第十六講 虛擬式

1、He looks as if he could_.read papersI wish I could_.Chains practiceIf my students were as sleepy as they are, I would be very sad; If I were very sad, I would call their parents; If I called their parents, my students would be sad, too; If they were sad, they couldnt learn English well” I. 概述概述語氣語氣

2、(mood) 是動(dòng)詞的一種形式是動(dòng)詞的一種形式,它表示它表示動(dòng)詞的作用和說話人對(duì)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)動(dòng)詞的作用和說話人對(duì)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的態(tài)度。度。英語動(dòng)詞有三種語氣: 陳述語氣、 (the Indicative Mood )祈使語氣(the Imperative Mood ) 和虛擬語氣。虛擬語氣虛擬語氣 ( subjunctive Mood ) 表示動(dòng)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí)作或狀態(tài)不是客觀存在的事實(shí),而是說而是說話人的主觀愿望話人的主觀愿望, 假設(shè)或推測(cè)。假設(shè)或推測(cè)。謂語動(dòng)謂語動(dòng)詞形式詞形式所指時(shí)間所指時(shí)間 從從 句句主主 句句現(xiàn)現(xiàn) 在在 過過 去去將將 來來should/would/sho

3、uld/would/could/might could/might bebe型型 had been had been 型型should be should be 型型或或 were were 型或型或were to + bewere to + be型型should / would should / would / might / / might / could/ have could/ have been been 型型II. 虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的用法should /would /should /would /could /might could /might bebe型型 III. 虛

4、擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的用法舉例虛擬語氣在非真實(shí)條件句中的用法舉例:1. 1. 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬: :If he had time, he would / could / might go with you.If I were you, I should / would / could / might tell him the truth.2. 2. 表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬: :If I had had the money last year, I should / would / could /might have bought a house.He

5、 would / could / might / have telephoned you immediately, if he had won the game.3. 3. 表示對(duì)將來情況的虛擬表示對(duì)將來情況的虛擬: :If he should come / came / were to come, I should / would / could / might ask him about it.If there should be / were / were to be something wrong, they would / could / might let you know at

6、once.If 的省略的省略如果條件從句中有were, had 或 should, 可以把 if 省略, 把這幾個(gè)詞放到主語之前, 構(gòu)成主謂倒裝, 如:If I were you, I would not do it.If I were to meet him tomorrow, I should ask him about it.If I had time, I would go.Were I you, Were I to meet him tomorrow, Had I time, If he had been more careful, such mistakes could have

7、been avoided.If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.= Had he been more careful, = Should you change your mind, 錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非真實(shí)條件句錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非真實(shí)條件句在非真實(shí)條件句中在非真實(shí)條件句中, 主句與從句所指的時(shí)間通主句與從句所指的時(shí)間通常一致的常一致的, 但有時(shí)可能不一致但有時(shí)可能不一致, 這種句子被稱為這種句子被稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非真實(shí)條件句錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間非真實(shí)條件句(unreal conditional sentence of mixed time). 這種句子需根

8、據(jù)句意這種句子需根據(jù)句意來選擇適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M形式來選擇適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M形式, 如如:He would be dead now if the doctor had not operated on him right away.If I were rich, I would have bought a house last year.Exercise - Did you submit (遞交遞交) your application for a Masters degree? - Not yet. If I _ to seen my father, I would have. A. didnt go B. h

9、avent gone C. wouldnt have gone D. hadnt gone2. - Do you think the thief entered through the garage door? - No, if he had, I dont believe _ broken the living room window. A. would he have B. he had C. he would have D. he has3. _, Id have told you. A. If I would have known it B. If I had have known i

10、t C. Had I known it D. Should I know it - _ it rain tomorrow, what would I do? - Dont worry, it promises to be fine. A. Shall B. Should C. Were D. HadIV. 虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法虛擬語氣在名詞性從句中的用法1. 1. 在主語從句中的用法在主語從句中的用法虛擬語氣常使用在以虛擬語氣常使用在以It is / was 開頭的復(fù)合句的主語開頭的復(fù)合句的主語從句中從句中,表示命令表示命令, 要求要求, 建議等建議等,謂語動(dòng)詞為謂語動(dòng)詞為should

