本科畢業(yè)論文-歐美技術性貿(mào)易壁壘對珠三角地區(qū)玩具業(yè)的影響及防范措施

1、隨著世界貿(mào)易日趨全球化，許多發(fā)達國家更多的利用技術性貿(mào)易壁壘來控制進口。歐 美地區(qū)作為珠三角地區(qū)玩具業(yè)出口的集屮市場，其技術性貿(mào)易壁壘的影響越來越深遠。如 何迅速、有效地應對歐美技術性貿(mào)易壁壘是當前政府、行業(yè)組織和岀口企業(yè)的首要任務。 首先，木文分析了珠三角地區(qū)玩具業(yè)的現(xiàn)狀及存在問題。接著，根據(jù)技術性貿(mào)易壁壘的兩 個主要影響因素，木文概括了珠三角地區(qū)玩具業(yè)受歐美技術性貿(mào)易壁壘影響下的四個方 面。最后，本文針對歐美技術性貿(mào)易壁壘對玩具業(yè)的影響所提出了五點防范措施。希望本 文對珠三角地區(qū)玩具業(yè)應對歐美技術性貿(mào)易壁壘提供有效建議。關鍵詞：技術性貿(mào)易壁壘；玩具業(yè)；影響方面；防范措施table of c

2、ontentsabstract錯誤!未定義書簽。摘要1. introduction1.1 background and significance11.2 research questions and methodologies11.3 innovation points12. literature review22.1 the relevant research abroad32.2 the relevant research in china33> current situation on toy industry of pearl river delta region33.1 sin

3、gle production mode43.2 shortage of independent brand43.3 over-centralized export market43.4 lack of standardized supervision44 impact of tbt from the occident on toy industry54.1 impact factors64.1.1 technical regulations64.1.2 conformity assessment procedures64.2 impact aspects64.2.1 export restri

4、ction7422 products recalled in batches74.2.3 production costs increased84.2.4 reputation damage95. countermeasures95.1 establishing specialized tbt consultativecenter105-2 establishing industrial warning mechanism115.3 establishing quality and safety traceability system115.4 establishing products de

5、tection system115.5 improving old and introducing new technologies126e conclusion126.1 major findings of thecurrent study136.2 limitations andsuggestions for further research13bibliography13acknowledgements錯誤!未定義書簽。1. introductionli background and significancealong with the chinas participation in w

6、orld trade organization(wto) and the globalization of the world economy, the competition of international market becomes more and more intense and complex. nowadays, the influence of traditional trade barriers, namely tariff barriers, has reduced gradually. compared with traditional trade barriers,

7、non-tariff barriers(ntbs) have some advantages, such as non-transparency and greater effect(zhang sufang, 2003:91). with the features of ntbs, tbt begins to have increasingly tangible and intangible influence on international trade.at present, tbt has become the largest non-tariff barriers that inte

8、rferes the toy exports of pearl river delta region. it is too late to take action when we take lessons. therefore, this requires government, industry organizations and enterprises to work together and try hard to overcome this crisis. in view of the new characteristics of international trade protect

9、ion and the existing problems of our nation's toy industry development, this paper starts from analyzing the current situation and existing problems of toy industry of pearl river delta region. after that, it makes an intensive study of the major affected aspects on toy export trade of pearl riv

10、er delta region from tbt of the occident through two main factors of tbt and finally, it puts forward several effective countermeasures to help toy industry to step across tbt. thus, it has important theoretical and practical significance on the development of toy industry of pearl river delta regio

11、n. and it is hoped to be helpful for toy industry of pearl river delta region to overcome the difficulties.12 research questions and methodologiesthe dissertation is primarily concerned with the following four research questions:(1) what's the current situation of toy industry in pearl river del

12、ta region?(2) what are the major factors which impact the toy industry of pearl river delta region from tbt?(3) how have the major factors influenced the toy industry of pearl river delta region?(4) what are the countermeasures to respond to the tbt from the occident?the present study, according to

13、the profound analysis of present materials and combined with several practical cases, responds to the above research questions and has a summary of the whole dissertation.1.3 innovation pointsfrom the present literature reviews, it is not hard to see that researches on a specific product or region w

14、hich has suffered from tbt are seldom, particularly on the toy industry. most of them give researches on the problems so superficially that they can not provide effective ways to help injured party to solve the problem. besides, tbt from the occident has a heavy hit on the toy industry of pearl rive

15、r delta region, which has arisen a series of problems. with the present researches and literatures, it is essential to have a research on this field.therefore, the innovation point of this paper is that it concentrates on a specific product in a specific region, and that is the toy industry of pearl

16、 river delta region. from the economic perspective, this paper aims to research the impact of tbt from the occident on toy industry of pearl river delta region and propose effective countermeasures to help the export enterprises to overcome the difficulties.2. literature review2.1 the relevant resea

