定從同位語(yǔ)從句區(qū)別教案

1、2013 英語(yǔ)高二-一人1 / 14燕園思達(dá)教育學(xué)案 日期：_任課教師學(xué)科英語(yǔ)年級(jí)高二班級(jí)人數(shù)一人上課時(shí)間家長(zhǎng)必讀作業(yè)完成情況作業(yè)準(zhǔn)確率課后作業(yè)說(shuō)明1、學(xué)會(huì)區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句。2、掌握定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的易混辨析。 語(yǔ)法難度系數(shù)定語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別一、 定語(yǔ)從句是形容詞從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，是用來(lái)修飾前面的名詞或代詞的；同位語(yǔ)從句是名詞從句，其作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，是對(duì)前面的名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋的。例如： 1 We heard the news that he had told her. 我們聽到他對(duì)她說(shuō)的消息。 2 We heard the news that he had

2、won the game. 我們聽到消息他贏得了比賽。 例1中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞，其作用是修飾the news；例2中的that從句的作用相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，是對(duì)the news的進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。二、定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等；而同位語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞在從句只起連接作用，不作任何句子成分。例如： 1. A plane is a machine that can fly. 飛機(jī)是一種能飛的機(jī)器。 2. The fact that they didn't finish the work has to be faced. 必須面對(duì)事實(shí)，他們沒(méi)有完成

3、工作。 例1中的引導(dǎo)詞that在從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，作從句的主語(yǔ)，故為定語(yǔ)從句；例2中的that只起連接作用，引導(dǎo)從句解釋fact的內(nèi)容，不作任何句子成分，故為同位語(yǔ)從句。引導(dǎo)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞that的功能不同：that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)是一個(gè)純連詞，不充當(dāng)任何成分；而引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，既指代先行詞又須在從句中充當(dāng)成分。三、引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以省略或被其他詞代替；而同位語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞一般不能省略，更不能被代替。例如： 1. The news that she heard is true. 她聽到的消息是真的。 2. The news that she wi

4、ll go abroad is true. 她將出國(guó)這消息是真的。 學(xué)習(xí)札記例1是定語(yǔ)從句，that可省略；例2是同位語(yǔ)從句，that不能省略。 3. The reason why he was chosen remains unknown. 他為什么被選上的原因還是不清楚。 4. The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他為什么會(huì)被選上，這一想法引起我們的注意。 例3中why引導(dǎo)的是定語(yǔ)從句，why可以被 for which或 that 代替；例4中 why引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句，why 不能省去，也不能被其它詞代替。 四、同位語(yǔ)從

5、句與其所修飾的名詞之間是一種同位關(guān)系，二者之間存在邏輯上的系表關(guān)系，可用“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示。例如： The news that he won the first place is true. 他贏得冠軍的那個(gè)消息是真的。 上句若用“主+系+表”結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表示，則是： The news is that he won the first place. 消息是他贏得了冠軍。 意思合理，系表結(jié)構(gòu)成立，故為同位語(yǔ)從句。 五、定語(yǔ)從句所修飾、限定的先行詞可以是各類名詞，可以有復(fù)數(shù)形式；而同位語(yǔ)從句一般都與抽象名詞同位，一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： 1. The possibilities that she

6、was offered seemed very great.她得到的可能性似乎大些。 2. Her mother was worried about the possibility that her daughter dislike to go to school. 她的母親很擔(dān)心，她女兒有可能不喜歡上學(xué)。 例1中的possibilities是定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞，可用復(fù)數(shù)形式；例2中的possibility是抽象名詞，后接的是同位語(yǔ)從句，一般不用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 六、由when, why, where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句分別修飾或說(shuō)明表示時(shí)間、原因或地點(diǎn)的詞，但它們引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句一般不和表示時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)的詞

7、同位。例如： 1. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 我仍然記得初次來(lái)北京的那天。 2. I have no idea when she will be back. 我不知道她何時(shí)回來(lái)。 3. This is the house where I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住的房子。 4. The question where we shall have a meeting hasn't decided. 我們到什么地方去開會(huì)，這個(gè)問(wèn)題沒(méi)有決定。 例1、3中的when和 where引導(dǎo)