11、 be 或或be型虛擬形式型虛擬形式:It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules.It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once.It is our wish that he (should) recover soon.It is decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Monday.常用于主句中的常用于主句中的adj. n.和和 v (p.p) 有有: im

12、portant,necessary,natural,strange, a pity, a shame,no wonder, best, better, desirable(稱心如意的), fitting(適合的), important, preferable (更好的), proper, decided (無疑的,果斷的), ordered (井然有序的, 有規(guī)律的), recommended, requested, required, insisted, proposed 等Exercise It is requested that each question _ (answer).It i

13、s imperative that you _ (not seen) here.3. It was dicided at that time the search _ (terminate). 4. It was ordered that no smoking _ (allow) in the library.5. It is necessary that the customs of all nations _ (respect).(should) be answered(should) not be seen(should) be terminated(should) be allowed

14、(should) be respected2. 在賓語從句中的用法在賓語從句中的用法虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法主要有三種情況虛擬語氣在賓語從句中的用法主要有三種情況: 在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中: 表示命令表示命令, 要求要求, 建建議議, 形式為形式為should be 型或型或be 型型, 如如:He insisted that his daughter (should) come.He ordered that the letter (should ) be mailed at once.The laws requires that everyone (should

15、) take a test for a drivers license.常用于主語的謂語動(dòng)詞有常用于主語的謂語動(dòng)詞有: ask, decide, demand, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest, urge等等.但注意：在但注意：在insistinsist后的從句中后的從句中, ,如果是堅(jiān)持自己如果是堅(jiān)持自己, ,用陳述用陳述氣氣, ,堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情, ,用虛擬語氣用虛擬語氣. . 3.sheinsiststhatsheisright. 3.sheinsistst

16、hatsheisright. 4.sheinsistedthatIshouldfinishthework now.4.sheinsistedthatIshouldfinishthework now. 或者說，或者說，suggest, insist不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí)即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí)，賓語從句即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí)，賓語從句陳述語氣。陳述語氣。 判斷改錯(cuò)判斷改錯(cuò): 11.You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. 12.Your pale face suggests

17、 that you are ill. 13.I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. 14.I insisted that you were wrong. 在以在以 it 為形式賓語的復(fù)合賓語從句為形式賓語的復(fù)合賓語從句中中: 表示要求表示要求, 建議等建議等,謂語動(dòng)詞為謂語動(dòng)詞為should be 型或型或be 型型,如如:I think it advisable (明智的) that he (should) have his car serviced.We consider it imperative (必須的) that a meeting (sho

18、uld) be held immediately. 常在主句中作賓語補(bǔ)語的常在主句中作賓語補(bǔ)語的adj., 與主語從句中與主語從句中使用虛擬語氣主句中的使用虛擬語氣主句中的adj.相同相同. 在動(dòng)詞在動(dòng)詞wish的賓語從句中的賓語從句中:表示與現(xiàn)在或過表示與現(xiàn)在或過去的事實(shí)相反去的事實(shí)相反, 或?qū)τ趯淼闹饔^愿望或?qū)τ趯淼闹饔^愿望,從句通從句通常省略常省略that.1) 表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬: : 用用were were 虛擬形式虛擬形式, , 如如: :I wish I knew his address. (= I am sorry I dont know his ad

19、dress.I wish it were summer now.表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬的直接引語表示對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬的直接引語, 在變成間接引語在變成間接引語時(shí)動(dòng)詞形式不變時(shí)動(dòng)詞形式不變, 如如:“I wish my brother didnt live so far,” he said.He said he wished his brother didnt live so far.2) 表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬表示對(duì)過去情況的虛擬: 通常用通常用had done 型虛擬型虛擬形式形式, 如如:I wished I hadnt spent so much money.= ( I was sorry