17、rch abroadsince the 70s of the 20th century, foreign scholars were initially involved in the research of tbt. robert e. baldwin (1970:143) puts forward that technology and management laws and regulations normally associated with health, safety or other important public interests concerned, often bec

18、ome unnecessary barriers to trade between different countries or health goals in a safe form of trade differences unnecessary distortion and should be eliminated. for issues of developing countries to tbt, sherry stephenson (1997) gives a more comprehensive representation to the relevant standards i

19、n developing countries from the policy and institutional aspect. john s. wilson (1999) has the analysis of the impact of developing countries from the implementation of the relevant agreements on the wto and its exports. from the empirical research, organization for economic cooperation and developm

20、ent(oecd) (1999) has a survey to collect large numbers of industrial data to analyze the impact level of tbt on trade costs, and the conclusion is that it accounts for 2% to 10% of the whole production costs if the export products should achieve the different standards and technical regulations requ

21、ired by the members of oecd which have included the cost of testing and certification. tsunehiro otsuki (2000) has analyzed the export impact of africa due to the content standards of aflatoxin improved by the european union. with the analysis of the data of trade and regulations for 15 european uni

22、on countries and 9 african countries from 1989 to 199& he has given the conclusion that since the european union has implemented the strict content standards of aflatoxin, the annual exports have decreased 60%.2.2 the relevant research in chinaafter the 90s of the 20th century, domestic scholars

23、 began to focus on the analysis of the model code to gatt(general agreement on tariffs and trade) and sources of tbt. from the perspective of standardization, ye bolin & chen zhitian (1992) have analyzed the problem of tbt, and made a framework analysis of the formation of codes of standards, th

24、e concept and basic content of tbt and the technical regulation system of developed countries. for the impact of tbt to china export trade, xia youfu (1999) has analyzed the impact of china?s export trade from tbt from the industrial aspect and proposed policy recommendations. since china's acce

25、ssion to wto, domestic scholars engaged in paying attention to the role of domestic technical trade protection system on how to cope with foreign barriers and proctect domestic market and industrial development. for instance, sun jingshui (2005) has pointed out that formulating and implementing stan

26、dardization strategy are the most urgent and effective way for our nation to establish technical trading protection system and safeguard national interests and step across technical barriers.3> current situation on toy industry of pearl river delta region3.1 single production modeaccording to the

27、 classification of industrial structure, the toy industry of pearl river delta region belongs to labor-intensive industry. it is destined that the toy industry of pearl river delta region has single production mode. compared with the international toy giant, most of the toy industry in pearl river d

28、elta region are in small scale and produce with conventional processing equipments. even 90% of its toy enterprises are known as original equipment manufacturer(oem). under oem, sellers use the brand name or trademark designated by buyers on their manufactured goods(zhou ruiqi, wang xiaoou & xu

29、yuefang, 2010:108). besides, the majority of the products are the low added value products, such as plastic toys and stuffed toys. due to this single production mode, the toy industry in this region has difficulties to transform and upgrade to technology-intensive industry or capital-intensive indus

30、try.3.2 shortage of independent brandas a result of the single production mode, the toy industry of pearl river delta region has the shortage of independent brand. in the chain of design, production and sales, the toy industry in this region is only at the end of added value. compared with the world

31、wide famous toy brands, such as denmark lego, americans russ and disney，pearl river delta region has seldom famous toy brands. furthermore, the lack of innovation capability makes the toy enterprises still depend on the technology and design provided by the foreign customers. because of this, the pa

32、ssive management risk undertaked for “design defects95 is increasingly apparent.3.3 over-centralized export marketaccording to chinese customs，statistics, the occident is still the main toy export market for pearl river delta region, accounting for 67.1% of total exports. when the toy enterprises re

33、ceive orders from the overseas customers, they organize production and then sell abroad. even though the centralized export market can guarantee the market saleroom of toys, there are still risks. assume that one import country improves some toy import standards that our export toy enterprises don&#

34、39;t conform to, the whole batches of this export toys are certain to suffer losses. therefore, to avoid this situation, the toy industry of pearl river delta region should try to develop diversified potential export market to prevent themselves from suffering unnecessary losses.3.4 lack of standard

35、ized supervisionowing to the small production scale of toy industry in pearl river delta region, there are some difficulties for administrative authorities to supervise to a certain degree. moreover, the legal regulations of our country are still not so perfect. it is hard to formulate a series of u

36、nified standardized supervision procedure which may promote the health development of toy industry. for instance, in 2009, guangdong inspection and quarantine bureau has issued a document which requires each extended departments to have strict inspection supervision of the plasticiser item of export

37、 toys, in order to meet the requirements of national limits on the plasticiser and thearea requirements of the importing country.4. impact of tbt from the occident on toy industry4.1 impact factorsxia youfu (2005:19) said, "technical barriers to trade(tbt) means some mandatory or voluntary tech

38、nical measures for the reason that a country or regional organizations aim to protect its essential security, protect the health and safety and life of human and animal and plant, protect the environment, prevent the fraud, ensure the product quality, etc."particularly, to synthesize the curren