8、的是定語(yǔ)從句，day 和house分別表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)；例2、4中的when和 where引導(dǎo)的是同位語(yǔ)從句。 眾所周知，定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句是中學(xué)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法的一個(gè)重要組成部分，都由連詞that和副詞when，where，why來(lái)引導(dǎo)，看似形式相同，實(shí)際上有著本質(zhì)的區(qū)別。 首先我們看定義，定語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞的從句，句法功能與形容詞相同，是形容詞性從句。而同位語(yǔ)從句是在復(fù)合句中，用以解釋或說(shuō)明某些特定名詞的從句，句法功能與名詞相同，故是名詞性從句。 其次，我們分別來(lái)看看相同的引導(dǎo)詞不同的含義： 由that引導(dǎo)的定法從句和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別：試比較 （l）The plan (that)

9、Mr.Lee drew up last week was very good （李先生上周提的方案很好。）（2）The plan that we should build another lad building was very good. （我們應(yīng)該再造一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)樓的方案很好。） 例（l）中，that引導(dǎo)的從句限定了先行詞plan的范圍，說(shuō)明是李先生提出的方案，而不是別的什么人，但并未說(shuō)明方案的內(nèi)容，that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)，是關(guān)系代詞，故可以省略，因此，該從句是個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。 例（2）that引導(dǎo)的從句說(shuō)明了方案的內(nèi)容，that在從句中不擔(dān)任任何成份，只起連詞作用，但又不能省略，是個(gè)從屬連詞，

10、因此，該從句是個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句。 （3） The news that Jack brought us pleased everybody.杰克給我們帶來(lái)的消息，使大家感到高興。（和上述例(1)）相仿，that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。） （4） The news that our team had won pleased everybody 我們球隊(duì)贏球這個(gè)消息，使大家高興（和例（2）相仿，that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句） 由此，可以從以下幾點(diǎn)加以區(qū)別：一、（1）從語(yǔ)法角度上看，引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that是關(guān)系代詞，不但起連接作用，還在從句中擔(dān)任句子成分，可作主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，而that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，只是從屬連詞，沒(méi)

11、有實(shí)在的詞匯意義，在從句中不擔(dān)任任何句子成分，即從同本身結(jié)構(gòu)完整。 （2）從語(yǔ)意角度上看，定語(yǔ)從句的作用是限定它的先行詞的范圍或補(bǔ)充一些情況，和它前面的名詞是從屬關(guān)系，表示“的”，起修飾作用；而同位語(yǔ)從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，作用則是闡述前面名詞的內(nèi)容。 （3）定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that在從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，常?？梢允÷裕ɡ╨）中的that可省略），而同位語(yǔ)從同中的連詞that一般不能省略。 (4）幾乎任何一個(gè)名詞都可以帶定語(yǔ)從句，而只有在內(nèi)容方面需要進(jìn)一步闡明的一些抽象名詞如：idea, truth, hope, suggestion, thought, belief, doubt, fea

12、r, news, word, fact, promise, order, possibility等才可以帶同位語(yǔ)從句。 二、when，where和why既可以引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，又可以引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句，其共同特點(diǎn)是在兩種從句中都擔(dān)任狀語(yǔ)，不同之處是，首先：它們作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，句中有其相應(yīng)的先行詞，如when有表示時(shí)間的先行詞，where有表示地點(diǎn)的先行詞，why有表示原因的先行詞，而它們作為連接副詞連接同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，則沒(méi)有相應(yīng)的先行詞。 其次，when, where, why作關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，可以改為“介詞+關(guān)系代詞which”來(lái)引導(dǎo)，而它們引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句則不能這樣改。 試比較： (

13、1) Do you still remember the year when (in which) you first began to learn English ?(定語(yǔ)從句)你還記得你最初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的那一年嗎？ (2) I have no idea when you began to learn English.(同位語(yǔ)從句)我不知道你從何時(shí)開始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的。 (3) The school where (=in which) Bob studies is in the middle of the city.（定語(yǔ)從句）鮑勃就讀的學(xué)校在市中心。 (4) They asked me the ques

14、tion where they can find the books needed. (同位語(yǔ)從句) 他們問(wèn)我到哪里去找所需要的書。考查和強(qiáng)調(diào)句的區(qū)別如：It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded. It was 1949 when the PRC was founded. 考查和狀語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別。如：Put the vase where it was. Put the vase in the place where it was. 考查和同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別如：He told us the news that proved to be false. He tol