20、I had spent so much money.)They wish they had not lost the chance. 3) 表示對(duì)將來的主觀愿望表示對(duì)將來的主觀愿望: 謂語動(dòng)詞為謂語動(dòng)詞為would/could +v 原形原形. I wish it would stop raining.I wish prices would come down.I wish I could go.Exercise I wish I _ ( tell ) him the truth months ago.They proposed that this matter _ (consider) at

21、 the next meeting.He recommended that everyone _ (buy) this dictionary.John insisted that the work _ (finish) by the middle of June.had told(should) be considered(should) buy(should) be finished3. 在表語從句中的用法在表語從句中的用法虛擬語氣在表語從句中的用法主要有兩種情況虛擬語氣在表語從句中的用法主要有兩種情況: 從句以從句以that that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), , 主句的主語為表示命令主句的主語為表示命

22、令, , 建議建議, ,計(jì)計(jì)劃等的名詞劃等的名詞, , 從句的謂語為從句的謂語為should be should be 型或型或be be 型虛擬形型虛擬形式式, , 如如: :The doctors advice is that the patient (should) be kept quiet.Our suggestion is that you (should) be the first to go.常用作主句主語的名詞有常用作主句主語的名詞有: aim, advice, demand, desire, idea, order, plan, recommendation, requir

23、ement, suggestion, wish等等. . 從句以從句以as if / as though 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 主句的謂語動(dòng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞為連系動(dòng)詞詞為連系動(dòng)詞:1) 1) 從句用從句用werewere型虛擬形式型虛擬形式: : 表示從句的動(dòng)作與表示從句的動(dòng)作與主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生主句的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生, , 如如: :You look as if you had a toothache.She looked as though she were fainting.2) 2) 從句用從句用had been had been 型虛擬形式型虛擬形式: : 表示從句的動(dòng)表示從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作的

24、發(fā)生作先于主句的動(dòng)作的發(fā)生, , 如如: :He looks as if he had been ill.以以as if / as though 引導(dǎo)的從句如果不是表示虛引導(dǎo)的從句如果不是表示虛擬擬, 而是表示可能的事實(shí)而是表示可能的事實(shí), 則從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞則從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞要用陳述語氣要用陳述語氣.4. 在同位語從句中的用法在同位語從句中的用法:在表示命令在表示命令, 建議建議, 計(jì)劃等的名詞后同位語從計(jì)劃等的名詞后同位語從句中句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用謂語動(dòng)詞用should be 型或型或be 型型, 如如:The suggestion that students (should) learn s

25、omething practical is worth considering.Do you know the order that you (should) keep watch.常與從句同位的名詞有常與從句同位的名詞有: aim, demand, desire, idea, order, plan, recommendation, regulation, requirement, suggestion, wish 等等.Exercise Her desire was that this _ (not mention) any more.My suggestion is that he _

26、(ask) to resign.His suggestion is that they _ (wait) till next week.Do you know the order that you _ (come) early?My advice is that we _ (send) for Doctor Lee.(should) not be mentioned(should) be asked(should) wait(should) come(should) sendV.V.虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法虛擬語氣在定語從句中的用法虛擬語氣用于定語從句的情況高要見于虛擬語氣用于定語從句的情況

27、高要見于It is (high) time that 后后, , 謂語動(dòng)謂語動(dòng)詞用詞用were 型虛擬形式型虛擬形式, , 關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞that 常常省略省略, ,如如:Its time you werent here.Its high time that you should go.Its high time the weather improved.Its (about/high) time +that -過去時(shí)should +V.VI. 在狀語從句中的用法在狀語從句中的用法1. 在讓步狀語從句中的用法在讓步狀語從句中的用法虛擬語氣在讓步狀語從句中的用法主要有虛擬語氣在讓步狀語從句中的用法

