新編英語語法教程第五版 chapter11 課件

1、chapter 11tense and aspect he gets up early = he is getting up early嗎？are you doing anything special?表示現(xiàn)在時間還是表示將來時間？英語中哪些動詞形式可以表示禮貌和委婉語氣？what is “tense”? “tense” is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinction of time - present or past. english has two tense forms:present t

2、ensepast tense 1simple present ntimeless presentnhabitual presentnmomentary and instantaneous presentnsimple present referring to the futurensimple present referring to the past1.1 timeless presenta) expressing eternal truth and proverbsb) statements with no time limitsmostly applying to stative ver

3、bs and durative verbs the earth moves around the sun.the changjiang river flows into the east china sea.to be a man is to be responsible. 1.2 habitual presentexpressing a stable habit or recurrent actionmostly applying to dynamic verbs i cycle to work.we work five days a week.i dont cook my own meal

4、s. adverbials of frequency always occasionally ever seldom frequently rarely usually hardly ever often never sometimesposition of adverbials he is impatient. i cycle to work.oftenusuallyi often cycle to work.he is usually impatient.he usually is impatient.1.3 momentary and instantaneous present 1.3.

5、1momentary present denoting a momentary phenomenon or state that exists at the time of speaking mostly applying to stative verbs whats the matter with you?your shoes smell awful.you look pale.1.3.2instantaneous present 1) implying that the event takes place singly and once-for-all with the moment of

6、 speaking 2) the event has little or no duration 1) radio or television commentaries of fast-moving sports2) running commentary of conjurors and demonstrators3) some formal declarations (the subject is usually first person) restricted use:i declare the meeting open. i wish you a happy birthday. in t

7、he name of god, i pronounce you man and wife. i apologize for being late. 1.4 simple present referring to the future nfuture events determined in advance by calendar or timetablenfuture events of unalterable plan or an arrangementnfuture reference in some subclausestomorrow is sunday.next friday is

8、by birthday.the election takes place in two weeks.the train leaves at 9:00 pm.tomorrow morning i leave england. you will never see me again.restricted use “i hope”, “i bet”i hope you have a pleasant stay in china.(sometimes interchangeable with “will do”)“see to it”, “make sure”, “make certain” (som

9、etimes interchangeable with “will do”)see that the windows are closed before you leave.conditional / temporal clauses introduced by “if” “when” (not interchangeable with “will do”)when i grow up, ill be a soldier.ill thank you if you give me a lift.1.5 simple present referring to the past 1) “commun

10、ication verbs” expressing the present effect of information received in the past tellsay hearlearn writegatherthe doctor tells me that ill soon be all right again.i hear that he was murdered.2) historic presentsimple past used in story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description s

11、he was such a nuisance when she lived upstairs. every time she came back, which was usually in the middle of the night, she kicks off her shoes and i hear “bang, bang!” last night, i was watching tv at home. suddenly a man broke in. it all was a joke.last night, i was watching tv at home. suddenly a

12、 man broke in. then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. i put up my hands. then suddenly the man raises the mask and i see my best friend! it all was a joke.3) newspaper headline photographic captions stage directions president resigns2simple past 2.1past event, pas

13、t habit, past state ndenoting a single event or state that happened or existed at a definite point or period of time in the pastndenoting a habitual or recurrent action in the pastevent:the war broke out in 1940.nobody came to meet me at the airport. state:he lived in london during his last years.he

14、 studied linguistics at oxford university. habit:i used to get up late in the morning.each week we walked to the church. connotation:having no connection with the present moment, no longer existent at the moment of speaking compare:he worked hard all his life.he has worked hard all his life. i didnt

15、 know you were here!i meant to take the camera along, but i forgot.2.2attitudinal and hypothetical pastdenoting present or future time2.2.1attitudinal past -associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion-polite, tentative “want”, “wonder”, “think

16、”, “hope” did you understand?i wondered if you could help me.i hoped you would be free this evening.2.2.2hypothetical pastreferring to a non-factits time thati wish thatid rather that its time that you began to review english grammar.i wish that i got more presents.id rather that you came tomorrow.w

17、hat ififas ifif onlyadverbial clauses of rejected conditionif you didnt love him, you wouldnt be so sad about the news of his marriage.what would you do if you had a lot of money.suppose they invited us this weekend.what is “aspect”?a grammatical term indicating whether an action or state at a given

18、 time is viewed as complete or incomplete nthe progressive aspectnthe perfective aspect progressivenessprogressive aspect continuousnesstemporarinessincompleteness3present progressive 3.1 denoting an action in progress at the moment of speaking durative dynamic verbs what are you doing now?our team

