide碘化物desoxy 脫氧Desoxymorphine脫氧嗎啡Acyl ?；鵄cylase?；D移酶prote

9、蛋白質Protease蛋白酶fibrin 纖維蛋白Fibrinogen纖維蛋白1.掌握醫(yī)藥英語練習課件的詞匯部分內容。2.掌握重點詞根表的內容。3.掌握每單元TAXT A課后的true or false.4.中譯英： 4,5,6,8,9,11,13,14單元的前三題翻譯。5.英譯中： 8,11單元的TAXT A（英譯中）Unit four1. 研究藥物作用于人的科學叫藥理學，研究這門學問的科學家便是藥理學家。藥理學不是一門能夠獨立研究的科學而是與其他學科緊密相關的。藥理學家不僅要了解人體內進行的正常反應反應過程，還應懂得機體功能是怎樣受疾病影響的。The science of the effe

10、cts of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists should not only understand the normal process that take place in

11、the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease.2. 醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學生對藥理學的理解和要求沒有其定義范疇那么廣泛。臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在于藥物對人類疾病的預防、診斷及治療，或者在避孕方面所起的作用。For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharmacology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs

12、 that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy.3.所有的醫(yī)生都應該負起責任解決藥品濫用所引起的各種社會問題。藥物用得恰當，將是人類的一大福音，用得不當，則肯能毀了人類。病人（特別是老年病人）經常性使用一種以上治療藥物的話，往往會發(fā)生產生毒性藥物的相互作用。All physicians should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological pr

13、oblems caused by the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one therapeutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur.Unit

14、Five1. 為了對抗疾病，免疫系統生成了被稱為抗體的蛋白質，它們附著于入侵細菌。但實際情況是免疫系統并不能在每次面對一個新的病原體時都制造出一種特殊的抗體，實際上，免疫系統是通過對其抗體庫的大規(guī)模篩選而確定最有效的抗體。To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not to develop a specializ

15、ed antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best.2. 在一種被稱為“組合化學的”的方法中，化學家們首先生成很多相關化合物，然后對他們進行篩選，來找到那些可能具有藥用價值的化合物。In a process called combinatorial ch

16、emistry, chemists generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value.3.在平行和成中，化學家們常常利用所謂的微量滴定板將所有的產物都在其各自的反應容器中集結。In a parallel synthesis, chemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in

17、their own reaction vessels.Units six1. 植物天然產物已經并繼續(xù)擁有著為醫(yī)藥和藥劑的重要作用，不僅是作為純化的分離提取物，而且作為合成優(yōu)化的先導化合物。Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optim

18、ization.2. 植物次生代謝產物也有希望用于腫瘤化學預防，即“利用無細胞毒營養(yǎng)物或藥物增強內在生理機制以保護有機體，防止惡性腫瘤細胞的突變復制”。Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect th

19、e organism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3. 然而，世界上25萬種植物的絕大部分還沒有進行藥物篩選評價，一小部分已經進行測試的也只是對很少幾種治療靶標進行了活性篩選。Nevertheless, the vast majority of the worlds quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has gen

20、erally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets.Unit eight1. 分析化學的核心任務在于解決兩個問題：一個是有什么；另一個是有多少，也就是定性分析和定量分析。定性分析是指鑒別所含的物質而定量分析是測定物質的準確含量。Analytical chemistry aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that is qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.

21、Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements, ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity.2. 分析化的發(fā)展已經超出來了化學的邊界，因此有人提議用分析學科來描述這個領域。但是，這個名詞忽視了儀器發(fā)展和應用，因此有人建議使用“分析學科和技術”這一名詞。Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemis

22、try, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and applications. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology.3. 分析化學家致力于提高已有技術的可靠性以更好的滿足社會中頻繁出現的化學檢

23、測的需求。他們將已證實的方法應用于新型材料，或回答關于其組成及反應機理的新問題。Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements which arise constantly in our society. Theyadopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about the

24、ir composition and their reactivity mechanisms.Unit nine1. 新藥研發(fā)涉及多學科研究人員多年的共同研究成果，并且隨著遺傳工程學和單克隆抗體技術的發(fā)展，人們必將研制出更多新藥。The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary group in many years antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced .2. 生物藥劑的活性依賴于其二級、三級和四級結構基礎

25、上的復雜構象，并且這些構像采用目前的分析技術和方法還無法完全被確定并用于效能試驗。The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicated conformation based on secondary , tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing.3.