15、d us the news that he won the first prize in the competition. 考查和并列句的區(qū)別如：Daisy was admitted to a key university, which had a good effect on her family. Daisy was admitted to a key university, and it had a good effect on her family. 考查和主語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別如：As is known , China has been playing an important part i

16、n the world peace. (并列句)It is known that China has been playing an important part in the world peace. (主語(yǔ)從句)考查定語(yǔ)從句中的主謂一致如：She is one of the volunteers who have been greatly praised by the government.She is the only one of the volunteers who has been greatly praised by the government. 考查定語(yǔ)從句特殊先行詞(way

17、, position, condition, point, question, case)。如：By thinking about the way _ we think and practicing good thinking strategies, we can become more creative. A. in that B. which C. D. how答案注解：C。當(dāng)先行詞是way，并且在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)表示“用方式”，此時(shí)關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三種情況：that; in which; 省略（常用）。Hes got himself into a situation _ he is likely

18、 to lose control. A. that B. when C. which D. where答案注解：D。先行詞situation是一個(gè)抽象化的地點(diǎn)，在從句中作狀語(yǔ)。用作先行詞的抽象化名詞還有position, condition, point, question，business等。 定從&同位語(yǔ)混合例題區(qū)我的思考1. Nearly all the streets are in straight lines, _ from east to west. Those _ run from north to south are called avenues.A. running;

19、 that B. run; who C. running; who D. run; that2. This is the case _ hes had all his money stolen.A. when B. where C. that D. on which3. Mr. Smith will pay a visit to Beijing this autumn, _ we will enjoy the Olympic Games in 2008. A. where B. when C. which D. how4. I asked her in English _ she was, a

20、nd she told me _ she was an actress.A. who；that B. who；/ C. what；/ D. how；that5. Now there is a danger _ the ground may fall in (沉下) under the heavy traffic.A. whether B. if C. / D. that6. Last Sunday he made a promise _ he was free he would take me to Qingdao.A. if B. that C. that if D. whether7. T

21、he artist will not paint people or animals but he will paint anything _ .A. that the little girl asks him B. the little girl asks him toC. for the little girl to ask him D. what the little girl asks him8. How did you get in touch with the travel agent, Robin? Oh, thats easy. I surfed the Internet an

22、d then called one _ the telephone number is provided.A. which B. in which C. of which D. whose9. October 15 th is my birthday, _ I will never forget.A. when B. that C. what D. which10. _we cant get seems better than _we have. A. What, whatB. What, that C. That, that D. That, what 11. It worried her

23、a bit _her hair was turning grey. A. while B. that C. if D. for12. She took it for granted _ I'd be back home an hour ago.A. that B. whether C. if D. when13. The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point _ he can walk correctly and safely.A. when B. where C. which D. whose14. T

24、here are several research centers in China _ a certain disease called Bird Flu is being studied. A. which B. where C. when D. what15. I hope that the little _ I have been able to do does good to them all. A. which B. what C. that D. when16. Last Sunday he promised _ today, but he hasn't appeared

25、 yet.A. that he would come B. that he will comeC. he will come to see me D. whether he would come17. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where 18. There is no doubt _.A. that Mr. Hansen is in good health B. whether is Mr. Hansen healthyC. if Mr. Hansen's

26、 health was returningD. whether Mr. Hansen in health19. The time is not far away _ modern communications will become widespread in Chinas vast countryside. A. as B. when C. until D. before20. _ is known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China. We must unify it. A. It B. As C. Which D. What21. I shal

27、l never forget the day _ Shen Zhou V was launched, _ has a great effect on my life.A. when, which B. that, which C. which, that D. when, that22. _you dont like him is none of my business. A. What B. Who C. That D. Whether 23. _ makes mistakes must correct them.A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever2

28、4. He asked me _ with me.A. what is the trouble B. what wrong wasC. what was the matter D. what trouble it is25. The bread my wife makes is much better than _ you can buy at a store.A. that which B. one that C. that of which D. this of which26. There is no such place _ you dream of in all this world

29、.A. that B. what C. which D. as27. The people, _ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.A. all whose homes B. all of whose homesC. all their homes D. all of their homes28.Mary is _ someone might recognize her.A. afraid of B. afraid about C. afraid that D. afraid for29. _ surprised me most was _ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.A. That.what B. What.that C. That.which D. What.which30.I don't doubt _ he&#