19、is leading.the telephone is ringing.now, at present, at this moment, these days compare:why do you drive so fast? why are you driving so fast? habitual present - permanent present progressive - temporary3.2 denoting an action in progress at a period of time including the present i am translating a b

20、ook these days.we are eating more vegetable now.he is speaking english much more fluently than he used to.the weather is clearing.im finding that this problem is more complicated than i expected.a temporary habit he is getting up early this week.habitual presenthabitual present progressivehe gets up

21、 early in the morning.he is getting up early this week.permanent habittemporary habiti am not sleeping well. i want to take a holiday.adverbial of frequency alwayscontinually constantly forever they always call me tommy.they are always calling me by the wrong name. adverbials of frequency used with

22、the present progressiveconveying an emotional colouring, often of annoyance or disapproval the prices are forever rising. cf. simple presentlacking the subjectiveness, emotional tone of the present progressivestating a fact objectively 3.3denoting a future happening according to a definite plan or a

23、rrangement, or programme1) used with obvious future time reference 2) denoting near future3.3.1transitional verbsleave, go, come, meet, visit im leaving shanghai next week.the ambulance is arriving.3.3.2 in temporal and conditional clausesif the main clause is future time reference, the verb in the

24、clause can take the present progressive (or simple present). while you are seeing him tonight, tell him to bring me my book tomorrow.give him this letter when you are talking to him.take this coat to him if you are going to school. im not going.im not waiting any longer. determination in negative se

25、ntence3.4 denoting other meanings 3.4.1denoting an action in the immediate pastan event just coming to a close prior to speech communication verbs telltalksayexaggerate mr. brown, im telling you, it was a bad accident.what are you talking about?every word im telling you is true. compare:what are you

26、 talking about?what did you talk about? 3.4.2denoting a polite request politer than attitudinal past can you help me?i wondered whether you could help me.i am wondering whether you could help me.i was wondering if i could ask you one more question.i was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the w

27、indow open.3.4.3expressing repetition or a series of momentary actions rather than a single actionthe boy is jumping with joy.someone is knocking.the baby is kicking and screaming.the audience is cheering.used with momentary verbs or durative verbssimple present used with momentary verbsa single mom

28、entary actionbill _ (pass) the ball to ron, ron _ (head) the ball to mike, mike _ (shoot), the goalkeeper _ (jump) for the ball and _ (miss) by a fractionits a goal! what a beautiful goal! the audience _ (cheer) and _ (sing)what _ (happen) down in the field? john _ (lie) on his face and _ (hold) his

29、 right knee obviously in pain. the doctors _ (run) towards him. bill (passes) the ball to ron, ron (heads) the ball to mike, mike (shoots), the goalkeeper (jumps) for the ball and (misses) by a fractionits a goal! what a beautiful goal! the audience (is cheering) and (singing)what (is happening) dow

30、n in the field? john (is lying) on his face and (holding) his right knee obviously in pain. the doctors (are running) towards him. 4past progressive 4.1 denoting an action in progress at a definite point or period of the past usually indicated by a temporal adverbial “incompleteness” what were you d

31、oing at this time yesterday?4.1.1surrounding a particular event by a temporal frame used to introduce a backgroundi was having dinner when a friend of mine came to see me.the man was trying to climb out of the window when the fireman came.it was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.

32、i was leaving the office when the telephone rang.we were having supper when the light went out.he was crossing the street when he was hit by a bike.4.1.2serving as the background in past time narrative at the beginning of a text past progressivebackground simple past new event or happeningwe were al

33、l sitting around the fire waiting for my soldier brother to come home. he arrived about six in the morning and brought us a very bad newsthe procession _ (go). he _ (stand) amidst the crowd looking on. suddenly a thundering explosion _ (be heard). a turmoil _ (follow) .the procession was going. he w

34、as standing amidst the crowd looking on. suddenly a thundering explosion was heard. a turmoil followed.people were shouting, babies were crying and everyone was rushing toward every direction. suddenly, the terrorist pulls out a gun and shoots. 4.2 denoting a past habitual action he got up early whe

35、n he was a university student.he was getting up early that week because he was preparing for his pare: past progressive: a temporary habitsimple past: a permanent habit4.3making polite requests and expressing hypothetical meanings most tentative in making polite request hope, want, wonder i was wond

36、ering if i could ask you one more question.i was thinking it might be a good idea to keep the window open.“i wish”“id rather”“its time” if i wish you were not driving so fast. (present)its time we were leaving. (present)id rather we were leaving early tomorrow morning. (future)id burn down the house if you were staying at home. (future)4.4 contrast between past progressive and simple past past progressive &a