藥學(xué)英語課后翻譯(共8頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Unit 1 1. A full appreciation of the physiology of a living organism must be based on a sound knowledge of its anatomy. Anatomy does not merely study the separation of parts, but the accurate description of the morphologies and functions of different organs. 對生物生理學(xué)的全面了解必須基于解剖學(xué)的系統(tǒng)知識。解剖學(xué)不

2、僅僅是研究 人體各部分的分離；還要準(zhǔn)確的描述各個器官的形態(tài)和生理功能。 2. Our daily food intake must match requirements and any excess must be excreted for balance to be maintained. 我們每天攝入的事物必須滿足需要；任何多余的東西必須排出體外才能維持 平衡。 3. The process of stabilization of the internal environment is called homeostasis and is essential if the cells of

3、the body are to function normally. 內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)定的過程稱之為體內(nèi)平衡；體內(nèi)平衡也是機(jī)體的細(xì)胞正常發(fā)揮作用所必 不可少的。 4. Human cells have the ability to break down large molecules to smaller ones to liberate sufficient energy for their activities. 人類細(xì)胞有將大分子分解成小分子的能力；從而為自身活動釋放足夠的能量。 5. As long as normal conditions are maintained in this int

4、ernal environment, the cells of the body continue to live and function properly. 只要這種內(nèi)環(huán)境正常的條件得以維持；機(jī)體的細(xì)胞就能繼續(xù)生存并發(fā)揮正常 功能。Unit 2 1. Biochemistry asks how the thousands of different biomolecules interact with each other to confer the remarkable properties of living organisms. 生物化學(xué)探尋的是數(shù)千種不同的生物分子如何相互作用；以賦予

5、生物體具備顯著的特性。 2. Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate the rates of biological reactions. Each enzyme is very specific in its function and acts only in a particular metabolic reaction. 酶是能加速生物學(xué)反應(yīng)速率的催化劑。每一種酶都有專一的功能并且僅在特定代謝反應(yīng) 中發(fā)揮作用。 3. One of the most fruitful approaches to understand biological phenome

6、na has been to purify an individual chemical component, such as a protein, from a living organism and to characterize its chemical structure or catalytic activity. 用以了解生物學(xué)現(xiàn)象的最有效的方法之一是從生物體中純化出單一化學(xué)成分；例如蛋白 質(zhì)；并對其化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)或催化活性進(jìn)行表征。 4. The chemical principles that govern the properties of biological molecules

7、 include the covalent bonding of carbon with itself and with other elements and the functional groups that appear in common biological molecules, etc. 決定生物分子特性的化學(xué)原理包括碳與自身或其他元素的共價結(jié)合和一般生物分子中 出現(xiàn)的功能基團(tuán)等。 5. The basic unit of DNA is a linear polymer of four different monomeric subunits, deoxyribonucleotid

8、es, arranged in a precise linear sequence. 脫氧核糖核酸的基本單位是由四種不同的脫氧核糖核苷酸單一亞單位以精確的線性序 列進(jìn)行排列而構(gòu)成的線性聚合物。Unit 3 1. Although the existence of microbes was determined almost three hundred years ago, the study of microbiology is only getting started compared with zoology and1/7頁 botany. 盡管三百年前人們就確定世界上存在微生物；但與動物

9、學(xué)和植物學(xué)相比；微 生物學(xué)研究還只是剛剛開始。 2. In ancient times, the existence of microbes was hypothesized and they might be the responsible agent of diseases, which was pure speculation(推斷) as there was no microscope at the time. 在古代, 人們認(rèn)為有微生物存在而且微生物可能是傳染病的致病原；但當(dāng)時 沒有顯微鏡；所以這一切純屬猜測。 3. The first one who suggested taxon

10、omic classification(分類法) of bacteria and discovered spores is Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who studied algae and photosynthetic bacteria. He established bacteriology. 第一位提出對細(xì)菌分類和發(fā)現(xiàn)孢子的人是植物學(xué)家費南?科恩；他對藻類和 光合細(xì)菌進(jìn)行了研究；創(chuàng)建了細(xì)菌學(xué)。 4. Microbes may be tiny, but the field of microbiology is relatively huge, which en