26、處理靜脈注射這一給藥途徑可以直接進入血液循環(huán)外，所有其他全身性作用的藥物的給藥途徑都涉及藥物從給藥地點吸收進入血液的過程。Apart from the intravenous route of drug administration ,where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation ,all other routes of administrating systematically acting drugs involve ,the absorption of drug from the place of admin

27、istration into the blood .Unit eleven textA1藥品說明書中所包含的信息來自于調查人員提供的、由藥品生產廠家提交給FDA的數據，包括藥品的化學結構、藥理/毒理的概述、臨床適應癥和禁忌癥、注意事項，有報道的不良反應、建議用量和可用劑型。The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by investigators and submitted by the pharmaceutical firm to the FDA , including the chem

28、ical structures of the drug,a summary of its pharmacological and toxicological action ,its clinical indications and contraindications ,precautions , reported adverse reactions ,dosage recommendations ,and available dosage forms. 2. 醫(yī)生也許根據他的職業(yè)判斷使用這些藥品。但是一旦他無視藥品說明書中的用藥說明而出現不良反應，他就必須做好準備應付法庭訴訟，辯護是否存在醫(yī)療

29、失當。The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of and drug.However, if the deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur , he must be prepared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit.3. 如果出現嚴重反應而付諸法律的話，醫(yī)生承認知道藥品書上的禁止，還是使用這種

30、藥物治療某種疾病，那么法庭將如何裁決？公開出版的臨床研究報告加上醫(yī)生在開藥時的判斷就足夠了嗎？If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed ,how would a court react if a physician admitted to he use of his drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert?Would the published clinical study ,plus th

31、e physicians judgment in presribing the drug,suffice?Unit thirteen 1. 藥學監(jiān)護強調優(yōu)化藥物治療、使藥物問題最小化和提高自我管理能力，其目的是獲得最優(yōu)療效并提高病人的生活質量。The focus of pharmaceutical care os to optimize drug therapy, minimize drug-related problems , and improve self-management for the purpose of achieving the optimal outcome to imp

32、rove the patients quality of life.2. 糖尿病是一種代謝性疾病，其特點是由于胰島素分泌缺陷、胰島素作用缺陷或二者兼有而出現慢性高血糖，最終有可能導致并發(fā)癥。Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion , insulin action , or both, Ultimately , it is likely to lead to compli

33、cations.3. 干預組病人的藥學監(jiān)護過程包括三個部分，分別是在醫(yī)院、出院后和活動地點提供的藥學監(jiān)護。The pharmaceutical Care process for the patients in Intervention Group consists of three sections.One of them is provided at hospital.then seamless care at the time of discharge from hospital and the last in the ambulatory setting.Unit Fourteen1.

34、一種新藥在問世和被使用之前，制造商必須從相應的政府權威部門獲得執(zhí)照（英國是藥品安全委員會；美國是食品與藥物管理局；瑞典是藥品部等等）Before a new drug goes to the market and is widely used, the manufacturer should get the license from the corresponding authorized government agency (Drug Safety Committee in Britain; Food and Drug Administration in USA; Medical Produ

35、cts Agency in Sweden and etc.).2. 在推向市場之前，這種新藥很可能已在受監(jiān)控的試驗中給三千多個健康志愿者或病人服用過了，除非這種只是為了對付某些罕見的疾病而不需大范圍試驗。The new drug probably has been taken by more than 3000 healthy volunteers or patients in controlled studies before marketed unless it is only designed for some orphan disease in small scale trials.3

36、. 在現階段，大多數藥理作用已為人所知，有過量用藥導致的副作用已有不少記錄在案。然而，人們對藥物中無法預測的毒副作用的認識卻很少。這類毒副作用往往在藥品已廣泛使用之后才被識別。At the present stage, most of the pharmacological effects are well-known and the side effects caused by overdosages have documented. However, the recognition of unpredicted toxic and side effects are rarely known

37、 by humans until after the extensive use of the drugs.結晶固體 crystalline solid 無菌注射劑 sterile injection 有機溶劑organic solvent 分子式MF(molecular formula)淡黃色溶液 yellowish solution 溶解度solubility 抗體antibody 理化性質physicochemical properties凍干粉末freezed-dried powder 西林瓶vial無機化學inorganic chemistry 分子量MW(molecular wei

38、ght)類白色素片off-white plain tablet 抗原antigen肝炎hepatitis 熱原pyrogen中樞神經系統 CNS 血腦屏障BBB(blood-brain barrier )半數致死量LD50(Lethal Dose 50) 三磷酸腺苷ATP(Adenosine Triphosphate)腦電圖EEG(electroencephalogram) 心電圖ECG(electrocardiogram)動脈給藥ia.(Intraarterial ) 靜脈給藥iv. (Intravenous )肌肉給藥 im. (intramuscular ) 皮下給藥 sc.(Subcu

39、taneous) 半衰期Half life 血藥濃度Drug plasma concentration血漿濃度Plasma concentration 血清濃度Serum concentration耐受性Tolerance 耐藥性resistance臨床藥理Clinical pharmacology 生物活性Bio-activity感染Infection 廓清率 Clearance強力速效劑Potent short-acting agent 橫紋肌Striated muscle心(腎)功能不全cardiac/renal insufficiency高血壓 hypertension 痙攣spasm低血壓hypotension 關節(jié)炎arthritis肝炎hepatitis 胃腸道潰瘍ulcer of gastrointestinal