28、主要有以下三種情況以下三種情況:1) 從句由從句由even if / even though 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo): 主句和從句都主句和從句都用虛擬語氣用虛擬語氣,形式與條件句相同形式與條件句相同, 即即,如指時(shí)間為現(xiàn)在如指時(shí)間為現(xiàn)在或?qū)砘驅(qū)? 則從句為則從句為were 型型, 主句為主句為should / would be 型型, 如所指時(shí)間為過去如所指時(shí)間為過去, 則從句用則從句用had been 型型, 主句主句用用should / would have been 型型, 如如:Even if my mother were here, I should say the same thing.Ev

29、en though it had been a rainy day, I should have gone to see him.2) 主句用陳述語氣主句用陳述語氣, 從句用從句用be 型虛擬形式型虛擬形式However hard it rain, we shall go home tonight.Whether this succeed or fail, it will not matter to him.Be this succeed or fail，it will 。3) 當(dāng)從句用當(dāng)從句用though / although 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 從句還可用從句還可用were 型或型或should

30、be 型型, 主句可用陳述語氣主句可用陳述語氣.This gave me some faint hopes of relief, although I were not able to imagine how it could be brought out.Though the whole world should condemn him, I will still believe in him.2. 在方式狀語從句中的用法在方式狀語從句中的用法He treats me as if I were a stranger.Why is she looking at me as though she

31、 had seen me before.They talked as if they had been friends for yearsas if /though + Clause現(xiàn)在：過去：過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)3. 在目的狀語從句中的用法在目的狀語從句中的用法虛擬語氣在目的狀語從句中的用法主要有虛擬語氣在目的狀語從句中的用法主要有兩種情況兩種情況:1) 從句以從句以in order that 或或so that 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞用should be 型虛擬形式型虛擬形式, 如如:They are climbing higher so that / in order that they s

32、hould / might / could get a better view.She averted her face so that / in order that the child should / might not see her tears.2) 從句以從句以in case, for fear (that), lest 引導(dǎo)引導(dǎo), 表示表示否定目的否定目的, 動(dòng)詞用動(dòng)詞用should be 型或型或be 型虛擬形式型虛擬形式, 如如: He took an umbrella with him in case / for fear / lest he (should) be cau

33、ght in the rain.She hurried on, in case / for fear / lest Jack (should) meet her again. 以以in case 引導(dǎo)的從句還常用陳述語氣引導(dǎo)的從句還常用陳述語氣; 以以for fear (that) 引導(dǎo)的從句謂語還可用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞引導(dǎo)的從句謂語還可用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞may, might 和和would.Exercise He worked hard, otherwise he _ the entrance exam. A. didnt pass B. couldnt pass C. hadnt passed D. cou

34、ldnt have passed2. Blasts of wind pounded the house, shaking it as if it _ cardboard box. A. had been B. is C. were D. would be3. He put his coat over his daughter for fear that she _ a cold. A. will catch B. had caught C. should catch D. caughtDCC4. The whole family greeted me as though I _ a membe

35、r of the family. A. was B. were C. would be D. should be5. Even if I _ with you then, I _ much for you. A. would be would not do B. were should not have done C. had been would not do D. had been should not have done6. It is high time that you _ the bus. A. had caught B. caught C. will catch D. catch

36、BDBVII. 虛擬語氣在表示某種感情的各種從虛擬語氣在表示某種感情的各種從句中的用法句中的用法虛擬語氣還可以在某些從句中表示主句虛擬語氣還可以在某些從句中表示主句主語的驚奇主語的驚奇, , 欣慰欣慰, , 失望失望, , 疑惑等感情疑惑等感情. .1. 在主語從句中在主語從句中: 謂語動(dòng)詞通常用謂語動(dòng)詞通常用should be 型或型或should have been 型型, 主句的句型為主句的句型為 “It is / was + adj.” 如如:It is strange that he should feel so angry.It was extraordinary to me th

37、at you should have seen this.常用于主句的常用于主句的adj.有有: amazing, curious, peculiar, regrettable, remarkable, disappointing, pleasing, strange, surprising 等等,另外還可以用名詞短語另外還可以用名詞短語 a pity, a shame等等.2. 在賓語從句中在賓語從句中1) 在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中在某些動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中: 謂語動(dòng)詞通常為謂語動(dòng)詞通常為should be 型或型或should have been 型型, 如如:I regret that s