11、compasses many subdisciplines affecting peoples life and health a lot. 微生物體積雖?。坏⑸飳W(xué)領(lǐng)域卻很大；其中包括很多分支學(xué)科；對人類 生活和健康產(chǎn)生了重大影響。 5. Some of microbes may cause diseases but not all microbes are detriment, such as some of them used in industrial fermentation(發(fā)酵) to make wine and vinegar(醋). 有些微生物能引發(fā)疾?。坏皇撬械奈⑸?/p>

12、都是有害的；如一些微生物可 用于工業(yè)發(fā)酵；制作酒和醋等。Unit 4 1. The science of the effects of drugs on the body is called pharmacology, and the scientists who study it are pharmacologists. Pharmacology is not a science that can be studied on its own, but that closely related to other branches of science. Pharmacologists shou

13、ld not only understand the normal process that take place in the body, but know how the functions of the body are affected by disease. 研究藥物作用于人體的科學(xué)叫藥理學(xué)；研究這門學(xué)問的科學(xué)家便是藥理學(xué)家。藥理學(xué)不 是一門能夠獨立研究的科學(xué)；而是與其它學(xué)科緊密相關(guān)的。藥理學(xué)家不僅要了解人體內(nèi) 進(jìn)行的正常反應(yīng)過程；還應(yīng)懂得機(jī)體功能是怎樣受疾病影響的。 2. For physicians and medical students, the scope of pharm

14、acology is not so expansive as its common definition. The clinician is interested primarily in drugs that are useful in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human disease, or in the prevention of pregnancy. 醫(yī)生和醫(yī)學(xué)生對藥理學(xué)的理解和要求沒有其定義范疇那么廣泛。臨床醫(yī)生的主要興趣在 于藥物對人類疾病的預(yù)防、診斷及治療；或者在避孕方面所起的作用。 3. All physicia

15、ns should share the responsibility to resolve kinds of sociological problems caused by the abuse of drugs, properly used, drugs are great blessing to mankind; improperly used, they could destroy human race. When a patient, particularly the elderly is prescribed frequently to take more than one thera

16、peutic agent, drug interactions resulting in toxicity will occur. 所有醫(yī)生都應(yīng)該負(fù)起責(zé)任解決藥品濫用所引起的各種社會問題。藥物用得恰當(dāng)；將是人 類的一大福音；用得不當(dāng)；則可能毀了人類。病人，特別是老年病人(經(jīng)常性使用一種 以上治療藥物的話；往往會發(fā)生產(chǎn)生毒性藥物的相互作用。 4. At one time, it was essential for the physician to have broad botanical knowledge, because they had to possess the ability and

17、 skill to select proper plants from which to prepare his own crude medicinal preparations. 以前；醫(yī)師必須具備很廣泛的植物學(xué)知識；因為他要懂得挑選適當(dāng)?shù)闹参锏哪芰图记桑?/7頁 并將它們制備成簡單的藥物制劑。 5. The study of biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action is termed as pharmacodynamics, whose uniqueness lies ma

18、inly in that its attention is focused on the characteristics of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of the drug. As a broader science, it borrows freely from both the theories and experimental techniques of physiology, bio chemistry, i

19、mmunology, and pathology. 對藥物的生化生理作用及其活性機(jī)制的研究叫做藥效學(xué)；該學(xué)科的獨到之處主要在于其 關(guān)注的要點是藥物的特征。藥效學(xué)作為一門邊緣學(xué)科；大量借鑒了生理學(xué)、生物化學(xué)、 免疫學(xué)、病理學(xué)等學(xué)科的理論和實驗技術(shù)。Unit 5 1. To fight against disease, the immune system generates proteins known as antibodies that bind to invading organisms. But the real case is that the immune system is not

20、to develop a specialized antibody each time it is faced with a new pathogen. In fact, the immune system select the most effective one by mass screening of its antibody repertoire, thus identifying the ones that work best. 為了對抗疾病；免疫系統(tǒng)生成了被稱為抗體的蛋白質(zhì)；它們附著于入侵細(xì)菌。但實際情 況是免疫系統(tǒng)并不能在每次面對一個新的病原體時都制造出一種特殊的抗體：實際上；