39、t situation and existing problems of toy industry in pearl river delta region, the impact factor of tbt from the occident in this region can mainly summarize as two factors, one is technical regulation and the other is conformity assessment procedure.4.1.1 technical regulationssun jingshui (2005:32)

40、 defined technical regulations as to the technical documents that should be compulsory executed of the technical regulations related to product characteristics or their related processes and production methods, which conclude laws and regulations; orders, decisions and regulations issued by governme

41、nt; and non-government institutions, such as the technical specifications, guidelines, criteria and instructions formulated by industry associations, etc.according to the relevant regulations of eu, once the defective or potential safety hazard of toys to be found in the market of member states, eu

42、will issue an alert notification about the unsafe products within the eu through the rapid reporting system. and it will order manufacturers, importers or retailers to recall or evacuate the relevant products from the market, and then prohibit this products to be resold to a third country beyond eu.

43、4.1.2 conformity assessment proceduressun jingshui (2005:33) considered conformity assessment procedures mean any direct or indirect programs to determine whether the products meet the requirements of the technical regulations or technical standards. tbt agreement provides the conformity assessment

44、procedures that include sampling, testing and inspection, evaluation, verification and assurance of conformity, registration, accreditation and approval as well as other combinations. generally believed that conformity assessment procedures consist of three components which are certification, accred

45、itation and mutual recognition.on july 22,1993, the european community(ec) announced “ec council no.93/68/cee directive". according to this directive, during the process of production and before the launch to the market, any toy must comply with the safety standard or “basic requirements set by

46、 the relevant directives of the eu. for example, before the launch to the market, the manufacturers or its agents in the eu must affix the mark of "ce” on the toys, which indicates that this products comply with the eu directive requirements.4.2 impact aspectsimpact of tbt from the occident on

47、toy industry of pearl river delta region mainly embodies in the following four aspects. they are export restriction, recalled in batches of products, increased production costs and reputation damage. next, we will have a specific analysis of each affected aspect.4.2.1 export restrictionchina is the

48、world toy export superpower and its annual export volume is 50 billion dollars, accounting for more than 50% of the worlds total. however, in recent years, the toy exports of pearl river delta region has a downturn trendcompared with the developed countries, technical regulations and technical stand

49、ards in china have lagged behind. nowadays, the united states has 55 kinds certification system and european union has 9 kinds unified certification system, but china has not yet formed a unified certification system. about 70% to 80% of chinas toy industry standards are lower than the international

50、 and foreign advanced standards, and it is the root cause that many substandard commodities have excluded from the international market(qin feng, 2008:101). as a result, toy exports of pearl river delta region will suffer serious export restriction.moreover, due to strong economy and high technology

51、 strength of the occident, higher level technical standards and more strict regulations will result in the toy products. especially the environmental standards to the products cause many export products of toy indusrty of pearl river delta region can not catch up with the requirement of the occident

52、. for instance, not only eu has unified technical standards and regulations, but also every country has its own strict standards, so that they can always choose imported goods standards to their advantage. since the technical standards of our nation are not so perfect, the strict technical standards

53、 of the occident will somehow restrict our toy exports.besides complex and harsh certificate systems, accreditation systems and inspection procedures have reduced china's international competitiveness on exports and the prolonging of inspection time makes the best sales opportunities of products

54、 lost. to some extent, this situation will restrict our toy exports.above is affected by the tbt from the occident, which has led export restriction to toy industry of pearl river delta region.4.2.2 products recalled in batchesthe consumer product safety commission(cpsc) is to protect american consu

55、mers from unsafe damage to the products and it is the most powerful and severe consumer protection agency in the united states. it is entitled to prohibit the sale of unsafe products, or to deprive the sale right and require the sellers to take unqualified products back. in recent years, products &q

56、uot;made in china" have been on the top of cpsc recall list.according to the official authority data released by the cpsc, the statistical analysis of its toy recall notifications from 2007 to 2009 as following:from 2007 to 2009, cpsc has issued 181 times toy recalls, involving 164 times of chi

57、nese products, accounting for 90.61%. 79 times in 2007, chinese recalls account for 97.53% of thetotal number of the recalled toys; 57 times in 2008, accounting for 89.06%, and 28 times in 2009, accounting for 82.53%. although the recall of chinese toy products has a declining trend, the recall numb

58、er is still far more than any other country. the specific situation is shown in table 4.1.20018060402016014012010080合計200720082009中國產(chǎn)品數(shù)星bl總數(shù)星table 4.1 the number of recalled toys from 2007-2009 (cpsc)among all these recalls, toy recall of mattel in 2007 is a typical example. mattel announced the global recall of nearly 21 million chinese toys for three times, which had arised crisis of confidence in chinese toy exports. it is reported that the reason why these toys are recalled is that they may have small spare parts which can be swallowed by children or may contain lea