38、he should be so stubborn.We never expected that he should have forgotten that.常用于主句的動(dòng)詞有常用于主句的動(dòng)詞有: puzzle, regret, wonder 以及用以及用于否定式和疑問式的于否定式和疑問式的believe, expect, think等等.2) 在在would rather / had rather 后的賓語從句中后的賓語從句中: 謂謂語動(dòng)詞用語動(dòng)詞用were 型型, 如如:I would / had rather you came tomorrow (than) today.Id rather

39、 you didnt do it.VIII. 虛擬語氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的用法虛擬語氣在簡(jiǎn)單句中的用法1. 用于表示祝愿用于表示祝愿, 詛咒等意義的公式化的句子中詛咒等意義的公式化的句子中,謂語動(dòng)詞為謂語動(dòng)詞為be型虛擬式型虛擬式, 如如:Long live our motherland!= May our mother live long! 祖國(guó)萬歲祖國(guó)萬歲!God bless you! = May god bless you! 愿上帝保佑你愿上帝保佑你! !So be it. = Let it be so = Be it so. 就這樣吧就這樣吧. .Money be hanged! 該死的金錢該

40、死的金錢! !2. 用于以用于以if only或或as if 引導(dǎo)的簡(jiǎn)單句中引導(dǎo)的簡(jiǎn)單句中,謂語動(dòng)詞常用謂語動(dòng)詞常用were型或型或had done型虛擬型虛擬形式形式, 如如:If only she didnt drive so fast.If only the photo werent missing.If only I had arrived in time!As if you didnt know that.As if I cared!但愿她不開那么快但愿她不開那么快.但愿那張照片沒丟失但愿那張照片沒丟失.我要是及時(shí)到達(dá)該多我要是及時(shí)到達(dá)該多好啊好啊!好像你不知道那件好像你不知道那件事

41、似的事似的.我才不在乎呢我才不在乎呢.2. would rather that現(xiàn)在：過去：未來：過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去時(shí)I would rather you paid me now.I would rather you had gone, too.Dont come. I would rather you came tomorrow.Without, but for和和in the absence of構(gòu)構(gòu)成虛擬。成虛擬。but for要不是要不是Without sunlight, peoples life would be different from today.But for your h

42、elp, I wouldnt have finished the work. Without your help, I would have failed.But for water, it would be impossible to live in the desert.Exercise “ I met Tom and told him about our plan.” “I would rather you _ him about it.” A. hadnt told B. not to tell C. didnt tell D. not to have told2. Without h

43、is assistance, I _ the research last year. A. must not have completed B. would not have completed C. could not finish D. should not finish3. But for your coming, I _ very lonely last night. A. were B. should be C. would be D. should have beenABD虛擬語氣的幾點(diǎn)特殊用法虛擬語氣的幾點(diǎn)特殊用法1 1、在錯(cuò)綜條件句子中，虛擬條件從句和、在錯(cuò)綜條件句子中，虛擬條

44、件從句和主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，因此，主句主句動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，因此，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)所指的時(shí)間選用和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)根據(jù)所指的時(shí)間選用適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M語氣形式。例如：適當(dāng)?shù)奶摂M語氣形式。例如： 1 1）If I were youIf I were you，I wouldnt have missed I wouldnt have missed the film last nightthe film last night如果我是你，我就不會(huì)如果我是你，我就不會(huì)錯(cuò)過昨天晚上的那部電影。（從句與現(xiàn)在事錯(cuò)過昨天晚上的那部電影。（從句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。）實(shí)相反，主句與過去事實(shí)相反。） 2）If he had followed the doctors advice，he would recover already如果他遵照醫(yī)生如果他遵照醫(yī)生的勸告，現(xiàn)在病就好了。（從句與過去事實(shí)的勸告，現(xiàn)在病就好了。（從句與過去事實(shí)相反，主句與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。）相反，主句