21、免疫系統(tǒng)是通過對其抗體庫的大規(guī)模篩選而確定最有效的抗體。 2. In a process called combinatorial chemistry, chemists generate a large number of related compounds and then screen the collection for the ones that could have medicinal value. 在一種被稱為“組合化學(xué)”的過程中；化學(xué)家們首先生成很多相關(guān)化合物；然后對它們 進(jìn)行篩選；來找到那些可能具有藥用價值的化合物。 3. In a parallel synthesis, c

22、hemists often use a so-called microtiter plate to assemble all the products separately in their own reaction vessels. 在平行合成中；化學(xué)家們常常利用所謂的微量滴定盤將所有的產(chǎn)物都在其各自的反應(yīng)容 器中結(jié)集。 4. A parallel synthesis and a split-and-mix synthesis are different with that in a parallel synthesis, all the products are assembled sep

23、arately in their own reaction containers, while in a split-and-mix synthesis, the related compounds are mixed up in the same reaction vessel, which reduces the number of containers required. 平行合成和分裂混合合成的不同在于, 在平行合成中每個化合物都留在自己的反應(yīng)器 中；而在分裂混合合成中；相關(guān)化合物都混合在同一容器中；這種方法極大地減少了 所需容器的數(shù)量。 5. At the end of a spli

24、t-and-mix synthesis, all the molecules attached to a single bead are found to be of the same structure. Chemists pull out from the mixture the beads that bear biologically active molecules and then, use sensitive detection techniques to determine the molecular makeup of the compound attached. 在分裂混合合

25、成過程結(jié)束時；可以發(fā)現(xiàn)所有附著于一個小珠上的分子結(jié)構(gòu)都一樣?；?學(xué)家們從混合物中分離出具有生物活性分子的小珠, 然后利用靈敏的探測技術(shù)來確定附 著的化合物的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。Units 6 1. Plant natural products have had, and continue to have, an important role as medicinal and pharmaceutical agents, not only as purified isolates and extractives, but also as lead compounds for synthetic optim

26、ization. 植物天然產(chǎn)物已經(jīng)并繼續(xù)擁有作為醫(yī)藥和藥劑的重要作用；不僅是純化的分離物提取 物； 而且作為合成優(yōu)化的先導(dǎo)化合物。 2. Plant secondary metabolites also show promise for cancer chemoprevention, which has been defined as “the use of non-cytotoxic nutrients for pharmacological agents to enhance intrinsic physiological mechanisms that protect the organ

27、ism against mutant clones of malignant cells”.3/7頁 植物次生代謝產(chǎn)物也有希望用于腫瘤化學(xué)預(yù)防；即“利用無細(xì)胞毒營養(yǎng)物或藥物增強(qiáng)內(nèi) 在生理機(jī)制以保護(hù)有機(jī)體；防止惡性腫瘤細(xì)胞的突變復(fù)制。 3. Nevertheless, the vast majority of the worlds quarter of a million plant species has not been evaluated in pharmaceutical screens, and the small percentage that has been tested has

28、 generally been screened for activity against only a few therapeutic targets. 然而；世界上25萬種植物的絕大部分還沒有進(jìn)行藥物篩選評價；一小部分已經(jīng)進(jìn)行測 試的也只是對很少幾種治療靶標(biāo)進(jìn)行了活性篩選。 4. Although many sampling programs designed to generate large numbers of samples for high-throughput screening programs have been characterized as random, it ha

29、s been shown that they are neither truly random nor haphazard, but that sampling occurs without preconceived selection of species. 盡管許多產(chǎn)生大量用于高通量篩選的樣品的采樣程序已經(jīng)具有隨機(jī)的特征；但是已有結(jié)果 表明他們并不是隨機(jī)的；也不是任意的；除非采樣是在沒有先入為主的種類選擇下進(jìn)行的。 5. Three main research approaches are used in drug discovery and development processes:

30、(1) bioactivity or mechanism of action-directed isolation and characterization of active compounds, (2) rational drug design-based modification and analog synthesis, and (3) mechanism of action studies. 在藥物發(fā)現(xiàn)和開發(fā)程序中應(yīng)用的三種主要思路是，生物活性或作用機(jī)制為導(dǎo)向的分離及 活性化合物的鑒定；基于修飾或類似物合成的合理藥物設(shè)計；作用機(jī)制研究。Unit 7 1. Absorption is

31、the process of a drug entering systemic circulation from its site of administration. Except direct injection into the blood vessels, other routes of administration involve the transport of cell membrane. 吸收是藥物自用藥部位進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)的過程。除直接注入血管者外；一般的 給藥方法都要經(jīng)過細(xì)胞膜的轉(zhuǎn)運。 2. Drug absorption, especially those orally ad

32、ministered drugs, depends on many factors, such as the intrinsic characteristics of the drug, dosage form, food, patient age and the like. 很多因素都可以影響藥物的吸收,特別是口服藥物的吸收；如藥物本身的性 質(zhì)；劑型；食物；患者年齡等。 3. The distribution of a drug in the body is uneven and is in a state of dynamic equilibrium, that is, it change

33、s constantly with the absorption and elimination of the drug. 藥物在體內(nèi)的分布多數(shù)是不均勻的；且處于動態(tài)平衡狀態(tài)中；即隨藥物的吸 收與排泄不斷地變化著。 4. After a drug enters the blood, it will more or less bind to plasma protein, but this binding is loose and reversible, and is always in a state of equilibrium. 藥物進(jìn)入血液后或多或少地將與血漿蛋白結(jié)合；但這種結(jié)合是疏松的

34、；可逆 的；經(jīng)常處于動態(tài)平衡。 5. Bioavailability is the relative quantity and rate of drugs with different dosage forms which are absorbed and reach the systemic circulation; it is concerned with the intensity and speed of drug action. 生物利用度是指不同劑型的藥物能吸收進(jìn)入體循環(huán)的相對份量及速度。它與 藥物作用的強(qiáng)度與速度有關(guān)。Unit 8 1. Analytical chemistry

35、aims to resolve two questions: what it is and how much it is, that is qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is to identify the elements,4/7頁 ions and compounds contained in a sample while quantitative analysis is to determine the exact quantity. 分析化學(xué)的核心任務(wù)在于解決兩個問題，一個是有什

36、么：另一個是有多少；也就是定性 分析和定量分析。定性分析是指鑒別所含的物質(zhì)而定量分析是測定物質(zhì)的準(zhǔn)確含量。 2. Analytical chemistry has expanded beyond the bounds of just chemistry, and many have advocated using the name analytical science to describe the field. Even this term falls short of recognition of the role of instrumentation development and ap

37、plications. One suggestion is that we use the term analytical science and technology. 分析化學(xué)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)超出了化學(xué)的邊界；因此有人提議用分析科學(xué)來描述這個領(lǐng)域。但 是；該名詞忽視了儀器發(fā)展和應(yīng)用的作用；有人建議使用“分析科學(xué)和技術(shù)”這一名詞。 3. Analytical chemists work to improve the reliability of existing techniques to meet the demands for better chemical measurements whic

38、h arise constantly in our society. They adopt proven methodologies to new kinds of materials or to answer new questions about their composition and their reactivity mechanisms. 分析化學(xué)家致力于提高已有技術(shù)的可靠性以更好的滿足社會中頻繁出現(xiàn)的化學(xué)檢測的 需求。他們將已證實的方法學(xué)應(yīng)用于新型材料；或回答關(guān)于其組成及反應(yīng)機(jī)理的新問題。 4. Qualitative tests may be performed by sele

39、ctive chemical reactions or with the use of instrumentation. For example, the formation of a white precipitate when adding a solution of silver nitrate to a dissolved sample indicates the presence of chloride. Infrared spectra will give “fingerprints” of organic compounds of their functional groups.

40、 定性鑒別可能通過選擇性的化學(xué)反應(yīng)或者儀器分析來完成。例如當(dāng)把硝酸銀溶液滴加到 一份溶解樣品中；生成白色沉淀就說明了樣品中存在氯離子。而紅外光譜可以給出有機(jī) 化合物或官能團(tuán)的“指紋” 5. The first phase in the testing of banned substances is called fast-screening phase, in which qualitative analysis such as GC or LC is adopted to test suspicious samples. In the second phase, GC-MS is emplo

41、yed for further testing of those suspicious samples. Finally, spectrophotometry or GC is applied for accurate quantification. 違禁藥物檢查的第一階段稱作快速篩選階段；通常采用氣相色譜或液相色譜等定性分析 方法檢查出可疑樣本：第二階段使用氣質(zhì)聯(lián)用對可疑樣本進(jìn)一步檢測：最后；應(yīng)用分光 光度法或氣相色譜進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確定量。Unit 9 1. The development of a new therapeutic agent involves a multidisciplinary

42、 group in many years of work；and with the development of genetic engineering and the production of monoclonal antibodies, it is likely that even more agents should be produced. 新藥研發(fā)涉及多學(xué)科研究人員多年的共同研究成果；并且隨著遺傳工程學(xué)和單克 隆抗體技術(shù)的發(fā)展；人們必將研制出更多新藥。 2. The activity of biopharmaceuticals depends on their complicate

43、d conformation based on secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. These structures cannot be fully defined with our present set of analytical techniques and approaches for potency testing. 生物藥劑的活性依賴于其二級、三級和四級結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ)上的復(fù)雜構(gòu)象；并且這些構(gòu) 象采用目前的分析技術(shù)和方法還無法完全被確定并用于效能試驗。 3. Apart from the intravenous route of d

44、rug administration, where a drug is introduced directly into the blood circulation, all other routes of administering systemically acting drugs involve the absorption of drug from the place of administration into the blood. 除了靜脈注射這一給藥途徑可以直接進(jìn)入血液循環(huán)外；所有其他全身性作用的藥 物的給藥途徑都涉及藥物從給藥地點吸收進(jìn)入血液的過程。 4. Biopharmac

45、euticals are pharmaceutical products consisting of (glyco) proteins, and they have a number of characteristics that set them aside from low molecular weight drugs. 生物藥劑是含有，糖(蛋白的藥物制劑；它們具有許多與小分子量藥物不同的特性。 5. In safety testing and clinical test programs of biopharmaceuticals, questions have to be addres

46、sed regarding species specific responses, selection of dosing schedules and route of administration, and the possible occurrence of immunogenicity. 在生物制劑安全性試驗和臨床試驗計劃中；必須將重點放在種屬特異性應(yīng)答、給 藥途徑和給藥方案的選擇以及可能發(fā)生的免疫原性上。Unit 11 1. The information the package insert contains is derived from data supplied by inve

47、stigators and submitted by the pharmaceutical firm to the FDA, including the chemical structure of the drug, a summary of its pharmacological the toxicological action, its clinical indications and contraindications, precautions, reported adverse reactions, dosage recommendations, and available dosag

48、e forms. 藥品說明書中所包含的信息來自于調(diào)查人員提供的、由藥品生產(chǎn)廠家提交給FDA的數(shù) 據(jù)； 包括藥品的化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)、藥理/藥毒性能的概說、臨床適應(yīng)癥和禁忌癥、注意事項； 有報道的不良反應(yīng)、建議用量和可用劑型。 2. The physician may exercise his professional judgment in the use of any drug. However, if he deviates from the instructions in the package insert and adverse reactions occur, he must be prep

49、ared to defend his position in court if there is a malpractice suit. 3. If a severe reaction occurred and litigation followed, how would a court react if a physician admitted to the use of this drug for the treatment of some diseases in view of the prohibitions in the package insert? Would the publi

50、shed clinical study, plus the physicians judgment in prescribing the drug, suffice? 4. The FDA cannot require a pharmaceutical firm to include a new use for the drug product in the insert even if it has been clinically tested and found useful for a given problem. But, if a new use for a drug is not yet included in the package insert,